National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)

School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)

Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty Member: Dr. Qazi Waqas Dated: 10/12/2023

Semester : 5th Section: B

EE313: ELECTRONIC CURCUIT DESIGN

Lab 11: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER WITH NEGATIVE

FEEDBACK
S.no Name Reg. no. Total/25

1 Muhammad Moazam Nafees 369381

2 Muhammad Ahmad Raza 371615

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 National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)
Department of Electrical Engineering

Experiment 11
INTRODUCTION

An operational amplifier (op-amp) is an integrated circuit that amplifies the

difference between two input voltages and produces a single output. The op-amp is
prevalent in analog electronics, and can be thought of as another electronic device,
in much the same way as the bipolar or field-effect transistor.

The term operational amplifier comes from the original applications of the device in
the early 1960s. Op-amps, in conjunction with resistors and capacitors, were used
in analog computers to perform mathematical operations to solve differential and
integral equations. The applications of op-amps have expanded significantly since
those early days.

From a signal point of view, the op-amp has two input terminals and one output
terminal, as shown in the small-signal circuit symbol in Figure 7.1(a). also requires
dc power, as do all transistor circuits, so that the transistors are biased in the active
region. Also, most op-amps are biased with both a positive and a negative voltage
supply, as indicated in Figure 7.1(b). The positive voltage is indicated by and the
negative voltage by .

Figure 7.1(a) Small-signal op-amp symbol Figure 7.1(b) op-amp with

positive and negative supply
voltages

There are normally 20 to 30 transistors that make up an op-amp circuit. The typical
IC op-amp has parameters that approach the ideal characteristics. For this reason,
then, we can treat the op-amp as a “simple” electronic device, which means that it
is quite easy to design a wide range of circuits using the IC op-amp.

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 National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)
Department of Electrical Engineering

IDEAL OP-AMP PARAMETERS

The ideal op-amp senses the difference between two input signals and amplifies this
difference to produce an output signal. The terminal voltage is the voltage at a
terminal measured with respect to ground. The ideal op-amp equivalent circuit is
shown in Figure 7.2.

Figure 7.2 Ideal op-amp equivalent circuit

Ideally, the input resistance between terminals 1 and 2 is infinite, which means
that the input current at each terminal is zero. The output terminal of the ideal op-
amp acts as the output of an ideal voltage source, meaning that the smallsignal
output resistance is zero. The parameter shown in the equivalent circuit is the
open-loop differential voltage gain of the op-amp. In the ideal opamp, the open-
loop gain is very large and approaches infinity.

The output is out of phase with respect to and in phase with respect to .
Terminal (1) then is the inverting input terminal, designated by the “-”notation, and
terminal (2) is the noninverting input terminal, designated by the
“+”notation.

Since the ideal op-amp responds only to the difference between the two input signals
and , the ideal op-amp maintains a zero output signal for
.When , there is what is called a common-mode input signal. For the ideal
op-amp, the common-mode output signal is zero. This characteristic is referred to
as common-mode rejection.

Because the device is biased with both positive and negative power supplies, most
op-amps are direct-coupled devices (i.e., no coupling capacitors are used on the

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 National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)
Department of Electrical Engineering

input). Therefore, the input voltages and shown in Figure 7.2 can be dc
voltages, which produce the dc output voltage .

ANALYSIS METHOD

Usually, an op-amp is not used in the open-loop configuration shown in Figure 7.2.
Instead, feedback is added to close the loop between the output and the input. In
negative feedback, the connection from the output goes to inverting terminal or
terminal (1). This configuration produces stable circuits. In positive feedback the
output is connected to noninverting terminal. Positive feedback can be used to
produce oscillations. The ideal op-amp characteristics resulting from negative
feedback are shown in Figure 7.3 and summarized below.

1. The internal differential gain is considered to be infinite.

2. The differential input voltage ( ) is assumed to be zero. If is very large and
if the output voltage is finite, then the two input voltages must be nearly
equal.
3. The effective input resistance to the op-amp is assumed to be infinite, so the
two input currents, and , are essentially zero.
4. The output resistance is assumed to be zero in the ideal case, so the output
voltage is connected directly to the dependent voltage source, and the output
voltage is independent of any load connected to the output.

Figure 7.3 Parameters of ideal op-amp

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 National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)
Department of Electrical Engineering

PRACTICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Practical op-amps are not ideal, although their characteristics approach those of an
ideal op-amp. Figure 7.4(a) is a more accurate equivalent circuit of an op-amp. Also
included is a load resistance connected to the output terminal. This load resistance
may actually represent another op-amp circuit connected to the output terminal.

Figure 7.4 (a) Equivalent circuit of op-amp Figure 7.4(b) Simplified voltage transfer characteristics

OUTPUT VOLTAGE SWING

Since the op-amp is composed of transistors biased in the active region by the dc
input voltages and , the output voltage is limited. When approaches , it
will saturate, or be limited to a value nearly equal to , since it cannot go above the
positive bias voltage. Similarly, when the output voltage approaches , it will
saturate at a value nearly equal to . The output voltage is limited to
, as shown in Figure 7.4 (b).

In older op-amp designs, such as the 741, the value of is between 1 and 2 V.
However, in newer CMOS op-amp designs, the value of may be as low as 10
mV.

