| Generator, Transformer. & Bus Bar Protection — CONTENTS % Generator Protection : * Differential Protection of Stator ¢ Inter Turn Fault Protection * Protection Against Unbalance Loading * Protection of Rotor Against Ground Fault * Protection Against Field Failure © Protection Against Failure of Prime Mover * Field Suppression in Alternators. % Transformer Protection : © Difficulties in Differential Protection * Mode of C.T. Connection for Differential Protection of Three Phase Transformer a * Protection Against Magnetizing Inrush Current * Core Balance Earth Leakage Protection. % Bus Bar Protection : * Differential Protection * Frame Leakage Protection \//~Switchgear & Protection 2-2 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS © Switchgear & Protection 2-2 GATE ACAD ONS 2.1: Generator Protection SE Desa Different Types of Generator Faults Question 1 (7 Name the different type of faults in altemator, TeSVTU Dec 200, 2012, May 2009, 2015, 2016] Or Enlist the faults in stator winding and rotor winding of an alternator. {CSVTU Dec 2014] Ans. The following faults may occur in the stator and rotor of an alternator : Stator faults : 1. Failure of prime mover (turbine) resulting in operation of the alternator as synchronous motor. ‘Over-voltage at the terminals of the alternator. Overloading. Unbalanced loading and subsequent heating of alternator. Insulation failure of stator winding, either between phase-to-phase or between phase to ground. Inter-turn faults in any of the phases. Bearing oil pressure failure. Current leakage in the body of the alternator. Ventilation failure. Rotor faults : 1. Excitation failure. 2. Rotor earth. 3. Overcurrent in rotor circuit due to abnormally high excitation. The reasons of overcurrent in the alternator are : 1. External faults. 2. Thermal overloading. . A spon Pena Ans. The differential protection is that which responds to the phasor difference between two or more electrical quantities. ‘Ans. Differential protection principle is employed for the protection ee pase transformers, feeders, large motors and bus-bars.GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2-3 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection Question 4 5 Why a biased- differential relay is preferred over a simple differential relay? Ans. Biased-differential relay is preferred over a simple deferential relay because its operation is not affected by the trouble arising out of difference in CTs ratio for the value of external short-circuit currents. Question 5 Why differential relay is named so? _ i Z ‘Ans. Because the operating current which is required to trip can be expressed as a percentage of load current. Therefore it is called percentage differential relay. Question6 oe Which type of relays are used in Merz-Price protection system for alternator? Ans. The relays used in Merz-Price protection system of alternator are instantaneous electro-magnetic type (attracted-armature type). Question? = i eee ee i Explain with neat diagram the application of Merz-Price circuiting current principle Or Pies ‘Draw a schematic scheme of a Merz-Price circulating current method of protecting an alternator, explain the operating principle. ICSVTU May 2014, Dec 2012] Ans. “Merz-Price protection system” is the most common form of protection used for stator winding faults such as phase to phase or phase to ground. It is the standard practice to use ‘differential protection for alternators for rating 1 MVA or higher and percentage differential protection for 10 MVA and higher. Fig. (a) : Differential protection for star-connected alternators.Switchgear & Protection 2-4 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS © —_—_S——e SS Oe Restraining coils Fig. (b) : Differential protection for delta-connected alternators. Fig (a) and (b) show the arrangement of CTs and percentage differential relays for star-connected and delta- connected machines respectively. Schematic arrangement : There are two sets of current transformer (CTs) each set is mounted on either end of the stator phase windings. The secondary’s of these CTs are connected in star and their ends are connected together through pilot wires. The relay are connected across equipotential points of these pilot wires which would naturally be in the centre of these wires, thus the relay are located midway as illustrated in fig (@). The relays are usually of electromagnetic type and are arranged for instantaneous tripping. The CTs while being ordinary commercial types are selected for equality of “Characteristic in order that unwanted tripping may be avoided due to the spill currents which would occur if the characteristics of any opposing pair were radically different. Working : 1. Under normal operating conditions (when there is no internal fault) the currents at both the ends of each winding will be equal, therefore the currents in the two corresponding secondary’s will also be equal (as CTs are identical) and no current will flow through the relays. 2. On the occurrence of fault in the stator winding, may be from phase to phase ot Phase to ground, the currents at the two ends of the stator windings, becomes different so the current equal to the difference of currents in the two CTs secondary’s flows through the relay which closes the trip circuit and isolates the alternator from the system. With the inclusion of resistance in neutral grounding circuit of an alternator, it will not be possible to protect whole of the stator windings of a star-connected generator against earth faults. The percentage of winding protected depends on the value of neutral grounding resistor and earth-fault relay setting,GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS © 2-5 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection Question 9 Does the Merz-Price system of protection applied to alternators provide any jon for turn-to-turn faults on the same phase? If not why? Ans. Merz-Price system of protection applied to alternators does not provide any protection against tumn-to-turn faults on the same phase because the current produced by such a fault flows in a local circuit between the turns involved and does not create the difference between the currents entering and leaving the windings at its two ends where the high voltage CTs are mounted. Question 10 ‘The occurrence of short-circuiting between the stator windings is quite rare. Why 90? a ICSVTU Dec 2013] ‘Ans. The occurrence of short-circuiting between the stator windings is quite rare because the insulation in a slot between coils of different phases is at least twice as thick as the insulation between one coil and the iron core. [2.1.3 interturn Fault Protection of Generator ion 11 Describe protection scheme of an alternator against inter tur fault. [CSVTU May 2015] . Or Explain the protection scheme used for inter-turn fault in generators can we use ee a3 i ICSVTU Dec 2015] ‘Ans. Schematic arrangement : Figure shows the schematic arrangement of balanced earth fault protection for 3-phase alternator. It consists of the line current transformers (CTs), one mounted in each phase, having their secondary’s connected in parallel with that of a single current transformer (CT) in the conductor joining the star point of the alternator to earth. A relay is connected across the transformer secondary’s. The protection against earth fault is limited to the region between the neutral and the line current transformers. Working : 1. Under normal operating condition (when the windings are sound), the secondary currents in three current transformers (CTs) sum up to zero at the points AB while the secondary current in the single transformer (CT) is also zero, thus no current flows through the relay. 2. When an earth fault occurs at F, or within the protected zone (i.., left of CTs), the fault current passes through the primary of CT and the corresponding secondary current passes through the relay. Subsequently the relay closes its contacts to disconnect the alternator from the system.Switchgear & Protection 2-6 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® However, if an earth fault occurs at F, (external to the protected zone) the current passes through the primary winding of the appropriate current transformer (CTs) and also through CT Thus, the two secondary currents are balanced and no current passes through the relay, and it does not operate. Stator inter-turn protection : Merz-Price protection system does not provide protection against short-circuit between turns on the same phase, since this condition does not cause unbalance between currents in CTs pairs. However, it is considered unnecessary to have such protection since short-circuits between turns on the same phase invariable develop into earth fault. The coils of modem large steam- turbine generators usually have one turn and hence they do not require tum-to-tum protection. Inter-turn protection is used for multi-turn generator, such as large hydro-electric generators. In case of large generators, stator windings are sometime duplicated in order to carry heavy current. CB R CB = Circuit breaker R=Relay CT = Current transformers S,, S, = Duplicate stator windings Ci cor of the same phase 5 S; Fig. : Inter-tum protection Figure shows the inter-turn protection arrangement. The circuits are divided into two equal parallel groups with a current transformer (CT) for each group. S, and S, are the duplicate stator windings of one phase only (with a provisi inst i turn faults). A a ON Under normal operating