Ingenieurswiskunde 115 – Aanvullende oefeninge

Engineering Mathematics 115 – Additional exercises

sin x2
1 lim =
x→−∞ 2x

(A) 0 (B) 1
2 (C) 1 (D) 2 (E) − 12 (F) −1
2
Solution: Since −1 ≤ sin x2 ≤ 1, sin2xx lies between 2x
1
and − 2x1
. Both tend to 0 as x → −∞.
By the Squeeze Theorem, this implies that the given limit has to be 0.
π π
2 sin2 cos2 =
12 12
√
1 1 3 1 3 3
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 16 (D) 16 (E) 2 (F) 4

Solution:
( ( )2 ( 1 )2
2π π π π )2 sin 2π sin2 π
1
sin cos2 = sin cos = 12
= 6
= 2
= .
12 12 12 12 2 4 4 16

f (x2 )
3 As / If f (1) = 1, f ′ (1) = 3 en / and g(x) = , dan / then g ′ (1) =
f (x)

(A) −2 (B) −1 (C) 0 (D) 1 (E) 2 (F) 3

Solution: Combining the quotient rule and the chain rule, we obtain

(f ′ (x2 ) · 2x) · f (x) − f (x2 ) · f ′ (x)

g ′ (x) = .
f (x)2

Therefore,
2f ′ (1)f (1) − f (1)f ′ (1) f ′ (1)
g ′ (1) = 2
= = 3.
f (1) f (1)

4 As / If f (x) = xx , dan / then f ′ (1) =

2

(A) e (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) e2 (E) ln 2 (F) 4

2
Solution: f (x) = ex ln x
and therefore
( )
′ x2 ln x 2 1 2
f (x) = e · 2x ln x + x · = xx · (2x ln x + x) .
x

Hence, f ′ (1) = 1(0 + 1) = 1.

∫ 2x
d
5 ln t dt =
dx x

(A) ln(4x) (B) 4 ln x (C) ln(2x) − ln x (D) ln(2x) (E) ln x (F) 2 ln x

 ∫ 2x ∫ 2x ∫ x
Solution: ln t dt = ln t dt − ln t dt and thus, by the Fundamental Theorem of Calcu-
x 1 1
lus, ∫ 2x
d (2x)2
ln t dt = ln(2x) · 2 − ln x = ln(2x)2 − ln x = ln = ln(4x).
dx x x

6 As / If f (x) = x − 1, g(x) = x2 en / and h(x) = sec x, dan / then (f ◦ g ◦ h)(x) =

(A) tan(x2 ) (B) sec(x2 ) − 1 (C) sec(x − 1)2

(D) tan2 x (E) (sec x − 1)2 (F) tan2 x − 1

Solution: (f ◦ g ◦ h)(x) = f (g(h(x)) = f (g(sec x)) = f (sec2 x) = sec2 x − 1 = tan2 x.

2x + ln x
7 Die funksie f (x) = het sy enigste lokale maksimum by x =
x
2x + ln x
The function f (x) = has its only local maximum at x =
x
(A) e2 (B) 1 (C) ln 2 (D) 0 (E) e (F) 2

Solution: We have
(2 + x1 ) · x − (2x + ln x) · 1 1 − ln x
f ′ (x) = = .
x2 x2
1 − ln x is positive for x < e and negative for x > e. Therefore, the function is increasing on (0, e)
and decreasing on (e, ∞), implying that (e, 2e+1 e ) is a local maximum.
√
8 Die inverse van die funksie / The inverse of the function f (x) = x3 + 7 is / is f −1 (x) =
√ √
(A) x3/2 − 7 (B) x3 − 7 (C) 3 x2 + 7
√
(D) (x − 7)2/3 (E) 3 x2 − 7 (F) x2/3 + 7
√
Solution:
√ f −1 (x)3 + 7 = x can be simplified to f −1 (x)3 = x2 − 7 and further to f −1 (x) =
3
x2 − 7.
∫ 4
9 |x − 3| dx =
0

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 4 (F) 5

Solution:
∫ 4 ∫ 3 ∫ 4 ∫ 3 ∫ 4
|x − 3| dx = |x − 3| dx + |x − 3| dx = (3 − x) dx + (x − 3) dx
0
(0 ) 3
( ) 0 3
x2 3 x2 4 9 1
= 3x − + − 3x = + = 5.
2 0 2 3 2 2

10 As / If
ln(16x)
log2 (x3 ) = ,
ln 2
dan / then x =
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8 (E) 16 (F) 32

Solution: log2 (x3 ) = ln(16x)

ln 2 = log2 (16x), hence x3 = 16x and therefore x = 0, x = −4 or x = 4.
The logarithm is only defined for x = 4, so this is the only solution.
 x + sin x
11 lim =
x→0 tan x
(A) 0 (B) 1
2 (C) 1 (D) 2 (E) − 12 (F) −1

Solution:
x + sin x x + sin x 1 + sinx x 1+1
lim = lim sin x
= lim sin x
= = 2.
x→0 tan x x→0
cos x
x→0
x cos x
1

12 ’n Kromme word deur sin(x + y 2 ) = y + x3 gegee. Die gradiënt van die raaklyn by die punt
(−1, 1) is
A curve is given by sin(x + y 2 ) = y + x3 . The gradient of the tangent at the point (−1, 1) is

(A) 0 (B) 1
2 (C) 1 (D) 2 (E) − 12 (F) −1

Solution: Differentiate both sides of the equation:

cos(x + y 2 )(1 + 2yy ′ ) = y ′ + 3x2 .

