LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Exp. No. Experiment Name Date Sign

Exp 1 Setting up Fiber Optic Analog and
Digital Link.
Exp 2 Study of Intensity Modulation Technique
using Analog Input Signal.
Exp 3 Study of Intensity Modulation Technique
using Digital Input Signal.
Exp 4 Study of Frequency Modulation System
in optical fiber
Exp 5 Study of Pulse width Modulation System
in optical fiber
Exp 6 Study of Propagation Loss in Optical
Fiber.
Exp 7 Study of bending loss in optical fiber
Exp 8 Measurement of Optical Power using
Optical Power Meter.
Exp 9 Study of D. C. Characteristics of LED in
optical system.
Exp 10 Measurement of Numerical aperture and
Propagation loss in optical fiber.

1
 Experiment 1

Objective: Setting up Fiber Optic Analog and Digital Link

Study of a 650nm fiber optic analog link in this experiment you will study the relationship
between the input signal and received signal.
Equipments Required:
1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cord
2. Optical Fibre cable
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
Analog Link

Connection Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply cord to the main power plug & to trainer ST2502.
2. Ensure that all switched faults are ‘Off’.

2
3. Make the following connections as shown in figure above
a. Connect the 1 KHz sine wave output to emitter l's input.
b. Connect the Fiber Optics cable between emitter output and detectors input.
c. Detector l's output to AC amplifier 1 input.
4. On the board, switch emitter l's driver to analog mode.
5. Switch ON the power supply of trainer and oscilloscope.
6. Observe the input to emitter 1 (TP5) with the output from AC amplifier 1 (TP28) and note that
the two signals are same.

Digital Link
Connection Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply cord to the main the Power Supply to the board.
2. Ensure that all switched faults are ‘Off’.
3. Make the following connections as shown in figure above.
a. Connect the 1 KHz square wave output to emitter l's input.
b. Connect the fiber optic cable between emitter output and detectors input.

3
c. Detector 1's output to comparator 1’s input.
d. Comparator l's output to AC amplifier l's input.
4. On the board, switch emitter 1's driver to digital mode.
5. Switch ON the power supply of trainer and oscilloscope.
6. Monitor both the inputs to comparator 1 (TP13 & 14). Slowly adjust the comparators bias
preset, until DC Level on the input (TP13) lays mid way between the high and low level of the
signal on the positive input (TP14).
7. Observe the input to emitter 1 (TP 5) with the output from AC amplifier 1 (TP28) and note
that the two signals are same.

4
 Experiment 2

Objective: Study of Intensity Modulation Technique using Analog input signal.

To obtain intensity modulation of the analog signal, transmit it over a fiber optic cable and
demodulate the same at the receiver and to get back the original signal.
Equipments Required:
1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cord
2. Optical Fibre cable
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
Connection Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply cord to the main power plug & to trainer ST2502

5
2. Make the following connections as shown in figure above.
a. Connect the FG output marked 1 KHz sine wave to input if emitter 1.
b. Plug in a fiber optic link from output of emitter 1 LED to the photo transistor of the detector 1.
c. Detector 1 output TP 10 to input of Amplifier TP 27.
3. In the emitter 1 block switch the mode select to analog.
4. Turn the 1 KHz preset in function generator block to fully clockwise (maximum amplitude)
position.
5. Switch on the Power Supply of the trainer and oscilloscope.
6. With the help of dual trace oscilloscope observe the input signal at emitter 1 TP
5 also; observe the output from the detector 1. It should carry a smaller version of the original 1
KHz sine wave, illustrating that the modulated light beam has been reconverted back into an
electrical signal.
7. The output from detector 1 is further amplified by AC amplifier 1. This amplifier increases the
amplitude of the received signal, and also removes the DC component, which is present at
detector output. Monitor the output of amplifier 1 TP28 and adjust the gain adjust 1 preset until
the monitored signal has same amplitude as that applied to emitter 1 Input TP 5 .
8. While monitoring the output of Amplifier 1 TP 28 change the amplitude of modulating sine
wave by varying the 1 KHz preset in the function generator block. Note that as expected, the
amplitude of the receiver output signal changes.

6
 Experiment 3

Objective: Study of Intensity Modulation Technique using digital Input signal

The objective of this experiment is to obtain intensity modulation of digital signal, transmit it
over fiber optic cable and demodulate the same at the receiver end to get back the original signal.
Equipments Required:
1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cord
2. Optical Fibre cable
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
Connection Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply cord to the main power plug & to trainer ST2502.
2. Make the following connections as shown in figure above.