conditions, the currents in the stator windings Sand S, are equal and so will be the current in the secondary’s of the two CTs The secondary current round the loop then is same at all points and no current flows through the relay R. If a short-circuit develops between adjacent turns, say on S,, the currents in the stator winding S,and S, will no longer be equal and a current proportional to the difference will be diverted into the relay operating coil which will close the trip circuit and isolate the alternator from the system. aGATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS © 2-7 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection eee Question 12. Why I st ee 1 provide pot fo ur fa tors? ‘Ans. The coils of modem large turbo-generators are usually single turn and, therefore, it is not necessary to provide protection for turn-to-tum faults. [2.1.4 Abnormal Condition in Generator Question 13 Explain why unbalanced ibid ane ec : ‘Ans. The unbalanced loading results in circulation of negative sequence currents in the stator winding which gives rise to a rotating magnetic field. This field rotates at double the synchronous speed with respect to the rotor and induces a voltage of double the frequency in the rotor conductor. If the degree of unbalance is large these currents will overheat the rotor stamping and the field winding. ‘Ans. Abnormal running, conditions These conditions involve : 1. Unbalanced loading : The unbalanced loading results in circulation of negative sequence currents in the stator winding which gives rise to a rotating magnetic field. This field rotates at double the synchronous speed with respect to the rotor and induces a voltage of double the frequency in the rotor conductor. If the degree of unbalance is large these currents will over-heat the rotor stamping and the field winding. 2. Over-loading : Overloading of the stator will over-heat the stator winding which may damage the insulation depending upon the degree of overloading. 3. Over-speed : In case of hydraulic generators a sudden loss of load results in over- speeding of the generator because the water flow to the turbine cannot be stopped quickly because of mechanical and hydraulic inertia. 4. Over-voltage : Over-voltage are caused by over-speeding of the generator or due to faulty operation of the voltage regulator. 5. Failure of prime mover : The failure of prime mover results in motoring of the synchronous generator and thus draws power from the system in case it is not a single generator system. This may lead to a dangerous mechanical condition, if allowed to persist. 4, Loss of excitation : The loss of excitation of a generator may result in loss of synchronism and slightly increased generator speed since the power input to machine remains unchanged. The machine therefore, behaves as an inductionGATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS @ & Protection 2 generator and draws its exciting current from the system which is equal to its full load rated current. This leads to overheating of the stator winding and rotor body because of currents induced in the rotor body due to slip speed. 2.1.5 Protection of Generator Against : Unbalance Loading, Field Failure of Prime Motor "[CSVTU May 2015, Dec 2015] tere 18 . I" Discuss protection of the alternators. against abnormal conditions. Ans. Due to abnormal condition of the alternator there are various faults occur : ee 1. 2 3. 1 Stator faults Rotor faults External faults Stator faults : (i) Fault in stator winding - Percentage differential relay is used to protect in case of this fault. (ii) Stator earthed fault — Restricted earth fault relay is used to protect in case of this fault. (iii) Inter phase fault - Split phase relay is used to protect in case of this fault. Rotor faults : () Rotor earth fault — Sensitive earth fault relay is used to protect in case of this fault. External faults : (@ Failure of prime mover : Whenever a prime mover fails, the generator connected to the system starts motoring, there-by it draws electrical power from the system and drives the prime mover. The power taken by the generator under such condition is very low being about 2% for the turbo- alternators and 10% for the engine drive sets. The Power factor of the current depends upon the excitation level and hence may be either leading or lagging. The Watt-metric relay with directional characteristic is used. The relay ‘must be associated with a time delay relay to prevent tripping due to power swings. di) Failure of excitation/Loss of excitation : Very large alternators cannot be allowed to run asynchronously for long as the relative motion between the stator field and the rotor induces large current in the rotor body and, therefore, there is a high rate of heating of the rotor surfaces and the loss of excitation scheme is arranged to trip after certain time delay. The protection scheme uses an offset mho relay operated from ac current and voltage at the generator terminals. The relay setting is so arranged that the relay operates whenever the excitation goes below a certain value and the machine starts running asynchronously,GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2-9 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection (iii) Failure of cooling medium : The failure of cooling system also causes severe overhrating to rise the temperature above safe limit. This may lead to insulation failure, causing some other faults to occur. The thermocouples or resistance thermometers are used in large machines to sense the temperature. The corrective measures are taken whenever the temperature exceeds the limit. (iv) Over speed : In case of hydraulic generators a sudden loss of load results in Ww) over-speeding of the generator. This is because the water flow to the turbine cannot be stopped or reduced instantly. Generally a turbo-governor is provided to prevent the over-speeding. But if there is any fault in the turbine governor then the dangerous over-speeding may take place. Hence it is necessary to supervise the working of turbine generator and take some corrective measures if there is some fault in the governor. Over voltage : The over voltage are basically due to the overspeeding of generators . Another reason for the overvoltages is the faulty operation of voltage regulators. Not only the internals overvoilages are dangerous but atmospheric surge voltages can also reach to the generators. Such atmospheric surge voltages are generated by direct lighting stokes to the aerial lines of high voltage system. Inductively and capacitively, these surges can transferred to the generator . To protect the generators from surge voltage, the lightening arresters and surge capacitors are used. (vi) Unbalanced loading : Figure shows the protection of alternators against negative phase sequence currents. The negative sequence current segregating network is used, the output of which is proportional to the generator negative phase sequence current and is fed into a relay with an inverse square law characteristic, i.e, ’t=K or tcV/?. The pick-up and time delay adjustments are provided such that the relay characteristic can be chosen to match closely any machine characteristic. The relay is connected to trip the generator main breaker. Sometimes an auxiliary alarm relay is provided which gives warning when the maximum —_ continuous permissible negative phase sequence Fig. Negative sequence relay current is exceeded. The relay normally used is an IDMT relay.— GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS * Switchgear & Protection 2-10 (vii) Overloading : Due to the continuous overloading, the overheating of the stator gets overheated. This may increase the winding temperature. If this temperature rise exceeds certain limit, the insulation of the winding fails may get damaged. The degree of overloading decides the effects and temperature rise. The overcurrent protection is generally set to very high value hence continuous overloads of less value than the setting cannot sensed by overcurrent protection. Explain how power factor of load seen by an alternator varies when gradual loss of oe “excitation oceutts. Discuss the protection scheme using thie phenomenon. # els See: | _ACSVTU Dec 2011] Fig (a) shows the relay connection and figure (b) shows the various characteristics on Ans. R-X diagram. It is seen that the impedance as seen by the relay during loss of excitation will swing into the relay characteristic and thus the relay will operate. The loci of impedance for system fault and for power swings is also shown in figure (b) and it can be seen that for these condition the relay will not operate. x ‘System fault ve Fig. (a) Relay Connections for loss Fig. (b) Loss of excitation characteristics of excitation Under normal operating condition when a synchronous alternator is connected to the grid it supplies lagging reactive power to the system in addition to the active power and the power factor is lagging and the impedance of the alternator as seen by the relay lies in the first quadrant of the R-X diagram. However, due to failure of excitation, the synchronous alternator now works as an induction generator and it draws lagging reactive power from the grid, of course it supplies active power to the grid and hence it operates at leading power factor. As a result of this, the impedance of the induction generator as seen by the relay shifts into the fourth quadrant of the R-X diagram and this impedance swings into off-set mho