Set x = −1 en y = 1:
1 + 2y ′ = y ′ + 3,
thus y ′ = 2.

13 As ons Newton se metode met beginwaarde x1 = 1 gebruik om die vergelyking x5 + 4x = 7

op te los, dan verkry ons die tweede benadering x2 =
Using Newton’s method with initial value x1 = 1 to solve the equation x5 + 4x = 7, we obtain the
second approximation x2 =
11 9 5 7 7 9
(A) 9 (B) 11 (C) 7 (D) 5 (E) 9 (F) 5

Solution: The equation is equivalent to f (x) = x5 + 4x − 7 = 0. The derivative is f ′ (x) = 5x4 + 4,

hence we have
f (x1 ) f (1) −2 11
x2 = x1 − ′ =1− ′ =1− = .
f (x1 ) f (1) 9 9

14 Watter van die volgende funksies is onewe?

Which of the following functions is odd?
√ √
(A) ex +e−x (B) sin(x2 ) (C) x3 |x| (D) |x4 + 6| (E) cos 3x (F) 2x3 tan x

Solution: A function f is odd if f (−x) = −f (x). The only function on the list with this property
is (C):
(−x)3 | − x| = −x3 |x|.
∫ π/4
15 cot x dx =
−π/4
√
(A) 0 (B) 2 ln 2 (C) ln 2 (D) 2 (E) ln 2 (F) bestaan nie / doesn’t exist

Solution: Since cot x has an infinite discontinuity at 0, the integral does not exist.
√
16 As / If f (x) = x + x3 + 1, dan / then (f −1 )′ (1) =
√ √
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) −1 (D) 2 2
√
2 2+3
(E) 1 + 2 (F) 1 + 3
√
2 2
 2
Solution: Note that f (0) = 1, so f −1 (1) = 0. Moreover, f ′ (x) = 1 + 2√3xx3 +1
(which also shows
that f is indeed one-to-one, since the derivative is always positive), and consequently
1 1 1
(f −1 )′ (1) = = ′ = = 1.
f ′ (f −1 (1)) f (0) 1

2x4 + 5x2 + 3x
17 Die funksie / The function f (x) = het ’n skuinsasimptoot met vergelyking /
x3 − 2x2 + 1
has an oblique asymptote with equation
(A) y = x − 4 (B) y = 2x − 2 (C) y = x + 4

(D) y = 2x (E) y = 2x − 4 (F) y = 2x + 4

Solution: Long division gives

2x4 + 5x2 + 3x 13x2 + x − 4

= 2x + 4 + .
x3 − 2x2 + 1 x3 − 2x2 + 1
Since
13x2 + x − 4 x + x2 − x3
13 1 4
0
lim = lim = = 0,
x→∞ x3 − 2x2 + 1 x→∞ 1 − 2
+ 1 1
x x3
this means that 2x + 4 is a slant asymptote of the given function.

18 As / If f (x) = x(x + 1) sin x, dan / then f ′′ (0) =

(A) −2 (B) −1 (C) 0 (D) 1 (E) 2 (F) 3

Solution: We have f (x) = (x2 + x) sin x and thus

f ′ (x) = (2x + 1) sin x + (x2 + x) cos x

and further
f ′′ (x) = 2 sin x + (2x + 1) cos x + (2x + 1) cos x − (x2 + x) sin x.
Set x = 0: f ′′ (0) = 2.

19 As / If 2x+3 = 3x+2 , dan / then x =

ln 9−ln 8 ln 9−ln 8 ln 3−ln 2 ln 3−ln 2 ln 9−ln 2 ln 3−ln 8
(A) ln 3−ln 2 (B) ln 2−ln 3 (C) ln 9−ln 8 (D) ln 8−ln 9 (E) ln 3−ln 8 (F) ln 9−ln 2

Solution: Take the logarithm on both sides of the equation:

(x + 3) ln 2 = ln 2x+3 = ln 3x+2 = (x + 2) ln 3.

It follows that
x(ln 2 − ln 3) = 2 ln 3 − 3 ln 2 = ln 9 − ln 8
and finally
ln 9 − ln 8
x= .
ln 2 − ln 3

20 Die vergelyking van die raaklyn aan die grafiek van f (x) = 2x − x ln(x + 2) by die punt x = 0
is
The equation of the tangent to the graph of f (x) = 2x − x ln(x + 2) at the point x = 0 is

(A) y = −x + 1 (B) y = x + 1 (C) y = 1 (D) y = (ln 2)x (E) y = x − ln 2 (F) y = 0

Solution: We have ( )
x
f ′ (x) = 2x ln 2 − ln(x + 2) + .
x+2
If we set x = 0, then we obtain f ′ (0) = ln 2 − (ln 2 + 0) = 0. Therefore, the tangent is horizontal,
and since f (0) = 1, its equation is y = 1.

ln(2 − sin h) − ln 2
21 lim =
h→0 h
(A) −1 (B) − 12 (C) 0 (D) 1
2 (E) 1 (F) ∞

Solution: Set f (x) = ln(2 − sin x). Then we have

ln(2 − sin h) − ln 2 f (h) − f (0) cos x 1

lim = lim = f ′ (0) = − =− .
h→0 h h→0 h 2 − sin x x=0 2

22 Skets die gebied wat deur die ongelykheid

Sketch the region that is given by the inequality

x − |y| ≤ 2

gegee word.

