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Sequence by Suvi Patel

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45 views36 pages

Sequence by Suvi Patel

Uploaded by

raosahab0140
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Rent [watysis,, 4 athe exists th Bounda Sets (Bad) = . ht x be a oek then ‘ WX B called bdd above a do Heal mo ir K stuchs 7 that Zk VY weXx wy OM Als ose As called am uppor bound & X- we WX 5 called bdd below 1 4m Meal nb: soy f me OE REY MEX. ma > Ur this cose K US called a Lower bound HX. me iil) X 4s called bovrded f it bs both bdd above Lbdg below . Rex Sk Y nex SPD Nts dd. below by 1 and it 1b not bdd above Z— Not bdd Q@ — Not bdd Qa’ ~ Net bad R — Not bdd lw) X= fai men} [bb xX 4b bdd by OX 4 GD 9hE=[28) er (a) 04 [0.8) 8 Cot] thon Yas dd ak b Noke - Louse bdd, (uber odd) OL a Stk may on may not beleng. to a. set- re dé Sees ETT EEE ES e ae Sn 9.2, Lower hdd of X 2 0 uthich doesn't belong ¢ forthe set whereas Upper bdd. of X is 1 Which, € beteng to Set ‘Romaxp SH thexe 4s a lowe bound. (upper bound) A aset. thon, thee ave imfimitely, mony, Lowe bad (upper bad) ef the sset. Lee X be a SA then (W Subxemy X by the Least upper bound O{ x. Supemom of te *b au deurb. (i) i yu 04 X 1b the aneotest lower bound x. ap a oral ing gb. Nelei Sup (inf) Of a set 64 may not b te the set. a" “4 OF ggeaggoPprPrpPrvv 799797929 PR Pree eeaaan (wien ett lela c “9 $° Wed to denote ven emall lal value dike blw 044. ¥ ok Ls not an upper bound. & a eet y, i 4 at Los! One membvy boy % 6X such that *Sk tf Theotem pet xX +h be any bdd set ther a rel MOM ts sup Of X “uf O xem v EX W toeach € 04 am x, ex Auch that x, M-€ Leen Suppose souk athect, M = Sep oy x ts Lub. & x. > conddion (y vB satispred dt €>0 be gutn then M-€ 4 not an’ upperborings HX Lecoue Mis Ae db. bY x Se, J an % ex dutch that Xo SM~E Se condition, (ii) se tipi Corweraely euppose that céniitior, (i) £ ii) ane saisf Te poe H = up. 6X on the Lub OY x oy raton Cy M & om upper bound 4% x SB we treed Orly 78 prove thd a) tu hub of x OCS eee EEE SII SLE Le, p BE MB Heal rumber M-€ =M ~(M =m) =M’ M' is not an upper bound wy x Thus coribradicl ous aysornptin SM = Lub oy x. condition (WW M4 the ppc YX da need. Clty Le pure Hat HAs pe Lub. YX ly, NE seal n&eM-E =H’— (M’-M) =H P—PPDPPRPPPFrFFTPFPFVDA*?7ea1—armeeeweteeegeaagaaee | => Meth offi Auchmedian Prapenty p wo F Vea ne w ket 1 hy be twe tue Heal mymboy |i oe thm Ja te Aniager m Auch thay “px 0 (409 3 Let “Possible (Dis mot shane Ture LG my cu ¥ me TN — (2) het, $= Qty, ay,ay-——— j= {ime ny thin @ 9 6 us bold above Alo yes SBS £6 OM R satiey mot Q tH Oden (ler cempltnan Puspoty = © A non-empty bd ahve get ims supremo, © Pp non-empty bale belew get hay Infimum . Thin, by onder, compleiomer propery. S hod Auupsernesn M dy X= Lub | S > army Een Wem EN or (mt y cM ¥ me IN 2 myxy SM MEIN” > ry SM vme tN © M-y 4s on upper baundl. 