relay characteristic as shown itt figure (b) and the relay will operate.GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2-11 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection Question 17 Fe] What type of protective device is tised for the protection of an alternator against overheating of its stator? ICSVTU Dec 2013] Ans. Resistance temperature detector. Question 18 “What is “inverted running” condition of an alternator? [CSVTU May 2010] ‘Ans. When the input to the prime mover fails, the alternator runs as a synchronous motor and draw some current from the supply system. This motoring condition is known as “inverted running”. ‘Question 19 Why is over-current protection not necessary for modern alternators? ‘Ans. Over-current protection is not considered necessary for modern alternators because these are capable of withstanding a complete short-circuit at their terminals for sufficient time without much overheating and damage. Question 20 Why is it not necessary to provide over-voltage protection in turbo-generators? ‘Ans. The over-voltage in a generator occurs when the prime-mover speed increases due to sudden loss of the load on the generator and the speed control governors in case of turbo-generators are very sensitive to speed variations and therefore, generated overvoltage of significant duration or magnitude does not generally occurs. That is why it is not necessary to provide over-voltage Protection in turbo- generators. Question 21 What is restricted earth ale racer ie A Or Restricted earth fault protection i is provided | toan imate ics relay, but it does ‘not protect complete winding. Justify this statement. ICSVTU Dec 2013] Ans. Restricted earth fault protection : Generally merz-price protection based on circulating current principle provides the protection against internal earth faults. But for large generator, as there are costly, an additional protection s Called restricted earth fault protection is provided. When the neutral is solidly grounded then the generator gets completely protected against earth faults. But when neutral is grounded through earth resistance, then the stator windings gets partly protected against earth faults. The percentage of winding protected depends on the value of earthing resistance and the relay setting. In this scheme, the value of earth resistance, relay setting, current rating of earth resistance must be carefully selected. The earth faults are rare near the neutral point as the voltage of neutral point with respect to earth is very less. But when earth fault occurs near the neutral point then the insufficient voltage across the fault drivers very low fault current than the pickup current of relay coil. Hence the relay coil remainsSwitchgear & Protection 2-12 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ¢ unprotected in this scheme. Hence it is called restricted earth fault protection. It ig usual practice to protect 85% of the winding. Generator stator “\ restricted earth fault relay Fig. Restricted earth fault protection Operation : Consider that earth fault occurs on phase B due to breakdown of its insulation to earth, as shown in the fig. The fault current J, will flow through the core, frame of machine to earth and complete the path through the earthing resistance. The CT secondary current J, flows through the operating coil and the restricted earth fault relay coil of the differential protection. The setting of restricted earth fault relay and setting of overcurrent relay are independent of each other. Under this secondary current J, , the relay operates to trip the circuit breaker. The voltage YV,, is sufficient to drive the enough fault current J, when the fault point x is away from the neutral point. If the fault point x is nearer to the neutral point then the voltage V,, is small and Not sufficient to drive enough fault current, and for this J, relay cannot operate. Thus part of the winding from the neutral point remains unprotected. To overcome this, if relay setting is chosen very low to make it sensitive to low fault currents, then wrong operation of relay may result. The relay can operate under the conditions of heavy through faults, inaccurate CTs, saturation of CRs etc. Hence practically 15% of winding from the neutral point is kept unprotected, protecting the remaining 85% of the winding against phase to earth faults. a 7 7 IT against overheating of its rotor.GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2-13 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection | Question 23 ‘Where is negative phase sequence relay employed? Ans. Negative phase sequence relay is essentially employed for the protection of generators and motors against unbalanced loading that may arise due to phase-to-phase faults. Question 24 How a negative phase sequence relay is made to respond to the flow of zero-sequence currents also? Ans. The negative phase sequence relay is made to respond to the flow of zero-sequence currents also by providing additional winding on the central limb of the upper electro- magnet of the relay connected in the residual circuit of three line CTs. [2.1.6 Protection of Rotor Against Ground Fault and Loss of Excitation Question 25 How the rotor faults are protected and draw the circuit diagram? Ans. 1. Rotor earth fault protection : Usually the rotor circuit of an alternator is unearthed and DC voltage is imposed on it. The equivalent circuit is shown in below figure the single earth fault does not cause any circulating current to flow through the rotor circuit and hence does not cause damage to it. DC field from excitor Rotor Setting/adjusting Tesistor Over voltage Relay AC/DC relay Voltage source Fig, : Rotor earth fault protection In order to protect the rotor from the second ground fault, either ac or dc voltages may be impressed between the field circuit and ground through an overvoltage relay. A ground contact anywhere in the field circuit, will pick up the relay. An alarm may be operated after a single ground fault in the rotor circuit takes place. However in cases of large alternators, when the first ground fault occurs, usually the alternators main and field breakers are tripped immediately. 2. Loss of excitation relay : In the event of an alternator losing excitation, it operates as an induction generator, running above the synchronous speed. This operationalSwitchgear & Protection 2-14 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATION « SRitcheear & Protection eet mode is usually not recommended since it requires large reactive powers to be supplied to the alternator operating as an induction generator. Although undercurrent relays connected in series with the field circuit have been used quite extensively for low and medium MVA rated alternators yet the most selective type of loss of excitation relay is a directional distance type of unit connected with the generator terminals. l 2.1.7 Field Suppression in Alternator Question 26 Why field winding of an alternator cannot be directly switched-OFF from supply? s ICSVTU Dec 2011} Or HE fleld suppression system + were not present is in an alternator, which fault would g? ICSVTU May 2013} Ans. Directly switched-OFF field winding means loss of excitation. The loss of excitation of a generator may result in loss of synchronism and slightly increased generator speed since the power input to machine remains unchanged. The machine therefore, behaves as an induction generator and draws exciting current from the system which is equal to its full load rated current. This leads to overheating of the stator winding and rotor body because of currents induced in the rotor body due to slip speed. Ans. In the event of a fault on a generator winding even ants the generator circuit breaker is tripped, the fault continues to be fed as long as the excitation will exist because emf is induced in the generator itself. Hence it is necessary to suppress the field immediately after disconnection of faulty generator from the system. Ans. . The opening of the field circuit breaker and discharge of stored energy in the field ‘winding thacrgh a resistor i called the field suppression. ‘Ans. . High set, definite minimum time, induction type, inverse over-current, earth-fault . relays are required for back-up protection of alternators.GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2-15 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection [2.1.8 Numerical Based on Generator Faults Question 30 'A.66 kV, 5 MVA, star connected alternator has a reactance of 1.5 ohm per phase and negligible resistance. Merz-Price protection scheme is used which operates when the out of balance current exceeds 25% of the full Joad current, The neutral of the generator is grounded through a resistance of 8 ohms. Determine the proportion of the winding which remains unprotected against earth fault. Show that the effects of the alternator reactance can be ignored. _[CSVTU May 2016, Dec 2015] Given : 3-4 Voltage V= 6.6 kV (L-L), 3-$ Power P=5 MVA Per phase reactance X =152 Since the reactance of the winding is directly proportional to square of the number of turns, ie, x, © N?. Let x% be the winding that remains unprotected. The number of turns will be xN/100, ic., the reactance will be proportional to x"N*/100°. X% 8Q >= If 1.5 is the reactance of the winding, the reactance of the unprotected winding fae will be N? since this reactance is to be added vector-ally with resistance of 8 9 and X being small, the effect of the reactance can be