Solution: If y ≥ 0, we obtain |x−y| ≤ 2, which is equivalent to −2 ≤ x−y ≤ 2 or x−2 ≤ y ≤ x+2.

This represents a strip enclosed by two straight lines.
Similarly, if y < 0, we obtain |x + y| ≤ 2, which is equivalent to −2 ≤ x + y ≤ 2 or −x − 2 ≤ y ≤
−x + 2. The region given by our original inequality is the union of the two strips, see the figure
below.
10

-2 2 4 6 8

-5

-10

23 Bepaal die koëffisiënt van x5 in die uitbreiding van

Determine the coefficient of x5 in the expansion of
( )
2 ( 4 √ )7
5x − 2 3x − x .
x

Solution: We have

( )
2 ( 4 √ )7 ( √ )7 2 ( √ )7
5x − 2 3x − x = 5x 3x4 − x − 2 3x4 − x
x x
( 7 ( )
) ( 7 ( )
)
∑ 7 √ k ∑ 7 √ k
−2
= 5x 4 7−k
(3x ) (− x) − 2x 4 7−k
(3x ) (− x)
k k
k=0 k=0
 ( 7 ( )
) ( 7 ( )
)
∑ 7 7−k ∑ 7 7−k
−2
= 5x 3 k 4(7−k)+k/2
(−1) x − 2x 3 k 4(7−k)+k/2
(−1) x
k k
k=0 k=0
( 7 ( ) ) ( 7 ( ) )
∑ 7 ∑ 7
k −2+4(7−k)+k/2
= 5 37−k k 1+4(7−k)+k/2
(−1) x − 2 37−k
(−1) x
k k
k=0 k=0
( 7 ( ) ) ( 7 ( ) )
∑ 7 ∑ 7
= 5 37−k (−1)k x29−7k/2 − 2 37−k (−1)k x26−7k/2 .
k k
k=0 k=0

Since we are interested in the coefficient of x5 , we have to solve 29 − 7k/2 = 5 and 26 − 7k/2 = 5.
The former gives us k = 487 , which is not an integer. Therefore, the first sum does not contain the
power x5 . The second equation yields k = 6, so that the coefficient is
( )
7 7−6
−2 3 (−1)6 = −2 · 7 · 3 · 1 = −42.
6

24 Bepaal / Determine f ′′′ (x) as / if f (x) = x3 ln x.

Solution: By the product rule, we have
1
f ′ (x) = 3x2 ln x + x3 · = 3x2 ln x + x2 ,
x
1
f ′′ (x) = 6x ln x + 3x2 · + 2x = 6x ln x + 5x,
x
and finally
1
f ′′′ (x) = 6 ln x + 6x · + 5 = 6 ln x + 11.
x
25 ’n Kromme word implisiet deur
A curve is given implicitly by
ey sin x = 2 cos(xy 2 ) − y 3
gegee. Bepaal die vergelyking van die raaklyn by die punt (0, 1).
Determine the equation of the tangent at the point (0, 1).
Solution: Differentiate both sides of the equation to obtain

ey sin x (y ′ sin x + y cos x) = −2 sin(xy 2 )(y 2 + 2xy · y ′ ) − 3y 2 · y ′ .

We plug in x = 0 and y = 1 and solve for y ′ :

1 · (y ′ · 0 + 1 · 1) = −2 · 0 · (1 + 0 · y ′ ) − 3y ′

and thus y ′ = − 31 . So the gradient is − 13 , and the equation is y − 1 = − x3 or

x
y=− + 1.
3

26 Bepaal die afgeleide y ′ met behulp van logaritmiese differensiasie:

Determine the derivative y ′ by means of logarithmic differentiation:

(x2 + 5) cos3 x
y= .
x4 ln x
Solution: We have
ln y = ln(x2 + 5) + 3 ln cos x − 4 ln x − ln ln x.
Differentiating gives us
y′ 2x 3 sin x 4 1
= 2 − − − .
y x +5 cos x x x ln x
Therefore,
( )
2x 3 sin x 4 1
y′ = − − − ·y
x2 + 5 cos x x x ln x
( )
2x 3 sin x 4 1 (x2 + 5) cos3 x
= − − − · .
x2 + 5 cos x x x ln x x4 ln x
√
27 Bepaal die oppervlakte van die gebied wat deur die krommes y = 3 x − 1 en y = x + 1
begrens word. √
Find the area of the region enclosed by the curves y = 3 x − 1 and y = x + 1.
6

1 2 3 4 5
-1

Solution: First of all, we determine the points of intersection:

√ √ √ √
3 x − 1 = x + 1 =⇒ x − 3 x + 2 = 0 =⇒ ( x − 1)( x − 2) = 0.
Therefore, the points of intersection are x = 1 and x = 4, and the enclosed area is
∫ 4 ∫ 4
( √ ) √ 3x3/2 x2 4
3 x − 1 − (x + 1) dx = (3 x − x − 2) dx = − − 2x
1 3/2 2 1
( 1
) ( )
= 16 − 8 − 8 − 2 − 12 − 2 = 12 .