4s This ds mot possible af YO MrLub ag siostsP rep GEA pe So, Ja tv Intigny, om Auch shay amy,> X ‘ SNA = ket €>0 be gaan ‘Then, 4a ~enege m such that yf. esas m @ Puove Ap. B Tope mat Lyre thm, Emd] or ee # Applestion of Ape ox Mae that Ingel Linen | 20 Phe tlediy <1. ens "0 bo Lowen bound % xX Own X “3 bounded below by O Ao, 1 &x PDK +$ wx mene bounced empty elas ¢ of 98 by anclen Completeness prof, X has inf soy, de,mel ¥ nen SM =O. Hoon We ae Hibugh, Suppere m>o..(m can't be tte) nen SF SFeSeSeEeeeeEteECESCEEL ELLE LSA AAA AAG thin, by AP. F a tve mkegon Nn st hem This ty a COmPyadictiyn =m = glib % Se, m}o he 1™m sO Sequen Cey p— den 4 Sequence dy a function. from MH Into IR. Netation:- Lamy a Seqperee Ub nM Jenm yan oan S Kam> is a equence then the Set cistimet Heums ef Sequence dy ralled, kange, SH Y the Sequence, EH Lam> = <(-I> L145) Range stt O{ = Cy (WW Range set YH n> = IN (i) Reonge get 4 =f bd) 4 —_ NEE AL seq. ty bouncled (bid ab0%e er bet olbw) ff ts narge sof Z Set bee be any seaence , Mt (bil sbiear tin. thir. Land y sald to belbounaed above Yaa @ Heal ne. sou) ke Auth that anck VY n&IN DK tb tolled an Upper bound 0{ ly bath hdd abe & bd elby OR ty bool YK Fa neal no. MY beech Hacop lan] gm yy ne IN Jan | has in. a() ¢ iy fora gen Ed0 JomAI O {re Zan —> Ly dn 0 is unique OR Ar ceruergent sequence cam net corwerge 10 Awe [writs Bese Suppose ~> f (ar tim An= 2) Ot VTVTITI—INT HEATER AAAAARE SCS EES SS ESELELELE III EE cheese m= max . {m™, 1,4 Hn, lan-t g < 2 Vnom lQn-ty] c & | os New eb} = |ty-an-tan~b} €(h- alt lant] =[an—Li} + [@m—to] — +e >e Yn» chose M= max. {757.4 = |L~da]>o0 Y lam-4) 2] £,~ bo] YG vntm lQn-Le| < |) Lo] Yy then This 45 not pouible Hemet y= Ly Lim neg ao HF fuove that — € dim 1” =O a In} ey ¢ 900 ¢ PubO{- fet foef =_ | ADS Y ¢ +h : ¢ a 7 CHA)" ie Mh + nln-DhY4 ~ - . ar “ . burg _ [0 lienh+n[n-dh*y___> Linh) * [+h ~ = “wt, | '* lnh+n(n-Dhr +n, © * e het €50 be giten Than 3 a te 7 m> I-€ 7 Zz = heh = that - Ino] =]x"< Ley | © on t oon 44 a. e ae nye ¢ ha a °° [0] 2e Ynsm * ~ dim xtt-9 be Serge eas ) dim Ont Yn) = nty = lm In t Him Yn wy Fp) = ve tity seas | aa provided YEO -p?0o9? 414 = f() + gO) 1 Ex 46 (29 = 4000 Oin> = Lats ty. > Lippy => , . - Ont yy a Oty, Arta sty st ——)> Prealtt) 6p . - : rel) Since dim w= & dum Yay for each, Er0 4d + Unllezes say mand ™, such that btn >] ce v n>m, WYn-yé £ ¥ n>, (hose, m = max, {m, my tity in36/ <&/2 ¥ We gleee mm Now, [tnt Yn )- Gay) ) = ) t- tYn-Y | € [un-2 14,4] a £+ £=€ Yndm di (at Yn) =20hy Result: Eres cenegent (ot) dguence & ddd. < PMBeh Met , ; Yon -) ¥ AL} K = max {itis %, Min -p 4 Hf Ts . ther, Un Zk VYn>m , latb | 2 jal Hb] aA . one DSMOtu> Le a habol beg, ineguatily lab} = fallb} Ceol 46 [eed ii) 4 dum