neglected. Line voltage V, = 6.6KV = 6.61000 V = 6600V The phase voltage will be - SP =s81059 x The voltage of the unprotected portion = 3810.5x7>> Generator voltage of the unprotected portion The fault current = =3810.5x—x! Amps 100 8 Grounded resistance MVA3—dpower _ 5000 ‘The full load current = = = 437.39 Amy Ans. joad cus Yax3—dvoltage 3x66 PS ‘The out of balance current required for the operation of the relay, = 437.39x0.25 = 109.35 Amps. 3810°5% _ 199.35 800 4.7625x = 109.35 x= 22.95%. Ans.Switchgear & Protection 2-16 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS Switchgear & Protection 2-26 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS © Question 31 ‘An alternator rated at 10 KV protected by the balanced circulating current system has its neutral grounded through a resistance of 10 ohms. The protective relay is set to’ ‘operate when there is an out of balance current of 1.8 amp in the pilot wires, which are. connected to the secondary windings of 1000/5 ratio current transformers. Determine : (The per cent winding which remains unprotected. Zork (ii) The minimum value of the required to protect 80% of the windii Sol. Given : 3—- voltage of the alternator = 10 kV, Ground resi: Crraio= 1008 ea 10000 (0) The phase voltage ofthe altemator = “7S = 573 V Let x% be the percent winding which remains unprotected. The voltage of the unprotected portion of the winding =I Since the resistance in the neutral is 10 ohms the fault current willbe 5773-5 x5 Amp Us ey er ane Ls Wwe =S5T7 —— x —x ——_ STI ack amps ae This arent shouldbe equal '© 18 Amps for the operation ofthe relay STI x xt, 100 “10 “1000 ~ 2, STBr=36K10'> 6D Y (i) To protect 80% of the winding, the unprotected portion is 20%. The voltage of the unprotected portion is Let R be the minimum ne z 7) e earthing resistance; the fault current will be 1154.6 > “ro pickup curentorb2 and h ‘ percentage slope of 10%. A high rmisance frown alt Gene eeeGATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2-17 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection ‘Reutral end of the generator winding with the current distribution as shown. Assume [email protected] ratio of 400 : 5, determine whether the relay will operate: {CSVTU Dec 2008] 3604/00 i LO gag) ae Sol. Given: Minimum pick up current = 0.2 A, CT ratio = 400/5 The difference current = 360 — 320 = 40 Amps. The current in the operating coil = 40*5 - The average sum of the two currents = The average current through the restraining coil = With 10% slope the operating current will be, 0.1 x restraining current +0.2=0.1 x 4.25 +0.2=0.625 Amp. Since the current through the operating coil is 0.5 amp, therefore the relay will not operate. ‘Ans. a ; ‘The neutral point chic ae GMVAL HE) slsnais secede _ resistance of 5 ohms, the relay is set to operate when there is an out-of balance current is 2 Sol. Given: 3-6 porer 20 MVA, 3-6 voltage = 11 kV (UL), CT ratio = 1000/5, Earth resistance =5 2 The minimum current which will operate the relay during fault conditions. hn = 1.51002. = 3004 Ai) Let x percent of the winding be unprotected. he LR The e.m-f. induced in this part winding, — 11000 |x _ 110 V/ “3 ioe Earth fault current which x percent winding = EMF! induced in the unprotected portion of winding Earth resistance N10, - 3.2 i? a Hr .ii)GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ¢ Switchgear & Protection 2- Equating expression (i) and (ii) we have, Fern 3004 Wwe \® Percentage of winding p' (00 = 23.6 = 76.4% Ans, Let the earthing resistance required to be protected, the 90% of the winding i.e., x =100 - 90 = 10% 11000, 10 _ 1100 The emf induced in 10% of the winding = “RB 1007 Be =v V 5 lye es 1100 indi A Earth fault current which 10% of the winding = =. — 3 Xi Equating expressions (i) and (ii) we have | 1100 US =300 A b VBR 1100 R= =2.120 Ans. 3x00 'A 5000 KVA, 6600 V, Besser ie cts dopo remem of Zc per phase and 05 ohm resistance It is protected by a Merz-Price balanced current out-of-balance current exceeds 30% of load current earthed through a resistance of 6.5 ohms. Sol. Given: 3-$ power = 5000 KVA, 3-6 voltage = 6600 V (L-L), Synchronous impedance = 0.5+ j2 Q, Earth resistance = 6.52 Let x percent of the winding be unprotected. The equivalent impedance of x percent of the winding, = 05+ j2x 0 Earthing resistance =6.50 Impedance offered by x percent of the winding (unprotected winding) to earthed fault current, =6.5+(0.5+ Px (6.5+0.005x+ j0.02x) 2 $000%1000 V3 6600 Full-load current of alternator = =437.4A Out-of-balance current which can cause relay operation = 30 % of 437.4 A ‘ ie. poxast4= 131.2 A (i)GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2-19 Gonerator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection The voltage induced in x percent of winding = ox a 5 The earth fault current by the voltage induced in the unprotected winding. 66x Vv. ‘earth fault impedance — J3x(6.5 + 0.005x + j0.02x) The earth fault current will be mainly governed by the earth fault resistance, so neglecting the generator reactance for the unprotected portion of winding. 66x Fault t= =—___——_ ii sult current =" x(6.5+0.005x) a Equating expressions (i) and (i), 66x. Then, 312 ¥3x(6.5-+0.005x) x=22.7% Ans. ‘Question 35 ‘A.66 KV, 1-MVA star-connected alternator has a reactance of 2.ohms per phase and negligible resistance. Merz-Price protection is used for protection of winding. The neutral grounding resistance is 5 ohms. If only 10% of the winding is to remain unprotected, determine the setting of the relay. _ [CSVTU May 2015] Sol. Given: 3- Voltage =6.6 kV (L-L), 3-6 power =1 MVA 6.6x1000 Voltas hase, V, =: =3810.5V ‘oltage per p! eB Voltage induced in the unprotected portion (10%) of the winding. =3810.5x 12 = 381.05 V 100 Impedance offered by 10% of winding (unprotected winding) to earthed fault current, iy 10 os 4 i #54 j2x T= + 102)0 ‘The earth fault current caused by voltage induced in the unprotected winding. 381.05 _ 381.05 _ a6 15 54 j0.2 5.004 MVArating x10° Ix10° Full-1 =F BIATIA tulltoad current =F ratingx1000 _ V3x6.6x1000 Relay setting = Sah fault cutent 99. 76-15 199 = 87.05% Ans. full-load current 87.477Switchgear & Protection 2-20 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® a jon 36 i = z a 1 | Given : 3-4 power = 125 MVA, 3-6 voltage = 13.8 kV Synchronous reactance = 1.4 per unit per phase Earth resistance =2.Q Let x percent of the winding be unprotected, the arrangement is shown in figure. Voltage per phase, _13.8x1000 Vi= = 1967.5 V . . Full-load current, 1 =MVAx10" __125x10"__ so59.6 4 V3V, — ¥3x13800 Reactance per phase, Reactance per unitx V, _ 1.4x13800 Eee =2.133.9 3x1 V3x5229.6 Voltage induced in unprotected winding x = 7967.5 x— = 79.67xV 5 “00 67x Earth fault current caused by unprotected winding, | 10 10 = Ix— =5229.6x— = *T00 T0023 4 Voltageinduced 19.67% Earth faultcurrent = 523 Earth impedance = Q=0.1523x 2 xxX Reactance of unprotected winding = io x =——x2.133 = 0. 100% 33 = 0.02133x Q Earth resistance, R= 20 Since, (Earthing Impedance)*= (Earthing Resistance)" +(Earthing Reactance)* (0.1523)? = (2)? + (0,02133x)" x = 13.26 (Unprotected portion) Protected winding = 100 -13.26 = 86.74% Ans.GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2-21 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection Question 37 wh g ‘An alternator stator winding protected by a percentage differential relay is ilustrated. in figure. The relay has a 15% slope of characteristic (/, ~ /,) verous( 4). oe A high resistance earth fault has occurred nearer the grounded neutral and of the generator stator winding while the generator is a carrying load. The currents flowing at each end of the generator winding under this fault condition aré shown in the figure. Assuming CT ratio 500/5 A will the relay trip the generator circuit breaker under this fault condition. 4 al he Generator koh Given : CT ratio = 500 :5 Secondary current of CT,, 1, = 40005 =4 A Secondary current of CT,, I, =320x 7-32 A Direction of current flowing through secondary’s of CTs is shown in figure out-of- balance current (current flowing through the relay operating coil). =h,-1,=4-32=08A Ath 24432 364 2 2 I, Corresponding point on (J, ~/) versus (4) characteristic is 3.6x0.15A, iz.0.54A (from the known slope). The relay will operate if out-of-balance current is above the characteristic. Since the point would be above 15% slope characteristic i.e, it would be on the positive torque region and, therefore, the relay would operate.ar & Protection 2-22 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® current flowing at two ends of faulted phase winding are 3604/0 A and 30040 4. Assuming CT-ritio 400/5A ‘and no error, will the-relay ttp the generator CB. under _. this fault condition? : [CSVTU Dec 2009] Sol. Given: CT ratio=4% , Secondary current of CZ, J, =360x = =4.5Amp 5 Secondary current of CT,, I, =300x 3.75 Amp Current flowing through secondary’s of CTs is out of balance current (Current flowing through the relay operating coil) = I, - f, = 4.5~3.75 = 0.75 Amp And Ath _45+375 _ 4.125 amp 2 2 From 12% slop characteristic 4.125 0.12 = 0.495 Amp The relay will operate if out-of-balance current is above the characteristic. Since the point would be above 12% slope characteristic i.e, it would be on the Positive torque region and therefore the relay would operate. Geilseg coe ee amperes current transformers. The star point Senate nay n 0 8 a resistance of 75 ‘ohm. If the minimum operating st earth fault when the machine is operating at ___[€svru May 2010, 20121 Sol. Given: 3- power=10 MVA, ip voltage 6.6 kV (L-L) Earth resistance = 7.5.0, CT ratio = 1000 Let x% of the winding be unprotected during normal operation. The emf induced in x% of the winding = ©:5*1000,,_* 38 195, In case of a ground fault only the limiting factor is NGR (neutral grounding V3 “100 resistance). “, The fault current due to this voltage is = However, the minimum current required to nan the relay during fault conditions in just above 28.105 5.08% A 100.05 100A For determining the unprotected part of the winding, the fault current (38.105 A) should be just above 100 A.GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2-23 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS © ____ 2-23 Genet The limiting condition of not operation will be vali 38.105x =100 3 Thus, 2.62% of the winding remains unprotected. 