28 Bepaal die integrale / Determine the integrals

∫ 6
x−4
(a) √ dx,
2 2x − 3
∫ π/3 ( )
1
(b) 1+ tan x dx.
0 cos x
Solution:
(a) We substitute u = 2x − 3 ( du u+3
dx = 2, x = 2 ) and obtain
∫ 6 ∫ 9 u+3 ∫ 9
x−4 2 −4 u−5
√ dx = √ du = √ du
2 2x − 3 1 2 u 1 4 u
∫ 9 (√ ) √
u 5 u3/2 5 u 9
= − √ du = −
4 4 u 4 · 3/2 4 · 1/2 1
(1 ) ( )
9 15 1 5 2
= − − − =− .
2 2 6 2 3
 (b)
∫ π/3 ( ) ∫ π/3
1 π/3
1+ tan x dx = (tan x + sec x tan x) dx = ln | sec x| + sec x
0 cos x 0 0

= (ln 2 + 2) − (ln 1 + 1) = ln 2 + 1.

29 Bepaal die afgeleide van / Find the derivative of

f (x) = x−3/2

deur van die definisie van ’n afgeleide gebruik te maak. / using the definition of a derivative.
Solution:

(x + h)−3/2 − x−3/2
1
(x+h)3/2
− 1
x3/2
′
f (x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
x3/2 −(x+h)3/2
x3/2 (x+h)3/2 x3/2 − (x + h)3/2
= lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 hx3/2 (x + h)3/2

x3/2 − (x + h)3/2 x3/2 + (x + h)3/2 (x3/2 )2 − ((x + h)3/2 )2

= lim 3/2 3/2
· 3/2 3/2
= lim 3/2
h→0 hx (x + h) x + (x + h) h→0 hx (x + h)3/2 (x3/2 + (x + h)3/2 )
x3 − (x + h)3 x3 − (x3 + 3x2 h + 3xh2 + h3 )
= lim 3/2
= lim
h→0 hx (x + h) (x + (x + h) ) h→0 hx3/2 (x + h)3/2 (x3/2 + (x + h)3/2 )
3/2 3/2 3/2

−3x2 h − 3xh2 − h3 −3x2 − 3xh − h2

= lim 3/2
= lim 3/2
h→0 hx (x + h) (x + (x + h) ) h→0 x (x + h)3/2 (x3/2 + (x + h)3/2 )
3/2 3/2 3/2

−3x2 3x2 3
= 3/2 3/2 3/2 = − 9/2 = − 5/2 .
x · x (x + x ) 3/2 2x 2x

30 Bepaal die limiete / Determine the limits

5x3 sin x1
(a) lim ,
x→∞ x2 + 2
√
x+7−3
(b) lim .
x→2 4x − 8
Solution:
1
(a) We substitute u = x and obtain

5x3 sin x1 5
u3 sin u 5 · sinu u 5·1
lim = lim 1 = lim = = 5.
x→∞ x2 + 2 u→0 1 + 2u 2 1+0
u2 + 2
u→0

(b)
√ √ √
x+7−3 x+7−3 x+7+3 (x + 7) − 9
lim = lim ·√ = lim √
x→2 4x − 8 x→2 4x − 8 x + 7 + 3 x→2 (4x − 8)( x + 7 + 3)
x−2 1 1 1
= lim √ = lim √ = = .
x→2 4(x − 2)( x + 7 + 3) x→2 4( x + 7 + 3) 4(3 + 3) 24

31 Beskou die funksie / Consider the function

3x + 4
f (x) = √ .
x
Bepaal sy definisieversameling, afsnitte, die intervalle waarop die funksie stygend/dalend is, die in-
tervalle waarop die funksie konkaaf na bo/konkaaf na onder is, asook alle lokale minima/maksima
en infleksiepunte. Gebruik hierdie inligting om die grafiek te skets.
Determine its domain, intercepts, the intervals where the function is increasing/decreasing, the in-
tervals where the function is concave upward/concave downward, as well as all local minima/maxima
and inflection points. Use this information to sketch the graph.
Solution:
• The domain is (0, ∞), which excludes 0; there, the function has a vertical asymptote, and
so f has no y-intercept. There is also no x-intercept, since the only solution x = − 43 is not
in the domain.
√
• We have f (x) = 3 x + √4x = 3x1/2 + 4x−1/2 and thus
( )
3 −1/2 3x 3x − 4
f ′ (x) = x − 2x−3/2 = x−3/2 − 2 = x−3/2 ·
2 2 2
and ( )
3 3x 3(x − 4)
f (x) = − x−3/2 + 3x−5/2 = −x−5/2
′′
− 3 = −x−5/2 · .
4 4 4

• We see from the first derivative that f is increasing on ( 34 , ∞) and decreasing otherwise.
Furthermore, f is concave upward on (0, 4) and concave downward otherwise, as can be seen
from the second derivative.
√
• It follows immediately that ( 43 , 4 3) is a local minimum, and that (4, 8) is an inflection
point.
• Now, we can sketch the graph:
16