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 National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)
Department of Electrical Engineering

Figure 7.5 Pin-out diagram of a 741 op-amp

OBJECTIVES

In this experiment you will:

✓ Demonstrate the operation of non-inverting amplifier

✓ Verify voltage gain control by feedback resistors

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

❖ DC power supply
❖ Function generator
❖ Digital multimeter
❖ Oscilloscope
❖ Breadboard
❖ Operational amplifier 741
❖ Resistors 75Ω, 1 kΩ [2], 15 kΩ

NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER

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 National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)
Department of Electrical Engineering

INTRODUCTION

The non-inverting voltage amplifier has the characteristics of an ideal voltage

amplifier: exceptionally high input impedance and very low output impedance.
Additionally, this amplifier, like any other based on a high-gain op-amp, has a
voltage gain and stability that are dependent upon the external circuit resistors and
independent of amplifier variations.

Figure 7.13 Non-inverting amplifier

The negative feedback forces the terminal voltages and to be essentially equal.
Such a condition is referred to as virtual short. This condition exists since a change
in will cause the output voltage to change in such a way that is forced to track
. The virtual short means that the voltage difference between and is, for all practical
purposes, zero. However, unlike a true short circuit, there is no current flow directly
from one terminal to the other.

The voltage gain of a noninverting amplifier is given by

Af = 1/β = 1 + R2 / R1 (3)

In this experiment you will construct a series-parallel negative feedback op-amp

non-inverting voltage amplifier circuit. You will verify and observe the effects of
feedback resistors in setting the voltage gain, and you will demonstrate that negative
feedback reduces the output resistance.

PART 1 IMPLEMENTATION

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 National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)
Department of Electrical Engineering

1. Construct the circuit as shown in Figure 7.14 without the feedback network
and measure the open loop. Set the generator to supply a 1-kHz sine wave
at 200 mV peak-to-peak.

2. Construct the circuit as shown in Figure 7.14

Figure 7.14 Circuit for non-inverting amplifier

3. Apply DC power. Connect the function generator to vin. Set the generator to
supply a 1-kHz sine wave at 200 mV peak-to-peak. Using oscilloscope verify
that output voltage vout is in phase with the input voltage vin

With oscilloscope measure the peak-to-peak of vin and vout and record their
values in Table 7.2.

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 National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)
Department of Electrical Engineering

4. From your measured data, calculate the amplifier gain and record in Table
7.2.
5. Your measured value of gain should agree with the calculated value, within
resistance and equipment tolerances. If you find a greater deviation, recheck
your measurements.
6. Select a new value of R2 to set the amplifier gain in the range of 6 to 25. Record
the new value of R2 in Table 7.2 with your predicted gain.
7. Turn off AC and DC sources. Install the new R2 resistance you selected.
Reapply DC power and input signal. Repeat the gain measurements of steps
2 and 3. Record the peak-to-peak values of vin and vout in Table 7.2. Calculate
the amplifier gain from measured values and record the result in Table 7.2.
8. With both DC and AC sources off, install a 10 kΩ resistor for R2. Reapply the
DC power and input signal. Measure and record the peak-to-peak input and
output voltage signal levels.

R2=15.6K R2= 14.8K R2=10K, RL=1K R2=100

Measured Measured Measured Measured

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 National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)
Department of Electrical Engineering

Vin = 200mV Vin = 200mV Vin = 200mV Vin = 200mV

Vout = 1.52V Vout = 2.6 V Vout = 1.0 V Vout = 440mV

Av = 15.12 V/V Av = 14.23 V/V

Calculated Calculated

Av = 1+15.6K/1K Av =
1+14.8K/1K
Av = 15.6 V/V
Av = 14.8 V/V

TABLE 7.1

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 National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)
Department of Electrical Engineering

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 National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)
Department of Electrical Engineering

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 National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)
Department of Electrical Engineering

PART 2 SIMULATION

9. Create the circuit given in figure 7.14 in PsPice.

10. Repeat the steps from implementation and record your results below.

Phase shift =_________zero_________ degrees

Phase shift is zero degrees because the output signal is in phase with the
input signal.

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School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)
Department of Electrical Engineering

✓ Av = Vout/Vin

✓ Av = 1/B

✓ Av = 1 + R2/R1
R2=15K R2= 12K R2=10K, RL=1K R2=10K, RL=75

Measured Measured Measured Measured

Vin = 200mV Vin = 200mV Vin = 200mV Vin = 200mV

Vout = 3.2 V Vout = 2.6 V Vout = 2.2 V Vout = 2.2 V

Av = 16 V/V Av = 13 V/V Av = 11V/V Av = 11 V/V

Calculated Calculated Calculated Calculated

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 National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)
Department of Electrical Engineering

Av = 1+15K/1K Av = 1+12K/1K Av = 1+10K/1K Av = 1+10K/1K

Av = 16 V/V Av = 13 V/V Av = 11 V/V Av = 11K

Conclusion: Op-amp is a circuit initially used to calculate integrations and

differential equations. It is made of 20 – 30 transistors. It is considered as a
device like BJT and MOSFET. When the feedback looped back to the inverting
input of op-Amp, the result is negative feedback. Negative Feedback increases
the stability of the amplifiers. Small signal is connected to the non-inverting
input terminal of the op-amp. The gain of op-amp is very high, sometimes
infinity.

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