Engineering Mechanics

By: Dr. Divya Agarwal

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 UNIT- I
 Force system: Introduction, force, principle of transmissibility of force, resultant of a force system, resolution of a force,
moment of force about a line, Varigon’s theorem, couple, resolution of a force into force and a couple, properties of couple and
their application to engineering problems.
 Equilibrium: Force body diagram, equations of equilibrium, and their applications to engineering problems, equilibrium of two
force and three force members.
 Distributed forces: Determination of centre of gravity, centre of mass and centroid by direct integration and by the method of
composite bodies., mass moment of inertia and area moment of inertia by direct integration and composite bodies method,
radius of gyration, parallel axis theorem, polar moment of inertia.

 UNIT- II
 Structure: Plane truss, perfect and imperfect truss, assumption in the truss analysis, analysis of perfect plane trusses by the
method of joints, method of section, graphical method.
 Friction: Static and Kinetic friction, laws of dry friction, co-efficient of friction, angle of friction, angle of repose, cone of friction,
frictional lock, friction in pivot and collar bearing, friction in flat belts. 2
 UNIT-III
 Kinematics of Particles: Rectilinear motion, plane curvilinear motion, rectangular coordinates, normal and tangential
coordinates
 Kinetics of Particles: Equation of motion, rectilinear motion and curvilinear motion, work energy equation, conservation of
energy, concept of impulse and momentum, conservation of momentum, impact of bodies, co-efficient of restitution, loss of
energy during impact.

 UNIT-IV
 Kinematics of Rigid Bodies: Concept of rigid body, type of rigid body motion, absolute motion, introduction to relative
velocity, relative acceleration (Corioli’s component excluded) and instantaneous center of zero velocity, velocity and
acceleration.
 Kinetics of Rigid Bodies: Equation of motion, translatory motion and fixed axis rotation, application of work energy principles
to rigid bodies conservation of energy.
 Beam: Introduction, types of loading, methods for the reactions of a beam, space diagram, types of end supports, beams
subjected to couple 3
 UNIT-III
 Kinematics of Particles: Rectilinear motion, plane curvilinear motion, rectangular coordinates, normal and tangential
coordinates
 Kinetics of Particles: Equation of motion, rectilinear motion and curvilinear motion, work energy equation, conservation of
energy, concept of impulse and momentum, conservation of momentum, impact of bodies, co-efficient of restitution, loss of
energy during impact.

 UNIT-IV
 Kinematics of Rigid Bodies: Concept of rigid body, type of rigid body motion, absolute motion, introduction to relative
velocity, relative acceleration (Corioli’s component excluded) and instantaneous center of zero velocity, velocity and
acceleration.
 Kinetics of Rigid Bodies: Equation of motion, translatory motion and fixed axis rotation, application of work energy principles
to rigid bodies conservation of energy.
 Beam: Introduction, types of loading, methods for the reactions of a beam, space diagram, types of end supports, beams
subjected to couple 4
 WHAT IS A BEAM AND SHEAR FORCE?

 Beam - Structural member whose longitudinal dimension is large compared to its transverse
dimension.
 It is supported along its length and is acted upon by a system of loads transverse at right angles to its
longitudinal axis. It may also be acted upon by some couples.
 Shear force is an internal force in any material which is usually caused by any external force acting
perpendicular to material, or a force which has a component acting tangent to material.
 Shearing forces are unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one direction, and another part in
opposite direction. When forces are aligned into each other, they are called compression forces.
 Effect of loading results in developing shearing force and bending moment at any section of the beam.
 For designing a beam, information about shear force and bending moment is required.
 Shearing force and bending moment developed depends upon combination of loading and support
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conditions of the beam.
 TYPES OF BEAMS

1. Cantilever beam. It is a beam which is fixed at one

end (A) and free at other end (B). There is no
deflection or rotation at the fixed end.
2. Simply supported beam. A beam supported freely
on supports which may be a knife edge or a roller.
There is no deflection or displacement of the beam at
the ends. In this type of support, the beam is allowed
to rest freely on a support (see figure). Here, we can
observe that the beam is free to move in any
direction and also to rotate about the support..
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 TYPES OF BEAMS

3. Fixed beam. A beam whose both ends are fixed. This support keeps the ends of the beam
fixed. i.e., the beam end resists to take any kind of translation or bending moment.
4. Overhanging beam. A beam with one or both ends extended beyond the supports.

5. Continuous beam. A beam with more than two supports is a continuous beam. Such a
beam may or may not have an overhang.