14

12

10

2 4 6 8 10

32 ’N vliegtuig vertrek van Kaapstad met bestemming Windhoek, en vlieg in noordelike rigt-
ing teen ’n spoed van 800 km/h. Op dieselfde tyd vertrek ’n vliegtuig van Port Elizabeth met
bestemming Kaapstad en vlieg teen ’n spoed van 600 km/h. Die afstand tussen Kaapstad en
Port Elizabeth is 660 km, en die twee stede lê op dieselfde breedtegraad 34◦ S. Wat is die kleinste
afstand tussen die twee vliegtuie tydens hul vlug?
A plane leaves Cape Town with destination Windhoek, heading north at a speed of 800 km/h. At
the same time, a plane leaves Port Elizabeth at a speed of 600 km/h with destination Cape Town.
The distance between Cape Town and Port Elizabeth is 660 km, and the two cities lie at the same
latitude of 34◦ S. What is the minimum distance between the two planes during their flight?
Solution: Let the coordinates of Cape Town be (0, 0). Then the coordinates of the first plane
after t hours are (0, 800t), and the coordinates of the second plane are (660 − 600t, 0). Thus we
have to minimise the distance √
(660 − 600t)2 + (800t)2 .
Let
f (t) = (660 − 600t)2 + (800t)2 .
Then
f ′ (t) = −1200 · (660 − 600t) + 1600 · 800t = 8000(250t − 99)
and
f ′′ (t) = 2000000 > 0.
Thus the minimum occurs at t = 99/250, when the distance is 528 km.
2
33 Bewys dat die funksie f (x) = 2 ln x + ex (x > 0) een-eenduidig is, en bepaal die afgeleide
van sy inverse f −1 (x) by die punt x = e.
2
Show that the function f (x) = 2 ln x + ex (x > 0) is one-to-one, and determine the derivative of
its inverse f −1 (x) at the point x = e.

Solution: We have f ′ (x) = x2 + 2xex , which is positive for x > 0. Hence, the function is
2

increasing and therefore also one-to-one. Since f (1) = e, we have f −1 (e) = 1 and
1 1 1
(f −1 )′ (e) = = = .
f ′ (f −1 (e)) f ′ (1) 2 + 2e

34 Bepaal die onbepaalde integrale / Determine the indefinite integrals

∫
cos(2 ln x)
(a) dx,
x
∫
x3
(b) dx.
e 4 −5
x

Solution:
(a) We substitute u = 2 ln x ( du 2
dx = x ) and obtain
∫ ∫
cos(2 ln x) cos u sin u sin(2 ln x)
dx = du = +C = + C.
x 2 2 2

(b) Substitute u = −(x4 − 5) ( du

dx = −4x and thus x dx = − 4 ):
3 3 du

∫ ∫ ∫ 4
x3 3 −(x4 −5) eu eu e5−x
x4 −5
dx = x e dx = − du = − + C = − + C.
e 4 4 4

35 Determine the domain of the function

Bepaal die definisieversameling van die funksie
√
f (x) = |3x| − |x2 − 4|.

Solution: The function is only defined if the expression under the square root is non-negative.
Thus we have to solve
|3x| − |x2 − 4| ≥ 0.
Since {
3x x ≥ 0,
|3x| =
−3x x < 0,
and {
x2 − 4 x ≥ 2 or x ≤ −2,
|x − 4| =
2
4 − x2 −2 < x < 2,
we have to distinguish the following cases:
 • x ≥ 2: we get
3x − (x2 − 4) ≥ 0 ⇐⇒ 0 ≥ x2 − 3x − 4 = (x + 1)(x − 4)
with the solution −1 ≤ x ≤ 4. Thus the first part of the solution is [2, 4].
• 0 ≤ x < 2: we get
3x − (4 − x2 ) ≥ 0 ⇐⇒ 0 ≤ x2 + 3x − 4 = (x − 1)(x + 4)
with the solution x ≤ −4 or x ≥ 1. Thus the second part of the solution is [1, 2).
• −2 < x < 0: we get
−3x − (4 − x2 ) ≥ 0 ⇐⇒ 0 ≤ x2 − 3x − 4 = (x + 1)(x − 4)
with the solution x ≤ −1 or x ≥ 4. Thus the third part of our solution is (−2, −1].
• x ≤ −2: we get
−3x − (x2 − 4) ≥ 0 ⇐⇒ 0 ≥ x2 + 3x − 4 = (x − 1)(x + 4)
with the solution −4 ≤ x ≤ 1. Thus the last part of our solution is [−4, −2].
We combine all four parts. The final solution (and thus the domain of f ) is
Df = [−4, −1] ∪ [1, 4].

36 Los die ongelykheid op:

Solve the inequality: √
8x + 3
< 1.
x−4
Solution: We have to solve
8x + 3 7x + 7 7(x + 1)
< 1 ⇐⇒ = <0
x−4 x−4 x−4
This gives us −1 < x < 4. Moreover, the expression under the square root has to be non-negative:
8x + 3
≥ 0,
x−4
with the solution x ≤ − 38 or x > 4. Dus x ∈ (−1, − 83 ].