7
a. Connect the 1 KHz square wave socket in function generator block to emitter 1 input.
b. Connect an optic fiber link between emitter 1 output & Detector 1 input with the help of
connector provided.
c. Detector output to comparator l's non-inverting (+ve) input.
3. Switch the mode switch in emitter block to digital mode. This ensures that signal applied to
the driver's input cause the emitter LED to switch quickly between ‘On’ & ‘Off’ states.
4. Examine the Input to emitter 1 TP 5 on an oscilloscope this 1 KHz square wave is now being
used to amplitude modulate emitter I emitter LED.
5. Examine the output of detector 1 TP 10. This should carry a smaller version of original I KHz
square wave illustrating that the modulated light beam has been reconverted into an electrical
signal.
6. Monitor both input to comparator 1, at TP 13 & 14 and slowly adjust the
"Comparator bias 1 preset until the DC Level on the negative input TP 13 lies midway between
the high & low level of the signal on the positive input TP. 14.
This DC level is comparator's threshold level.
7. Examine the output of comparator 1 TP15 Note that the original digital modulating signal has
been reconstructed at the receiver.
8. Once again carefully flex the fiber optic cable we can see that there is no change in output on
bending the fiber. The output amplitude is now independent of the bend radius of the cable and
that of length of cable, provided that detector output signal is large enough to cross the
comparator threshold level. This illustrates one of the advantages of amplitude modulation of a
light beam by digital rather than analog means. Also, non-linear ties within the emitter LED &
photo transistor causing distortion of the signal at the receiver output are the disadvantages
associated with amplitude modulating a light source by analog means. Linearity is not a problem
if the light beam is switched ‘On’ & ‘Off’ with a digital signal, since the detector output is
simply squared up by a comparator circuit. To overcome problems associated with amplitude
modulation of a light beam by analog means, analog signals are often used to vary or modulate
some characteristic of a digital signal (e.g. frequency or pulse width.). The digital signal being
used to switch the light beam ‘On’ & ‘Off’. The next two experiments illustrate how an analog
signal can be used to modulate two specific characteristics of a digital signal.

8
 Experiment 4

Objective: Study of Frequency Modulation System in optical fiber

Equipments Required:
1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cord
2. Optical Fibre cable
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
Connection Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply cord to the main power plug & to trainer ST2502.
2. Ensure that all switched faults are ‘Off’.
3. Make the following connections as shown in figure above.
a. Connect Function generator 1 KHz sine wave signal to frequency modulator input.
b. Frequency modulator output TP2 to the emitter 1 input at TP5.
c. Connect the optic fiber between the emitter 1 circuit and the detector 1 circuit.
d. Detector 1 output TP10 to comparator 1 input at TP14.

9
e. Comparator 1 output TP15 to the PLL detector input at TP23.
f. PLL detector output at TP26 to the low pass filter 1 input at TP19
g. Low Pass Filter 1 output TP20 to A C amplifier 1 input at TP27
4. Switch emitter l's driver to digital mode. This ensures that fast changing digital signal applied
to the drivers input causes the emitter LED to switch quickly between ‘On’ & ‘Off’ states.
5. Turn the 1 KHz preset in the function generator block to fully anticlockwise (Zero amplitude)
position.
6. Switch ON the Power Supply of the trainer and oscilloscope.
7. Monitor the output of the voltage controlled oscillators (VCO) in the frequency modulator
block TP2. Note that the frequency of this digital signal is at present constant, since the
modulating 1 KHz sine wave has zero amplitude.
8. Examine the output of detector 1 (TP10 and check that the transmitted digital pulses are
successfully detected at the receiver).
9. With the help of dual trace oscilloscope monitor both inputs to comparator1.
Now adjust the bias 1 preset until the bias input at TP13 is halfway between the top and bottom
of the square wave on TP14. You will remember that the function of the comparator is to clean
up the square wave after its transmission through the fiber optic link.
10. The output of comparator 1 drives the input of the PLL detector which produces a signal
whose average level is proportional to the frequency of the digital stream. This average level is
then extracted by low pass filter 1, and amplified by AC Amplifier1 to produce the original
analog signal at the amplifiers output
TP28. Examine TP28 and note that the output voltage is zero. This is expected since there is
currently no modulating voltage in the transmitter.
11. While monitoring the input to the frequency modulator block TP1 and the output from AC
amplifier 1 TP28 turn the 1KHz preset to its fully clockwise maximum amplitude) position. Note
that the modulating 1 KHz signal now appears at the amplifiers output. If necessary, adjust the
amplifiers gain, adjust 1 preset until the two monitored signal are equal in amplitude.
12. In order to fully understand how this frequency modulation transmitter/ receiver system
works, examine the inputs and outputs of all functional blocks within the system, using an
Oscilloscope.