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TYPES OF BEAMS – REAL LIFE EXAMPLES

Fixed beam

Simply supported beam

Cantilever beam 8
TYPES OF BEAMS – REAL LIFE EXAMPLES

Continuous beam
Overhanging beam

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 INTRODUCTION TO SUPPORT REACTIONS

 When we apply a force on a body, it exerts a reaction,

 e.g., when a ceiling fan is hung from a girder, it is subjected to the following two forces:
1. Weight of the fan, acting downwards, and
2. Reaction on the girder, acting upwards.
 As the fan is in equilibrium therefore, the above two forces must be equal and opposite.
 Similarly, if we consider the equilibrium of a girder supported on the walls, we see that total weight of
fan and girder is acting through supports of the girder on walls.
 i.e., walls must exert equal and upward reactions at the supports to maintain the equilibrium.
 Upward reactions, offered by walls, are known as support reactions.
 Support reaction depends upon type of loading and support.
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METHODS FOR THE REACTIONS OF A BEAM

 Reactions at two supports of a beam may be found out by:

1. Analytical method

2. Graphical method.

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 ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR THE REACTIONS OF A BEAM

 Consider a simply supported beam AB of span l, subjected to point loads W1, W2 and W3 at
distances of a, b and c, respectively from support A.
 Let RA and RB = Reaction at A and B, respectively.
 Sum of clockwise moments due to loads about A
= W1a + W2b + W3c ...(i)
 Sum of anticlockwise moment due to reaction RB
about A = RB l ...(ii)
 Equate clockwise and anticlockwise moments about A,
𝑹𝑩 𝒍 = 𝑾𝟏 𝒂 + 𝑾𝟐 𝒃 + 𝑾𝟑 𝒄 … (𝑨𝒔, 𝚺𝑴 = 𝟎)
𝑾𝟏 𝒂 +𝑾𝟐 𝒃 +𝑾𝟑 𝒄 12
or 𝑹𝑩 = ..(iii)
 ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR THE REACTIONS OF A BEAM

 Since the beam is in equilibrium, therefore

𝑹𝑨 + 𝑹𝑩 = 𝑾𝟏 + 𝑾𝟐 + 𝑾𝟑 ...(As, ΣV = 0)
and 𝑹𝑨 = (𝑾𝟏 + 𝑾𝟐 + 𝑾𝟑) – 𝑹𝑩

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 GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR THE REACTIONS OF A BEAM

 It is a systematic, but long method, for finding out reactions of a beam which is done using:
1. Construction of space diagram.
 It means to construct diagram of the beam to a suitable scale.
 It also includes loads, carried by the beam along with the lines of action of reactions.
 Name different loads (or forces) including two reactions according to Bow’s notations.
2. Construction of vector diagram.
 The purpose of this step is to draw and construct the vector diagram

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 CONSTRUCTION OF VECTOR DIAGRAM
1. Select some suitable point p, near space
diagram and draw pq parallel and equal to load
PQ (i.e.,W1) to some scale.
2. Similarly, through q and r, draw qr and rs
parallel and equal to loads QR and RS
(i.e., W2 and W3) to scale.
3. Select any suitable point o and join op, oq, or
and os as shown.
4. Now extend lines of action of loads and two
reactions in space diagram.
5. Select some suitable point p1 on lines of action
of reaction RA. Through p1 draw p1 p2 parallel to
op intersecting line of action of load W1 at p2. 15
 CONSTRUCTION OF VECTOR DIAGRAM

6. Similarly, draw p2 p3, p3 p4 and p4 p5

parallel to oq, or and os respectively.
7. Join p1 with p5 and through o draw a
line ot parallel to this line.
8. Now lengths tp and st, in the vector
diagram, give the magnitude of the
reactions RA and RB respectively to the
scale as shown in Figure.
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 TYPES OF LOADS

1. Concentrated load. A concentrated load is one which is

assumed to act at a point.

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 TYPES OF LOADS

2. Uniformly distributed load. It is uniformly

or evenly distributed over a part or over
entire length of beam.
 Rate of loading is expressed in N/m.
 For solving numerical problems, total
uniformly distributed load is converted into
equivalent point load acting at centre of
gravity of uniformly distributed load.

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 TYPES OF LOADS

3. Uniformly varying load. A load whose intensity of loading varies linearly or at constant
rate along the length. In triangular load for example it increases from zero at one end to
some value at other and at a constant rate.
4. A combination of above loading. A trapezoidal loading is a combination of uniform and
triangular loading.

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