37 Prove the following identity by means of mathematical induction:

Bewys die volgende identiteit met behulp van wiskundige induksie:
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + ... + n = 1 − n.
2 4 8 2 2
Solution: For n = 1, our identity is
1 1
=1− ,
2 2
which obviously holds true. Now assume that
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + ... + k = 1 − k
2 4 8 2 2
for some integer k. Then
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
+ + + . . . + k + k+1 = 1 − k + k+1 = 1 − k+1 + k+1 = 1 − k+1 ,
2 4 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
which proves the statement for k + 1. This completes the induction.
 38 Bepaal die volgende afgeleide en vereenvoudig:
Determine the following derivative and simplify:
∫ cos x √
d
1 − t2 dt, x ∈ [0, π2 ].
dx sin x

Solution: By the fundamental theorem of calculus, we have

∫ cos x √ (∫ ∫ sin x √ )
cos x √
d d
1 − t2 dt = 1 − t2 dt − 1 − t2 dt
dx sin x dx 0 0
√ √
= 1 − cos2 x · (− sin x) − 1 − sin2 x · cos x
√ √
= − sin2 x sin x − cos2 x cos x.

Since x ∈ [0, π2 ], we have sin x ≥ 0 as well as cos x ≥ 0, and thus

∫ cos x √ √ √
d
1 − t2 dt = − sin2 x sin x − cos2 x cos x = − sin2 x − cos2 x = −1.
dx sin x

39 Beskou die funksie / Consider the function

ex
f (x) = .
x+1
Bepaal sy definisieversameling, afsnitte, die intervalle waarop die funksie stygend/dalend is, die in-
tervalle waarop die funksie konkaaf na bo/konkaaf na onder is, asook alle lokale minima/maksima
en infleksiepunte. Gebruik hierdie inligting om die grafiek te skets.
Determine its domain, intercepts, the intervals where the function is increasing/decreasing, the in-
tervals where the function is concave upward/concave downward, as well as all local minima/maxima
and inflection points. Use this information to sketch the graph.

Solution:
• The denominator may not be 0, hence we have to exclude x = −1. So the domain is
(−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, ∞), and the curve has a vertical asymptote at x = −1. The y-intercept is
(0, 1), and there is no x-intercept, since ex is never 0.

• We determine the first derivative:

ex (x + 1) − ex xex
f ′ (x) = 2
= .
(x + 1) (x + 1)2

ex and (x + 1)2 are positive on the entire domain, so the function is increasing on (0, ∞) and
decreasing on (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, 0).
• The second derivative is
(ex + xex )(x + 1)2 − xex · 2(x + 1) (x + 1)3 ex − 2x(x + 1)ex
f ′′ (x) = =
(x + 1)4 (x + 1)4
(x + 1) e − 2xe
2 x x
(x + 2x + 1)e − 2xe
2 x x
(x2 + 1)ex
= = = .
(x + 1)3 (x + 1)3 (x + 1)3

The numerator is always positive, the denominator is positive for x > −1 and negative
otherwise. Therefore the graph is concave up on (−1, ∞) and concave down on (−∞, −1).
• It follows that f has a local minimum at (0, 1); there are no other extreme values or inflection
points.
 • Graph:

10

-2 -1 1 2 3

-5

-10

40 Bepaal die oppervlakte wat deur die y-as en die twee krommes y = 4 sin x en y = 2 sin x + 1
in die eerste kwadrant ingesluit word.
Find the area enclosed by the y-axis and the two curves y = 4 sin x and y = 2 sin x + 1 in the first
quadrant.
4

0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5

Solution: We first have to determine the points of intersection:

1
4 sin x = 2 sin x + 1 ⇐⇒ sin x = ,
2
π
the first positive value that satisfies this equation is x = 6 (sketch). Therefore the area is
∫ π/6 ∫ π/6 π/6
(2 sin x + 1 − 4 sin x) dx = (1 − 2 sin x) dx = x + 2 cos x
0
0
(0 √ )
π 3 π √
= +2· − (0 + 2) = + 3 − 2.
6 2 6

41 Bepaal die vergelykings van alle raaklyne aan die parabool y = 2x2 − 3 wat deur die punt
(3, 7) gaan.
Determine the equations of all tangents to the parabola y = 2x2 − 3 that pass through the point
(3, 7).
Solution: Let (a, b) be a point on the parabola. Then b = 2a2 −3, and the gradient of the tangent
is 4a (since the derivative is y ′ = 4x). Therefore, the equation of the tangent is y − b = 4a(x − a)
or
y = 4a(x − a) + b = 4a(x − a) + 2a2 − 3 = 4ax − 2a2 − 3.
If the tangent passes through the point (3, 7), then a has to satisfy

7 = 12a − 2a2 − 3.

This equation has the two solutions a = 1 and a = 5. The equations of the two tangents are

y = 4x − 5 and y = 20x − 53.