100 05 till Question 40 ‘A 6600 V, 3 phase turbo alternator has maximum continuous rating of 2000 kW at 0.8. pf. and reactance 12.5%. It is equipped with Merz-Price circulating io which is set to operate at fault current not less than 200 A. Find what value of the neutral earthing resistance leaves 10% of the winding unprotected? protection ICSVTU Dec 2011] Sol. Given: 3-4 power of turbo alternator = 2000 kW at 0.8 pf, 3- voltage = 6600 V, fault current (j) not less than 200 A. 2000%10° Rated t of the alternator (I) = =583.18 A curren e ® B 6600 0.3 . Relay setting = 4-200 9343.4 583.18 . aa Relay setting x7 of rotected = —— ——_>§ —_ Portion of winding unp: Neutral current (/,) me 2000 A (10% of the winding unprotected) 6600 Hence, neutral earthing resistance R= = 3_-1.9.0 Ans. 7, 20000 : Types of generator protection ‘Abnormal Condition _ "Type of Protection Remarks _ Incipient faults below oil | 1. Buchholz relay (Gas Buchholz relay is used for level resultingin actuated relay). transformers of rating 500 decomposition of oil (faults | 2. Sadden pressure relay. KVA and above. between phases and 3, Pressure relief valve. ‘|. Buchholz relay. Buchholz relay is too slow and 2. Percentage differential less sensitive. protection. Buchholz relay is used for tap- 3, High-speed high-set changer also. Percentage _| overcurrent relay. differential protection for 4 transformers of rating 2 MVA and above.Switchgear & Protection 2-24 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATION; Satutation of magnetic 1. Over fluxing protection. For important generator, >) | circuit. 2. Over voltage protection. transformer and feeder trans- | : formers. Earth faults 1. Earth-fault relay. Instantaneous restricted earth- tae fault relay. 2. Differential protection Time lag earth-fault relay. For transformers of rating 2 MVA and above. | ‘Overloads. 1. Thermal overload relays. | Generally temperature | eed ‘ 2.Temperature relays sound indicators are provided on the | : alarm. transformers. | ‘Through faults. TRC fuses. ‘Small distribution transformers 2. Graded time lag overcurrent | of rating up to 500 kVA. relay. Protection of distribution transformers. ‘High voltage surges due to | 1. Surge arresters. In addition to arresters for lightning, switching etc. 2. RC surge suppressors. incoming lines. ____2.2: Transformer Protection 2.2.1 Different Types of Transformer Faults ca ‘What are the faults that are likely to occur in a power transformer? Ans. The faults likely to occur in a power transformer are open-circuit faults (an open- Gircuit in one phase of a 3-phase transformer), earth faults, phase-to-phase faults, inter- turn faults and overheating. - faults. Incipient faults are initially minor faults causin, loose connections in conductin, its? 8 gradual damage. These faults include g Path, sparking, small arcing etc,, and grow into majorGATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS 2-25 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection Ans. Different protective schemes available for the protection of power transformers are Buchholz protection, percentage differential protection, earth-fault protection, over- current protection, combined leakage and over-load protection, restricted earth-fault protection, over-fluxing protection etc. [2.2.2 Protection of Transtormers Question 45 What are various systems for transformers protection? Ans. Protection of transformers: The chances of faults occurring on transformers are rare since these are static devices, totally enclosed and generally oil immersed. However, the consequences of even a rare fault may be very serious unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from the system. This necessitates providing adequate automatic protection for transformers against possible faults. 1. Distribution transformers : It is employed in rural area, the normal practice is to use the fuses for its protection against external faults but for urban distribution work, where discrimination is absolutely necessary fuses will not serve the purpose. 2. Power transformers : This protection is to be provided usually against dangerous overloads and excessive temperature rise. Dangerous overload may be due to external or internal faults, external faults, however are cleared by the relay system outside the transformer within the shortest possible time in order to avoid any danger to the transformer due to these faults. Hence the protection for internal faults is to be provided in such transformers. The various system of transformer protection are : 1. Buchholz protection. 2. Core-balance leakage protection. 3. Combined leakage and overload protection. 4. Differential protection. Question 46 Write short notes on the following : 1. Core balance leakage protection 2. Combined Leakage and Overload Protection or Earth fault protection ‘Ans. 1. Core balance leakage protection : This system is employed to provide protection against earth faults on high voltage winding. It consists of three primary conductors surrounded by the magnet of a current transformer (CT). This has a single secondary winding which is connected to the relay. ‘Under normal operating conditions (je, when there is no fault) the instantaneous sum of the current in the three phases is always zero, and there is no resultant flux in the core of the CT no matter how much the load is out of balance. Consequently, no current flows through the relay and it remains inoperative.Switchgear & Protection 2-26 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS Current — 7 restorer Secondary Tele} ro tip sicut Fig, (a) Core-balance leakage protection However, when the earth fault occurs, the sum of the three currents is.no longer zero and a current is induced in the secondary of the CT causing the relay to operate and isolate the transformer (CTs). 2. Combined Leakage and Overload Protection : In this system of protection two overload relays and one earth leakage relay are connected as shown in figure (b, The two overload relays are sufficient to protect all the three phases, while the leakage relay is energized by the resultant current from all the three CTs in case of leakage fault. Hence protection against faults and short- circuits either to earth or between phases is achieved. ‘To trip circuit Fig, (b) Combined leakage and overload protectionGATE ACADEMY PUBLICATION: 2-27 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection on 47 Explain the principle of differential protection used for power transformers. What are the limitations of this scheme and how are they overcome? ICSVTU May 2012, Dec 2010] Or : What are the shortcoming of differential scheme of protection to power transformer and how they overcome? Describe Merz price protection of transformer. ICSVTU May 2015] Or Enumerate the difficulties encountered in the protection of transformers. Explain differential protection scheme for Y~A transformer operating under balance conditions. A Z {CSVTU Dec 2015] Differential Protection for Transformers : This type of protection is provided to protect the transformer in case of phase-to-phase and phase-to-earth fault. Principle of differential of protection : “Differential relay compares between primary current and secondary current of power transformer, if any unbalance is found in between primary and secondary currents the relay will actuate and inter trip both the primary and secondary circuit breaker of the transformer”. Figure shows Merz-Price circulating current scheme for the protection of a 3-phase delta/delta power transformer (against phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase faults). Current transformers (CTs) on the two sides of the transformer are connected in star. This compensated for the phase difference between the power transformer primary and secondary. The CTs on the two sides are connected by pilot wires and for each pair of CTs one relay in used. R R Y Y B B Fig. Merz-Price circulating current schemeSwitchgear & Protection 2-28 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2 Operation : Under normal operating conditions, the secondary’s of CTs carry identical currents. As a consequence, the currents entering and leaving the pilot wires at both ends are the same and no current flows through the relays. However, when a ground or phase-to-phase fault takes place, the currents in the secondary’s of CTs will no longer be the same and differential current following through the relay circuit will clear the breaker on both sides of the transformer. The protected zone is limited to the region between CTs on the high- voltage side and the CTs on the low-voltage side of the power transformer. This scheme is also provides protection for short-circuits between turns on the same phase winding. However, such circuits are better taken care of by Buchholz relays. 