10
 Experiment 5

Objective: Study of Pulse Width Modulation System in optical fiber

Equipments Required:
1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cord
2. Optical Fibre cable
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
Connection Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply cord to the main power plug & to trainer ST2502.
2. Ensure that all switched faults are set to ‘Off’.
3. Make the following connections as shown in figure above.
a. FG' s 1KHz sine wave signal to the Pulse width modulator input TP3

11
b. Pulse width modulator output TP4 to emitter 1 input TP5
c. Connect the optic fiber between the emitter 1 circuit and detector 1 circuit.
d. Detector 1 output TP10 to comparator & input at TP14.
e. Comparator 1 output TP15 to LPF 1 at TP19.
f. LPF 1 output TP20 to A C amplifier 1 input at TP27.
4. Switch emitter 1’s driver to digital mode. This ensures that fast changing digital signals
applied to the drivers input because the emitter LED to switch quickly between ‘On’ & ‘Off’
states.
5. Turn the 1 KHz preset of function generator block to fully anticlockwise (zero amplitude)
position.
6. Switch ON the Power Supply of the trainer and oscilloscope.
7. Monitor the output of the pulse width modulator block TP4. Note that the pulse width of this
digital signal is at present constant, since the modulating 1 KHz sine wave has zero amplitude.
8. Examine the output Detector TP10 and check that the transmitted digital pulse is successfully
detected at the receiver.
9. Monitor both inputs’ comparator 1 TP13 & TP14 and if necessary, slowly adjust the
comparator's bias preset, until the DC Level on the negative input
TP13 lies midway between the high and low level of the signal on the positive input TP14.
10. The average level of comparator l's output is extracted by LPF 1 and then amplified by AC
amplifier which also removes the DC offset. Since, the average level of the comparator output is
proportional to the pulse width, the original analog signal appears at the amplifiers output TP28.
Examine TP28 and note that the output voltage is zero. This is expected since there is currently
no modulating voltage at the transmitter.
11. While monitoring the input to the pulse width modulator block TP3 and the output from AC
amplifier 1 TP28 turn the 1 KHz preset to its fully clockwise (maximum amplitude position).
Note that the modulating 1 KHz signal now appears at the amplifiers output. If necessary, adjust
the amplifiers gain adjust 1 preset until the two monitored signals are equal in amplitude.
12. In order to fully understand how this pulse width modulation transmitter/ receiver system
works, examine the inputs and outputs of all functional blocks within the system using an
oscilloscope.

12
 Experiment 6

Objective: Study of Propagation Loss in Optical Fiber

To measure propagation or attenuation loss in optical fiber
Equipments Required:
1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cord
2. Optical Fibre cable
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
Connection Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect power supply cord to the main power plug & to trainer ST2502.
2. Make the following connections as shown in figure above.

13
a. Function generator’s 1 KHz sine wave output to Input 1 socket of emitter 1 circuit via 4 mm
lead.
b. Connect 0.5 m optic fiber between emitter 1 output and detector l's input.
c. Connect detector 1 output to amplifier 1 input socket via 4mm lead.
3. Switch ON the Power Supply of the trainer and oscilloscope.
4. Set the Oscilloscope channel 1 to 0.5 V / Div and adjust 4 - 6 div amplitude by using X 1
probe with the help of variable pot in function generator block at input 1 of Emitter 1.
5. Observe the output signal from detector TP10 on CRO.
6. Adjust the amplitude of the received signal same as that of transmitted one with the help of
gain adjust potentiometer in AC amplifier block. Note this amplitude and name it V1.
7. Now replace the previous FG cable with 1 m cable without disturbing any previous setting.
8. Measure the amplitude at the receiver side again at output of amplifier 1 socket TP 28. Note
this value end name it V2.
Calculate the propagation (attenuation) loss with the help of following formula.
V1 / V2 = e- α (L1 + L2)
Where α is loss in nepers / meter
1 neper = 8. 686 dB
L 1 = length of shorter cable (0.5 m)
L 2 = Length of longer cable (1 m)

14
 Experiment 7

Objective: Study of Bending Loss in optical fiber

The object of this experiment into study bending loss
Equipments Required:
1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cord
2. Optical Fibre cable
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
4. Mandrel
Connection Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect power supply cord to the main power plug & to trainer ST2502.
2. Make the connections as shown in figure above.

15
a. Function Generator 1 KHz sine wave output to input socket of emitter Circuit via 4 mm lead.
b. Connect 0.5 m optic fiber between emitter output and detectors input.
c. Connect Detector output to amplifier input socket via 4mm lead.
3. Switch ‘On’ the power supply of the trainer and oscilloscope.
4. Set the Oscilloscope channel 1 to 0.5 V/ Div and adjust 4-6 div amplitude by using X 1 probe
with the help of variable pot in function generator Block at input of Emitter.
5. Observe the output signal from detector (TP8) on CRO.
6. Adjust the amplitude of the received signal as that of transmitted one with the help of gain
adjusts potentiometer in AC amplifier block. Note this amplitude and name itV1.
7. Wind the fiber optic cable on the mandrel and observe the corresponding AC amplifier output
on CRO, it will be gradually reducing, showing loss due to bends.