 ( )
42 Los die vergelyking n+2 = 4n + 4 op.
(n+2) 3
Solve the equation 3 = 4n + 4.
Solution: We have ( )
n+2 (n + 2)(n + 1)n n(n + 1)(n + 2)
= = .
3 1·2·3 6
Thus we have to solve the equation

n(n + 1)(n + 2)
= 4(n + 1).
6
()
−1 is not a solution (we would get 13 on the left hand side, and 1 < 3), so we can divide by n + 1:

n(n + 2)
= 4 =⇒ n2 + 2n = 24.
6
This equation has the two solutions n = −6 (which is not meaningful) and n = 4, which is our
final solution.

43 Bepaal die limiet / Determine the limit

√
lim x2 − x4 − 4x2 .
x→∞

Solution:
√ ( √ ) x2 + √x4 − 4x2
lim x − x − 4x = lim x − x − 4x ·
2 4 2 2 4 2 √
x→∞ x→∞ x2 + x4 − 4x2
x4 − (x4 − 4x2 )
= lim √
x→∞ x2 + x4 − 4x2
4x2
= lim √
x→∞ x2 + x4 − 4x2
4x2
= lim √ ( )
x→∞ 2
x + x4 1 − x42
4x2
= lim √
x→∞ 2
x + x2 1 − 4
x2
4
= lim √
x→∞
1+ 1− 4
x2
4
= √ = 2.
1+ 1

44 Dit is bekend dat f (x) by (2, −6) ’n buigpunt het, dat sy grafiek deur die oorsprong gaan, en
dat f ′′′ (x) = 6 vir alle x. Bepaal f (x).
Given that f (x) has an inflection point at (2, −6), that its graph passes through the origin, and
that f ′′′ (x) = 6 for all x, determine f (x).

Solution: Since f ′′′ (x) = 6, we know that

f ′′ (x) = 6x + C1

for some constant C1 . Since (2, −6) is a point of inflection, we have to have f ′′ (2) = 0, so C1 = −12.
This gives us
f ′ (x) = 3x2 + C1 x + C2 = 3x2 − 12x + C2
for some constant C2 and
f (x) = x3 − 6x2 + C2 x + C3
for a third constant C3 . The graph passes through the two points (2, −6) and (0, 0), so the
following two equations have to hold:
f (2) = −16 + 2C2 + C3 = −6,
f (0) = C3 = 0.
It follows that C3 = 0 and C2 = 5, so
f (x) = x3 − 6x2 + 5x.

45 Bepaal die volgende integraal vanuit die definisie van die bepaalde integraal:
Determine the following integral from the definition of the definite integral:
∫ 3
(x3 − 3x2 ) dx.
1

Solution: We have ∆x = n2 , and the right endpoint xi of the i-th interval is xi = 1+ 2in . Therefore
the definite integral is
∫ 3 (( )3 ( )2 )
∑n
2i 2i 2
(x − 3x ) dx = lim
3 2
1+ −3 1+ ·
1 n→∞
i=1
n n n
∑n ( )
6i 12i2 8i3 12i 12i2 2
= lim 1+ + 2 + 3 −3− − 2 ·
n→∞
i=1
n n n n n n
∑n ( )
6i 8i3 2
= lim −2 − + 3 ·
n→∞
i=1
n n n
( n )
∑ 6∑
n
8 ∑ 3
n
2
= lim (−2) − i+ 3 i ·
n→∞
i=1
n i=1
n i=1
n
( )
6 n(n + 1) 8 n2 (n + 1)2 2
= lim −2n − · + 3· ·
n→∞ n 2 n 4 n
( )
4n 12 n(n + 1) 16 n2 (n + 1)2
= lim − − 2· + 4·
n→∞ n n 2 n 4
( 2
)
6(n + 1) 4(n + 1)
= lim −4 − +
n→∞ n n2
( ( ) ( )2 )
1 1
= lim −4 − 6 1 + +4 1+
n→∞ n n
= −4 − 6 + 4 = −6.

46 Vind die grootste reghoek wat tussen die x-as, die y-as en die grafiek van die funksie f (x) = 2x
ingeskryf kan word (soos in die skets).
Find the largest rectangle that can be inscribed between the x-axis, the y-axis, and the graph of the
function f (x) = 2x (as in the sketch).
Solution: If (x, 0) is the bottom-left corner, then the area is −x2x (x has to be negative, so the
side lengths are −x and 2x ). Thus we have to minimise

f (x) = −x2x .

We differentiate:
f ′ (x) = −2x + (−x) · 2x ln 2 = −2x (1 + x ln 2)
and
f ′′ (x) = (−2x ln 2)(1 + x ln 2) − 2x ln 2 = −2x (2 + x ln 2) ln 2.
The only critical number is x = − ln12 , and since f ′′ (− ln12 ) = −2−1/(ln 2) · ln 2 is negative, this
value does indeed give a maximum. Thus the largest possible area is
( )
1 1 −1/(ln 2) 1 −(ln 2)/(ln 2) 1
f − = 2 = e = .
ln 2 ln 2 ln 2 e ln 2

47 Bepaal die integrale / Determine the integrals

∫ π/4
(a) (sin x − cos x)2 dx,
−π/4
∫ 8
1
(b) √ dx.
1 3x + ( 3 x )2
Solution:

(a)
∫ π/4 ∫ π/4 ∫ π/4
(sin x − cos x)2 dx = (sin2 x − 2 sin x cos x + cos2 x) dx = (1 − sin(2x)) dx
−π/4 −π/4 −π/4
cos 2x π/4 (π ) ( π ) π
=x+ = +0 − − +0 = .
2 −π/4 4 4 2
√
(b) Substitute u = 3
x ( du
dx =
1
3x2/3
= 1
3u2 and thus dx = 3u2 du):
∫ 8 ∫ 2 ∫ 2
1 1 3
√ dx = · 3u2 du = du.
1 3x + ( 3 x )2 1 3u + u2
3
1 3u + 1

We substitute a second time: v = 3u + 1 (dv = 3du). This gives us

∫ 8 ∫ 2 ∫ 7 7
1 3 dv
√ dx = du = = ln v = ln 7 − ln 4.
1 3x + ( 3 x )2 1 3u + 1 4 v 4

48 ’n Kromme word deur die implisiete vergelyking / A curve is given by the implicit equation

y 3 + y = x3 − x
2
d y
gegee. Bepaal die vergelyking van die raaklyn by die punt (1, 0) en die tweede afgeleide dx 2 by

hierdie punt.
d2 y
Determine the equation of the tangent at the point (1, 0) and the second derivative dx 2 at this

point.

Solution: We differentiate both sides:

3y 2 y ′ + y ′ = 3x2 − 1
and thus
3x2 − 1
y′ = .
3y 2 + 1
Hence y ′ = 2 at the point (1, 0), which means that the equation of the tangent is y = 2(x − 1).
Now we differentiate again:

6x(3y 2 + 1) − (3x2 − 1) · 6yy ′

y ′′ = .
(3y 2 + 1)2

Plug in x = 1, y = 0 and y ′ = 2 to obtain the second derivative at the given point: y ′′ = 6.

√
49 Bepaal die punt op die grafiek van y = √2 x wat naaste by (2, 8) lê.
Determine the point on the graph of y = 2 x that is closest to (2, 8).
√
Solution: Let (x, y) be the point we are looking for. Then, y = 2 x, and the distance to (2, 8) is
√ √ √ √
√ √ √
(x − 2)2 + (y − 8)2 = (x − 2)2 + (2 x − 8)2 = x2 − 4x + 4 + 4x − 32 x + 64 = x2 − 32 x + 68.

We want to minimise this expression, so we differentiate:

√ ( )
d √ 1 16
x2 − 32 x + 68 = √ √ · 2x − √ .
dx 2 x2 − 32 x + 68 x
16
√
The first factor is always positive, the second factor is positive if 2x > x
, which is equivalent to
3/2 2/3
x > 8 or x > 8 = 4. Therefore, the distance increases for x > 4 and decreases
√ for x < 4,
which means that x = 4 is a minimum. The corresponding y-coordinate is y = 2 4 = 4, so the
point on the graph that is closest to (2, 8) is (4, 4).

50 Beskou die funksie / Consider the function

x
f (x) = .
x2 + 3
Bepaal / Determine
• die definisieversameling / the domain,
• die x- en y-afsnitte / the x- and y-intercepts,
• simmetrie-eienskappe / symmetry properties,
• horisontale en vertikale asimptote, indien enige / horizontal or vertical asymptotes, if any,
• die intervalle waar f stygend/ dalend is / the intervals on which f is increasing/decreasing,
• die intervalle waar f konkaaf na bo/na onder is / the intervals on which f is concave up-
ward/downward,
• lokale maksima/minima en buigpunte / local maxima/minima and inflection points.
Gebruik al hierdie inligting om die grafiek te skets. / Use all this information to sketch the graph.
Solution:

• The domain is (−∞, ∞).

• The x- and y-intercept is (0, 0).
x
• The function is odd: f (−x) = − = −f (x).
x2 +3
• The function has no vertical asymptotes, the x-axis is a horizontal asymptote:
1
x
lim f (x) = lim 3 =0
x→∞ x→∞ 1+ x2

and in the same way limx→−∞ f (x) = 0.

•
x2 + 3 − 2x2 3 − x2
f ′ (x) = = .
(x2 + 3)2 (x2 + 3)2
√ √
3 −√x2 √is positive if (and only if) − √3 < x < √ 3. Hence, the function is increasing on
(− 3, 3), and decreasing on (−∞, − 3) and ( 3, ∞).
•
−2x(x2 + 3)2 − (3 − x2 ) · 4x(x2 + 3) −2x(x2 + 3) + 4x(x2 − 3)
f ′′ (x) = 2 4
=
(x + 3) (x2 + 3)3
2x(−x2 − 3 + 2x2 − 6) 2x(x2 − 9) 2x(x + 3)(x − 3)
= 2 3
= = .
(x + 3) (x2 + 3)3 (x2 + 3)3

−3 0 3
x − − + +
x+3 − + + +
x−3 − − − +
x(x + 3)(x − 3) − + − +

Hence, f is concave upward on (−3, 0) and (3, ∞) and concave downward on (−∞, −3) and
(0, 3).
√ √
• In view of the above considerations, f has a local maximum at ( 3, 63 ) and a local minimum
√ √
at (− 3, − 63 ) as well as inflection points at (−3, − 14 ), (0, 0), and (3, 41 ).

0.3

0.2

0.1

-7.5 -5 -2.5 2.5 5 7.5

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3