1. Protection CTs must be connected in the following order for the different power transformer connections : S.No. Power transformers Protection transformers ‘Connection of | Connection of | Connectedon | Connected on primary secondary _| Primary side in | secondary side in 1. Star with Delta Delta Delta neutral earthed 2. Delta Star with Star Star neutral earthed 3. Star Star with Delta Delta neutral earthed | 4. Delta Delta Star Star The following factors affect the operation of differential relay protection : (i) Tap changing : During tap changing voltage ratio differs from original one and the operation of the differential relay is affected. Remedy : This problem is overcome by using biasing coil ie. percentage differential relay protection. (ii) Magnetising inrush current : If the transformer is initially charged by closing the high voltage circuit breaker the initial current called magnetising current is very high which causes secondary current of CT, to increase so that relay operates without any fault and opens the high voltage circuit breaker. Remedy : To avoid this condition at the stating time of the transformer, harmonic restraint relay is used which produces extra restraining torque for the differential relay so that relay will not operate. The magnetising inrush current contains third harmonic components and ae components are filtered and is used for operation of harmonic restraint relay. (iii) Wrong connections of pilot wire : In C7, or CT, pilot wire is reversed causes current to flow through relay and will operate without fault.GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2-29 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection (iv) Difference in pilot wire length and resistances : If the pilot wire connected from the CT output to the node A and B has different values of resistance then voltage drop across the relay is not equal to zero so that relay operates without any fault. Remedy : A compensating resistor is provided in series to the relay coil to maintain zero voltage difference between A and B. ‘Questign 48 Determine the currents on primary side star/star grounded of a transformer for a line to ground fault star grounded on winding. Use the result to show that CTs on primary and secondary sides cannot be connected in star/star for differential protection scheme. [CSVTU Dec 2008] Or Explain with reasons the connection of CT's for protecting a delta/star transformer. Justify your scheme of protection for @ Internal fault (@) External fault by showing current distribution in the scheme. a ICSVTU May 2016, Dec 2010] A Using symmetrical components determine currents in’ lines star/star grounded of transformer for L-G fault on aline. ICSVTU Dec 2009] Or Ina unity star/star grounded ratio transformer operating at no load, fault current 32 flows to L-G fault on phase a line. Calculate the current in all the phases on other side. z {(CSVTU Dec 2011] ‘Ans. Transformers are normally protected against short circuits and over-heating. For short circuits normally percentage differential protection is recommended for transformers rated for more than 1 MVA. For low rating overcurrent relaying is used. ry currents of a transformer are normally different from. each other and are related by their turns ratio, These currents are displaced in phase from each other by 30° if the windings are star-delta connected. The differential protection scheme is considered to be suitable if it satisfies the two conditions : (i) The relays must not operate under normal load conditions and for through fault (external fault) conditions. “\« must operate for severe enough internal fault conditions. In fact, these are the ‘The primary and seconda tests that any good protection scheme must satisfy. For differential protection, the vector difference of two currents is fed to the operating coil of the relay. This neans for an external fault the line currents of the two CTs should be equal in magnitude and should be in phase opposition so that the difference current is zero.Switchgear & 2-30 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® The CTs on the star side of the power transformer are connected in delta, and on the delta side, they are connected in star as the line currents of star-delta Power transformer will be displaced in phase by30°. It is required that this phase displacement must be nullified by connecting the CTs in that fashion. Let us take first of all a star-star transformer as shown in fig. (a). When the star point of both the transformers is ungrounded, a line-to-ground fault has no meaning because no fault current can flow. Fig. (a) Ungrounded star/star transformer Protection, through fault. Consider a L-G fault as shown (through fault). Let the transformers be of unity ratio. In that case it can be seen that for an external fault there will be no current through the operating coil and, therefore, the relay will not operate which is the desired result. It is seen that when the transformer is star/star the CT can also be connected in star-star in case the transformer star point is not grounded. Next let us take star/star transformer with one of the star points grounded (fig. b). Assuming again unity transformation ratio, if the fault current on the secondary side is 31, only 2I current will be supplied by the primary (isolated star point). This type of connection of secondary is known as zero sequence current generator. From the distribution of the currents as shown in fig. (), it is clear that even for an external faultGATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS © 2-31 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection Fig, (b) Grounded star/star transformer protection, through fault It is seen from figure (c) that when CTs are delta connected I for an external fault, the relays do not operate. im Fig. (c) Transformer star/star grounded CT delta connected protection Now for an internal fault the scheme is shown in figure (d). Fig. (d) Star/star grounded, internal faultSwitchgear & Protection 2-32 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS © It is seen that the relays operate for an internal fault and, therefore, this scheme of protection is satisfactory. Next we take up a delta-star transformer. From the current flow in figure (e). It is clear that for an external fault the relays do not operate. It can be very easily seen that with the scheme for an internal fault the relays do operate, Therefore, the scheme is satisfactory. Fig. (e) Delta/star grounded, transformer protection Question 49 5 For what type of fault Buchholz relay is employed? Ans. Buchholz relay provides protection only against transformer internal faults. Question 50 oo f What is Buchholz relay? Which equipment is protected by it?__ [CSVTU Dec 2013] Ans. Buchholz relay is a gas actuated relay and is used for the protection of power transformers of ratings exceeding 500 KVA. Fogger 51 é Explain construction and working of Buchholz relay and given its application. | Ans. Buchholz Relay : It is the form of thermal relay named after its inventor Buchholz for use in protection of oil immersed transformer against all kinds of internal faults having rating more than 750 KVA. It is a gas actuated relay installed in the pipe connecting to the reservoir of the main tank. Figure (a) and (b) shows the location and construction of Buchholz relay respectively. Construction : Buchholz relay consists of an oil tight container with mercury switches. One of the mercury switches is attached to the upper float which closes the alarm circuit. The other mercury switch (as seen in the diagram below) is mounted on @ lower hinged type flap located in the direct path of the flow of oil from transformer to the conservator. Working : On the occurrence of a minor fault, current leaks and heat is produced. Due to this heat, some of the oil evaporates in the transformer tank (about 70% hydrogen). The gas being light tries to go up into the conservator tank via relay. In this process,GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2-33 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection some gas and oil vapours are collected in the top chamber while passing to the conservator and the oil level in the tank falls. The mercury type switch attached to the float is tilted, there by closing the alarm circuit and the bell rings in the control room as a warning to the attendant that serious fault is developing inside the transformer. Fig. (a) : Location of Buchholz Relay Fig. (b) Construction of Buchholz relay When any severe fault takes place, large volume of gas is generated in the main tank. The oil gases rush towards the conservator via Buchholz relay, this result in tilting of mercury switch fitted on hinged type gap. The trip coil contacts of the circuit breaker are closed. The pressure in the chamber can be released and the gas emitted to allow the chamber to refill with oil. A test clock is installed at the bottom of the chamber to allow air to be pumped into the chamber for test purposes. Advantages of Buchholz protection : (i) Itis the simplest form of transformer protection. (ii) It detects the incipient faults as a stage much earlier than as possible with other forms of protection. Disadvantages of Buchholz protection : () It can only be used with oil immersed transformer equipped with conservator (ii) The device can detect only faults below oil level in the transformer, thus separate protection is needed for connecting cables. Applications of Buchholz protection : This type of protection is now widely used on large rating transformers (having rating more than 750 KVA) for the purpose of protection against transformer internal faults. Question 52 On what factors does the choice of a protective gear for transformer depend? Ans. The choice of a protective gear for a transformer depends upon several factors such as, (i) Type of transformer (distribution transformer or power transformer). (ii) Size of the transformer.Oo ) Switchgear & 2-34 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS © (iii) Type of cooling used. (iv) Systems where used i ., its electrical location in the network. (v) The importance of the service for which it is required. Question 53. ih rape oan age ri inl 9 ein nage ng overload protection? Ans. The core-balance leakage protection suffers from the drawback that it does not provide protection against phase-to-phase faults. bt mo tC on Be Ans. If T is the turn-ratio of power transformer, then turn-ratio of CTs on the Io (low voltage) side will be T times that of CTs on the hv (high voltage) side. [ 2.2.3 pitticutties in Differential Protection Ans. Simple differential protection, as applied to a power transformer, has the following drawbacks : (i) Unmatched characteristic of CTs. (ii) Change in ratio due to tap-changing. ) Magnetizing inrush current. Difficulties can be overcome by following processes are : 1. Difference in length of pilot wires : The power system element under protection and CTs are located at different places and normally it is not possible to connect the relay operating coil to the equipotential points. However, this difficulty can be ‘overcome by connecting adjustable resistors in series with the pilot wires. 2. CT ratio errors during short-circuits : The CTs used may have almost an equal ratio at normal currents, but during short-circuit conditions, the primary currents are unduly large and the ratio errors of CTs on either side differ. This is due to the fact that : (i) Inherent difference in characteristic of CTs arising out of difference in magnetic circuit, saturation conditions etc. (ii) Unequal d.c. components in the short-circuit currents.GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2-35 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection 3. Saturation of magnetic circuits of CTs under short-circuit condition : The differential relay explained above is likely to operate inaccurately with heavy through (ie., extemal) faults, The relay may loose its stability for through faults. This drawback is overcome by using percentage-differential relay or biased- differential relay which will be explained in the forthcoming section. Magnetizing current inrush at the switching instant : When the power transformer is connected to the supply, a large current (about 6 to 10 times full- load current) inrush takes place. The differential relay operates due to such inrush current, though the transformer has no fault. However, this difficulty is overcome by providing harmonic restraint for the differential relay. This relay filters the harmonic component from the inrush current and supplies it to the restraining coil. The harmonic content of the magnetizing current is used to obtain restraining torque during switching-on of transformer. . Tap-Changing : Transformer’s transformation ratio is changed whenever the taps are changed. Due to this CT ratios do not match with the new-tap settings and results in flow of current in pilot wires even during healthy condition. However, this problem is also overcome by employing biased-differential relay. Question 56 a Explain construction and working of biased beam type percentage differential relay. | Biased beam relay : The most extensively used form of differential relay is the percentage differential or biased beam relay as shown in fig (a). This relay is designed to respond to the differential current in terms of its fractional relation to the current flowing through the protected section. It is essentially an overcurrent balanced beam type relay with an additional restraining coil. The restraining coil produced a bias force in the opposite direction to the operating force. Under normal and through conditions, the bias force due to restraining coil is greater than the operating force. Therefore, the relay remains inoperative. When an internal fault occurs, the operating force exceeds the bias force and consequently the trip contacts are closed to open the circuit breaker. Alternator winding cr Fig. (a) Beam type percentage differential relay| ‘Switchgear & Protection 2-36 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS & | Protected circuit F Operating coil R= Restraining coil R Fig. (b) Equivalent circuit of a percentage differential relay The equivalent circuit of a biased beam relay is shown in fig. (b), the differential current in the operating coil O is (i, -i,), while the current in the restraining coil R is (t = ); since the operating coils is connected to the midpoint of the restraining coil, in other word if the number of turns on the restraining coil are N, the total ampere are ( aN 4), which is the same as if (434) were to flow through the whole coil. Positive torque G-4) Fig, (©) Characteristic of a percentage differential relay It is evident that greater the current flowing through the restraining coil, the higher the value of current required in the operating coil to trip the relay. Thus when the load is heavy, a greater differential current through relay operation coil is required for operation than under light load condition. This relay is called percentage relay because the operating current to trip can be expressed as a percentage of load current. Since this relay has a rising operating characteristic ie., the pickup value increases as the magnitude of through current increases, the relay is restrained or biased against operating inaccurately. Due to this, relay is also called a biased relay. 1. The operating characteristic of this type of relay is shown in fig. (c). It shows that except at low currents, the ratio of the differential operating current to the average restraining current is a fixed percentage.GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2-37 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection 2. The advantage of this relay is that it is less likely to operate inaccurately than a differentially connected overcurrent relay when a short circuit occurs external to the protected zone. [ 2.2.4 Protection Against Magnetizing Inrush Current ‘Question 57 What is magnetizing inrush current? ‘Ans. When the transformer is energized initially there is no induced emf, the condition is similar to switching of an inductive circuit. The resistance being low, a transient rush of current takes place. This transient rush of current is known as magnetizing inrush current and it may be equal to 6 to 8 times the rated current. Question 58 (@ In which winding of transformer, magnetizing in-rush current flows? (i) Which harmonic component is more in in-rush current than a fault current? ICSVTU Dec 2013] Ans. (i) Primary winding. (ii) Second harmonic component. Question 59 (7 splain with neat diagram, the method of harmonic current restraint for the protection of transformer, ICSVTU May 2009, 2012] Or Drow nes ng nd elanhamo diferent potion of wafer. AORN TU Na Ud, Pee 200%, 2014] Or Explain high peed biased differential scheme incorporating a harmonic restrain feature) 7-7 [CSvVTU Bees) S Or ‘Discuss the protection of transformer against magnetizing inrush current. ‘ ICSVTU May 2013] What is magnetizing in-rush current? How it is distinguished from fault current? Suggest a protective scheme which protects a transformer against fault but does not Le __ Operate in case of magnetizing in-rush current, ICSVTU Dec 2013] Ans. When an unloaded transformer is switched ON it draws a larger initial magnetizing current which may be several times the rated current of the transformer. This inital magnetizing current is called the magnetizing inrush current. As the inrush current flow only in the primary winding, the differential protection will see this inrushSwitchgear & Protection 2-38 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS © current as an initial fault. The harmonic contents in the inrush current are different than those in usual fault current. The de component varies from 40 to 60 %, the second harmonic 30 to 70 % and the third harmonic 10 to 30%. The other harmonics are progressivély Tess. The third harmonic and its multiples do not appear in CT leads ag these harmonics circulate in the delta winding of the transformer and the delia connected C.T.s on the star side of the transformer. (As the second harmonic is more in the inrush current than in the fault current, this feature can be utilized to distinguish a fault and magnetizing inrush current. The magnetising inrush currents, a high speed biased differential rela incorporating harmonic restraint feature is used. The peak value of the inrush currents may be as high as 6 to 8 times the normal full load currents. As inrush current affects the operation of transformer differential protection relays, two aspects are of significance : (i) The current flows only in one of two windings of the transformer (the primary winding) and, therefore, it is as good as an internal fault as far as