16
 Experiment 8

Objective: Measurement of Optical Power using Optical Power Meter

To measure optical power using optical power meter.
Equipments Required:
1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cord
2. Optical Fibre cable
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
4. Power Meter ST2551 with power supply cord
Connection Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the Power supply cord to mains supply and to the trainer ST2502.
2. Ensure that all switched faults are ‘Off’.
3. Connect the fiber optic cable between emitters 1's output & power meter's input.
4. On the board, switch emitter l's driver to analog mode. Keep the power meter's wavelength
selector switch in 660 nm

17
5. Switch ON the power supply of the trainer and power meter.
6. Note the reading displayed in power meter.
7. Switch the wavelength selector switch to 950 nm positions. & note the reading displayed on
power meter.
8. Perform the same experiment with emitter 2.

18
 Experiment 9
Objective: Study DC Characteristics of LED in optical system
The aim of this experiment is to plot the dc characteristic of LED.
Equipments Required:
1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cord
2. Optical Fibre cable
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
Connection Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the Power supply cord to mains supply and to the trainer ST2502.
2. Ensure that all switched faults are in ‘Off’ condition.
3. Put emitter 1 block in Digital Mode
4. Make connections as shown in figure above

19
a. Connect the bias 1 preset on comparator 1 (TP13) to the emitter 1 input at (TP5)
b. Adjust the bias 1 preset to its minimum setting fully counter clockwise. Now look down the
emitter 1 LED Socket and slowly advance the setting of the bias 1 preset until in subdued
lighting the light from LED is just visible.
5. Connect the DMM between + 12V supply and TP6, the cathode of LED. The DMM will now
read the forward voltage (V f)
6. Measure the voltage drop across the 1K (R9) current limiting resistors by connecting DMM
between TP6 and TP38. The forward current is given by dividing the readings by 1K. This If is
known as threshold current.
DVM reading
------------------- mA
1000
7. Vary the bias 1 preset so as to vary the forward voltage (as 1.3, 1.4…1.7), note the
corresponding If (forward current).
8. Record these values of Vf and If and plot the characteristic between these two.

20
 Experiment 10

Objective: Measurement of Numerical aperture and propagation loss in optical fiber.

(a) To measure Numerical aperture in optical fibre

Equipments Required:
1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cord
2. Optical Fibre cable
3. Numerical Aperture measurement Jig
Connection Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the Power supply cord to mains supply and to the trainer ST2502.

21
2. Connect the frequency generator's 1 KHz sine wave output to input of emitter 1 circuit. Adjust
its amplitude at 5Vpp.
3. Connect one end of fiber cable to the output socket of emitter 1 circuit and the other end to the
numerical aperture measurement jig. Hold the white screen facing the fiber such that its cut face
is perpendicular to the axis of the fiber.
4. Hold the white screen with 4 concentric circles (10, 15, 20 & 25mm diameter) vertically at a
suitable distance to make the red spot from the fiber coincide with
10 mm circle.

5. Record the distance of screen from the fiber end L and note the diameter W of the spot.
6. Compute the numerical aperture from the formula given below

7. Vary the distance between in screen and fiber optic cable and make it coincide with one of the
concentric circles. Note its distance.
8. Tabulate the various distances and diameter of the circles made on the white screen and
computes the numerical aperture from the formula given above.

Inferences: The N.A. recorded in the manufacturer's data sheet is 0.5. The variation in the
observation is due to fiber being used. The Acceptance Angle is given by
2sinθmax. The deviation from the data sheet is again due to fiber being used.

22
(b) To measure propagation loss in optical fibre
Equipments Required:
1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cord
2. Optical Fibre cable
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
4. Power Meter ST2551 with power supply cord
Connection Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the Power supply cord to mains supply and to the trainer ST2501.
2. Keep the mode switch in emitter 1 circuit in analog mode
3. Connect the 0.5m fiber cable in between the emitter LED & I/P of power meter.
4. Switch on the instrument fiber optic trainer & power meter (Keep the wavelength switch in
660 nm, position). Note the reading in power meter.
23
5. Replace the 0.5m fiber cable with the 1m cables without disturbing any setting. Again note the
reading in power. This reading will be lesser then the previous one, indicating that the
propagation loss increases with increase in length.
6. Perform the same experiment with emitter 2.

24