Mn =e, di m4 Hon dom Hn Yr =XY = e dim Un: bia Wn Yn aeeaagaagaggagage p 204 Sree Sy > iy gt, Cum> L bdd SB, date HU nee sutch those [tn] 0 A +e inligur “ay any &m, such that | [tn-H] CE adyl#n) n ™m Nye Pen @ Now, Poe —H44]=] Ho l-g) + ny “Hy | = ptm [y- ae >) < ely Tyne] [hy ny 98 Ek] m-4] + lye ee laa Ske ply yay ok ly) tl a aa aPpPPePr??7?79°999F 29 ABDO/ ss 9» ae t Eom vnsm (tthe, ° Ly 41 2» dim hn Ys y | z Rescate my dim m= And Le a Wy #0, fen, dim An = we _ lum Mm, Ys ¢ a 7 Lim Mw m i H> Since lim Yu=4, 40% €Och E90 Ja tig intege, Mh Sch “that [yy] < I¥l ys ard! dl ¥n>m =] gut Yn] = [$-Yol + lyn] 1b) +] po) ¥ndm, HE) clyn) t¢2. ¥n>m [Yel Ty] ow, oMnY — Yn). re . oe rae | “getty CON p04 -ay5 I) ie [Imre] [9] +] +>] ty-pol] VY] \Yn) 2 1 —|Ity-n +14 | - Hel [lon] + a np!) SESS EC EEEDS ES ES ELL EL ELITE: ee £2 [Pts hy pry!) ly) - [oto t} + all | ~ ly] yl? I i Z2 ely) + aye vnom \ i —__— ly) 1 4 (i) e)ty™ cu nam Intl cy In|+] o < £4 € <6 y om dime On = 9 ye # lim n=0 & Aim |] =0 The Hesult- may not be tue for Lin nm = at0 Bung’: Suppose fiat that Lim Xy=0 Hun 407 a guen €>0 JW a te tvitignn such thot |nt-o] =[tmJoe ¥ n> m [byO] Comercely, support that UE [mn] =0 Thus don a. gitn €>0 4 a tie Lrifepen am At [I%a|-of Lim Jon ly The Corwene may not be Pu_e- bropy: . . 2 Suppose fost that Lim y= LO Then fon a quem E04 ate tnllegen om such thot "0 Dor tl] <& y nem ——_ ™ ty) [ey] Z [tna] <6 ¥n>m byl) > lim |Xn]= 12) Conversely, COryiolor the 5¢q. 2m? gen by Mm aC)™ YY n Hem lim let vn Lion [ty f= but, = LED" ane sgt seg. tM Lim Hy =he Aes en , Jt Tim peg and HE Yn S3n Hn Sametiieh theorem On Spleese Hreoren) Bs Since Hin n= Men nt por ge E>0 4 ox tue Lnhegen an, £m, wach thot py-a) < | ‘ , lana Le 4 Vom mma. fmi mas Or 1-€ Guy CLtE| L-e < care a SH COC EES SEES EEE LEE ddIIAIA Ed then by (2) A-& Zum VnYM Sun 23, oy @ Vrom Live Vusm. by) Le Ayn m be dim Yo fay, Jp Quey- ket be a Seq. Auch that dim Xt} ox 200 Wn then dim m=O Y [x] <1 PAeeh Simee tian ntl = 2 for o- lm £70, €4)11<4 Pel a % for. a yon Aq te Inter m om such thot ew a ¥nzm at |mt)\ = patl-xtx} ¥ ndm Ton oe Z rset - ap vnzm < e4\n) Vroom — (0 PrRVFWMPPWPPKKPTPIPATATVALATAFT KE LCREUAAARAAAK =m eS = SECC EEES ES ESEELEL EL ELIE EEA | Lien" =0" | 5 Un = Mn Xn os mn EAM Am rts neg Hon Xn My 0 Mn | a \ se | mH Yn -1 -—— sc “Be Best a & (etl) (eth) —— (Erl) by —_ (nor) factor fa (erbaye™ ey i to) Ebi). ¥ nem Mn (é+ba)” \) < [tm | (ettal)”- Yndm (ern ra a" tn” es \, (rm Bowed 2 =O (1 ett . i fat) . eth ; Now inl0 vn ‘ oy (ntn) 2 , te eid Ft Aeneas ent Grtnp = Gaany? : ‘ >t Hn a) Eee ee EEE EE OD OCEETETCECETEECE EEA AAA AAS «4 f ei) | vn 1 oe Tn Sm nia)? "bY Gamdiich, +Reoxrn dum 1 & Lim my < tim nn n Un o< Lorn Un SO Le, bn Hq, 20 n _! n(ith) * +t TWO theereny bn Limi ¢ . Cauchy's TS prewem oy Amit Atmma dy Lom yy =O, Hity m (Met rm =O | : n ‘ ee AM of foe n-tams Gf the Seq Qa Hum by Cauchy's L* thepremn Him (ytyat- ~ —*n) 2 19.0. dims. (409 x +4094 +4] - Jip. din FLag(art, ——0)'] = day =O. ("189 Ly Bre One fone’) ; Yn du Mg. YT om (My. Ma n) > dion)= (ly) cae AL” A sequence Oun'y ts daid to be 0) monfoniially Lneneasing (t) xp My nat Yn wW stridly mene Hi hon Yn Wi) Menotorioaly deouasing (1) n> Magy HH CY) shietiy mene af me Ment) vy (¥) Monto sp Zoey Zs thon reret oie (¥) Sealy monte sf Qi de thon net ay st. mene b Exp iy le sq-ds menetore fas wil atritly GW) Te Seq Z-n>"g mend W as wollas gt meng” By mond T but not (A) The seq, L1y) ,2s25 33, et mene-D monatonic prepped prrecanccceceeccacanaane WES ty stemono.d DEW = iy tet 1y- —> B molthan mono Rover mono ¥ So Moneenie Convergence theorem i Statemerct A hounded amd monotone, Seq, B Convergent Fueg:- Let be any bdd & monotonic Sea, Qe Let ds monotonically T ket X be the Hange get & tn > . . . CLeanly x RX B bd obsve. [1 0 be gion. then, by ehonacterdatics & Supemum, 3 oo momber say Hee X such that N-€ < : Sy VNB (<> LE merot) SM CN Sup Bay ante (vé70) ° 50, WES nte ¥ nAR OH Jan-N| SE enDk 2 Man An = 1 SCS EEC EEE SESE SELLE LEER EI IEOE | (Qs6 Wi):~ Jet Liny be monotonically v Ate X be the Homge, get Y Ln Cleauty X49 2X B dtd below (Om? beimg bdd 4s Ce AAR below) then by aude templets property My ¢ X has uinfimum say ¥ 7 Clim tim tn 2° o mn . ket €>0 bv quem tem by choractodstio Of dnfirrwm » Fa mumbor gay Me €X Auch that a “EE EDR Zn UNZR (I Omy b mono) © DF > (en Ls Inf. X) e >F-< Cre>o) | e - So FE ohh THE UDR, e wo [mH--F] CE Y nr e ° 2 di Mn =F e fe ony NOB 8 bl ate stg; cong © 40 ib @ be that any mine U £.bdd below $04 converges ® to iby Lnbrrwm . « %* Coudy sequance 1— 7 « A seq. Lain hy called 0. Couey Sey, fora © giun Ero a atve Inga in such tar « « « [tn-uxm |] SE nem &. 2L> wa Cauchy Sequunce. # Application i © Show that the Seq, m7 hee, +L. »neN oot o|/ti+tl+-— ee ig is in Sol" ble that Sol”: vs Xn tb yg + — — tae tne. »V¥nEN Ante 7X Vn Dny> 4s 4st mene. + Boundedmeys -- n= te et gto Z4i+Lyt,t4+ td a ene or = (ay Soe ED) 1-1 tel a = -1_ Pia cru Vn Lay ds bad above by 9 Alyse, Otny is am-menet seq, which is also both abeve iby ene eon. tearm SECS SEES EI EMELE LE ELITE Ea (Tr) x Show that the 5g. jum hy, %~ 41, omy, J2rme , nS lB yt and conueriges to q MEd soo = Jan, dd ay <2 . , Asyeme that Ap, D> arty, <2 lame < fare Ap Ah bad abpie by 2 56 by MC Hen Ony Gt Let 4m n= £ Wnty = Jy din hes = PH ha fe L120 LUL-D=0 nfpegn#fpe7eer)7—?eeaeeaeaee eae ee em eeeaagagaaaganere SEC SECC ES EEET ES EEELE LEE LEIA |a L=0 NA=2 At0 as yal Ln > BP 50 A= 2 Ay @ Show that the Seg. Lin7 yim be Hed, tna Ar ND) wb Gt nd ConLongg toate Hoot a HM Hx-2=0 DM yea, my eVdEM -Z My Lr oyome that p-1 |! +4) nen is gt 2 corwoege blw Qf 3. SM oy, = ('*4) " eleng 4 nly y 4 nin-Din-).p —__ + ne nt ant n(n-) 3.9. [rin 30) a 7 <4 ABIL 3) +——__t a3) >2 —© Abe ty ® Stl tLe + ———4 Un ov + niet ati Z\t +) _ \4 Ses Oe qn <3¥"——H agvoge?f8p7?? 020289882 O2AaeePeeeHAaAaQAgAKQQgRgR quem 0) LQ eq” 22m <}Y a Slim, £3 (by camdusich Hebem) ~ lim, exist bfw 2 and 3. n Ques Show that the Seq %.)) ae by O = Xray > Xp imduction Mn ymin VN PES SECS EEE IESE OHS is mene p del Lim 1c m ? Bouncdedress NOW, eye 9 Ynty eae Hy = Se ) 7m be 3 Lam Mn =a +3. dig %n me that ap dim 0 . n ARK 2 ° , L= 34 Now . t= SY Mey = 34 We od err 3 on 4243 fr, By. é = 4-1 29 AE Yel and cap 247A , “ey Induction a bdd above oy 2 * Gy ménetene converwnce theorem Suny is Convergent H Coucy Sequence fl Sey. 0 A atte integer ym Auch that Din tin | EY HIM 4. O<1t> 45 a Cauchy Seq. BHM det €>0 be given him by Archemedian prsperty 3 atl tnkegty ™ St, K€ Gj) PPPPPPPF7F9F9F9F99T9TRTRTR SCO] AAaannane tet). Inml C nym "4 - Kt vnym mm nm” XLS 4 an Cauchy, Sequence @) The stg, Z(-1)"> & net a cauehy sey SUM et iY posible <(-)" is 0 Cauchy Seq, Thin 46" a. ee €>o Fate ‘untegen m buch -hat IED) ce Ve m Con® if m Jb dd itn Zo1 2M |r)" Hliti)so ty ~~ atontiadictton, Nx Con@ Let Te den, then fou n= m4 > JON" Gym) ef tip -2 41 ~ ? Lentradichen , = be Bow cbnueigent 3eq, & Cauchy, Suc: Let in bu amy cgt- Seq, converging 10 Say L thin Jor © Gilin E>0 Fate integer m such tet. bin-L1 be any, Cauchy Seg ea fer 4 hen $50 Fate eenitegen m seh ou Aa QAO Jtr-Xm) CE Y nem Ley Am-€ Ln Cratmte VY nem . Choose. R =min £9) 90 9 - gitar Hm ey K= max: {9.%9- ——> may » Mmt EY then R Sone vn EN Lkn> 45 a bdal Seg, theorem IL fieuy Cauchy Seq,. db conver feof het be ony eg Se Se en a guitn €>0 Fate w bin-%m) << E- -Y nBm , heb 0 n-2] < E/5 for infiilely rng ilu rn het k om thin [q- £15 /3 —@® ByO be-%n]< €/3 —@ Jaen] = ]20- Yn + Han = 4 HL] S [hn Pn [+ [tm My |) L] “£4 £4£26 ynym (%0,0£®) e997] @7—aeeeeeaaa PPP PPP . [Betz An - eee iit Lu) is tot & bin n= f | Gey bad. seo, has © i Pant. — # Cauchy CHiterton Y Convergence of a Sey. A Seq, Ony 43 Cot in R iy it ds Cauchy (ser) =Shew that the Seq. and geuen by, = t+ ——_ 7 d Ge Mn lat+i4 tL NEN & not G ban SCLC ES EE EISEEIEEELEE EI IIL ?E Lin sy a Cauchy Seg, theaem - Creu Cauchy $¢q/ 4s bdd QaQaa a @ Pro, = bet <3 > be any, caucny Seq: thin fo a given €>0 Fave initeger m seh that |m-2tm | Ce VY nBm ees Am- ¢ KMn < tm+é V n>m / choose . R emin {9 9%) —— somes Bem K= max, {Pt %>- Any» Amt EY them 45 a bda seq: thebem TL Frew Couey Seq. és feo: ht 0 Fare Unter m such tar bin- Hm) SEY nom—D hot 43 cameny , o [nL] < E/y for lmnfinitely rrany value 7 Om kee k >m then [%_- £15 /3 _@ BYD )y-%m]/< €/3 —@ dX | = [Xam Mont Hen > et MeL] € [My Hm [+ [ey Hy F eL <&+£+£=€ ym (4 OO£@) 799° 9*94@29e20ee0@e@@eQaaa 9? KkPPRPIPP PP

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