protection scheme is concerned. (ii) The wave shape of the inrush current differs from the usual fault current in that it contains a high component of second harmonics, it thus follows that a relay designed to detect the second harmonic component in the magnetising inrush current can be made to utilise this as a means of discrimination between inrush condition and the internal fault currents. This is achieved by the use of a second harmonic filter which is arranged to inject an additional bias current in the relay circuit proportional to the second harmonic component as shown in figure. Given the basic circuit of the harmonic restraint relay. Harmonic restraint is obtained from the tuned circuit X.X,which permits only currents of fundamental frequency to enter the operating circuit. The restraint coil is energised by a de Proportional to bias winding current as well as the dc due to harmonics. The de and higher harmonics, mostly second harmonics (in case of inrush currents), are diverted into the rectifier bridge feeding the restraining coil. The relay is adjusted so that it will not operate when the harmonic current exceeds 15% of the fundamental current. The disadvantage of the harmonic restraint relay is that it will not operate for an internal fault that contains considerable harmonics which may be due to an arc or due to saturation of current transformer. Also, if a fault exists at the time a transformer is energized, harmonics in the magnetising current may prevent the harmonic restraint relay from tripping. An instantaneous overcurrent relay in the differential circuit is normally provided which is set above the maximum inrush current and this operates in less than one cycle on internal faults,GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2-39 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection Fig. Harmonic restrainit relay What is the reason behind providing a second harmonic restraint relay?, Cee Ans. Second harmonic restraint relay is provided to avoid maloperation of the relays due to magnetizing inrush current. ‘Question 61 4 S 2 3 What are | ‘advantages of differential magnetic balance protection system, as applied to power transformers? oes ee ee ooe Ans. The main advantages of differential magnetic balance protection system in its application to power transformers are increased stability and sensitivity and its to transformers provided with load tap-changers.Switchgear & Protection 2 40 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS « Ans. Protection of grounding transformer : Relay for providing ae delayed protection This CT secondary’s are delta connected. An overcurrent relay with time lag is inserted in the delta. The zero sequence currents circulate in this delta. The time setting of this relay is selected to co-ordinate with thermal rating of the earthing resistor (if used) or with time setting of other earth fault relays. The earthing transformer is disconnected by opening the circuit- breaker, on a persistent earth fault. => The other three relays provide Fig. Protection of grounding transformers protection against faults in the grounding transformer. These are instantaneous relays, set between 25 to 50 per cent of continuous current-rating of grounding transformer. Buchholz relay is also used. Earth fault protection is provided by residually connected relay (not shown in the fig). against external faults Relay for providing Protection against 2.2.5 Numerical Based on Power Transformers Protection Question 64 fee 1 pls ais ance jn ty co a eee mee Find the ratio of the CTs on 2 side. Given: @ For star-delta power transformers, CTs will be connected in delta on star side of Power transformer (ie., on 66 KV side) (i) In star on delta side of power transformer (ie. on 11 KV side) as shown in figure. Also we can say that : I, 4: a 2 (CTs ratio at low voltage side) ls ¥,, (Voltage at star side) = 66 kV = 66x1000 V ¥,, (Voltage at delta side) = 11 kV = 111000 V Caleulate : Ratio of CTs at each side (ie. 1, and/,, )=? Assume that line current on 11 kV side is 420 A Due to Merz- price protection power on both the side is to be equal ie. BV,1, =N5V,1,,GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2-41 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection _ ¥3x11%1000%420 1 ¥3x66%1000 =70A posBisaCTsind j,=70 66KV_Y/A ey; CHiBY go0/54 e ARMA renter Ao R Line current of star connected CTs on 11 kV side = phase current of star connected CTs on 11 KV side=5 A In star connection I, = I,, Two current of 5 A will flow through the pilot wires obviously, this will be the current which flows through the secondary of CTs on the 66 kV side. Line current of delta connected CTs on 66 kV =5A Given : Oe lne-oagy dao ecane| th’ mia emacs] wivings xe connected in delta. So, Voltage per phase = Line voltage = 6600 V (because Iv side is connected in 4) Current transformers on low voltage i.e. 6600 V side are connected in star and the ratio is 300/5 i.e., 60. On high-voltage side of transformer, the main transformer windings are connected in star.Question 66 2-42 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ¢ 33000 So, Phase voltage Line ee = 33000 _ 19952.5 V Va 19052.5 -rati i tn _ 190F? = 2.887 The turn-ratio of the main transformer Y, Current transformers on high voltage side are connected in delta. =20.8:1 ‘Ans, , 1 High voltage side current transformer ratio= 60x reat ‘A S-phase transformer 0.433/11 KV, line volts is connected in'Y/A, respectively and the protecting transformer on the 0.433 kV side has a current ratio of 600/5. What must be ‘the current ratio of current transformers in HV side and how they should be ‘connected? < : ss z ICSVTU May 2013} Given : On low-voltage side of transformer the main transformer windings are connected in star. Line voltage _ 0.433, ., So, Voltas hase = ae oltage per phase B B Current transformers on low voltage i.e. 0.433 kV side are connected in delta and the 600 ratio is ——=120 5 On high-voltage side of transformer, the main transformer windings are connected in delta. So, Phase voltage =Line voltage =1100 V The turn-ratio of the main transformer= Current transformers on high voltage side are connected in star. High voltage side current transformer ratio? =2.73 H Ans.GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2-43 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection SSN 283 Genorator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection On high-voltage side of transformer, the main transformer windings are connected in delta, So, Phase voltage = Line voltage = 11 kV The tum-ratio of the main transformer=—!_ - 47.63 0.231 Current transformers on low-voltage i.e. on 0.4 kV side are connected in delta and the turn-ratio are = * =100 High voltage side CTs turn-ratio = Tw™atio of CTs on low-voltage side Tum-ratio of main transformer 1. The earth fault is within the protection zone and since the primary is isolated therefore, no zero sequence current will flow in the primary. Fig. (a) The line current on Av side (windings connected in delta) corresponding to 750 A = 15004 27274 ‘The current ratio of CTs on hv side = 2.1 : 1, so corresponding current through the relay will be 2227 12994, as illustrated in figure (a) and the relay will be 2. When there is an earth fault outside the protection zone the distribution of current ‘on the Av side remain the same as in case (i). The secondary current in CTs on Iv side will 750x 5/500 =7.5 A, the direction of flow of current is shown in figure (b).2-44 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS va Switchgear & Protection ILKY side 0.4 kV side 27.274 220A reer — Fig. (b) The current in pilot wires=7.5x 3 =12.99A,CTs onivside being connected in delta. } Thus the relay will carry no current and thus the circuit breaker for the through fault will not isolate the transformer. 3. When there is a phase-to-phase fault within protective zone, it causes flow of current in the two phases of the /v windings, correspondingly there will be flow of current in all the three phases of hv winding which will spill into the relay operating coils, as shown in figure (c). Thus the relay operating coils will be energized, circuit breakers will get tripped off and the transformer will get 2 OAKV side + 750A 750A)GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2-45 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection 4 When there is a phase-to-phase fault outside the protection zone, the current distribution becomes as illustrated in figure (d). As obvious from the figure no current will flow through the operating coil of any relay and so the transformer will not be disconnected from the system. 0.4 KV side cr, 1 KV side cr, re 2727A__ pl eV side __ Sol. Given: Rated current for star (220 kV) side, _MVAratingx10° __ 10x10 — vBxY 3220000 Rated current for delta (11 KV) side, = 262A = Transformation ratio x Y-side current= ae 262 = 5240A. Current in /v side, CTs S2HOS = 43678 6000 Current in hv side, CTe= 2221 = 08734 Relays are rated upto 1 A hence all the currents exceeding 1 A will be reduced further by using auxiliary CTs. For normal operation of transformer current output of CTs should be balanced (in phase as well as in magnitude) so that relay remains in-operative. Take 1 A current for the rated current in transformer. Auxiliary CTs used on Iv side should be of ratio 4.367/1.Switchgear & Protection 2-46 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS © Seer S Protection enn ® Aly 6000/5 CTs 300/1 CTs R R re Y B B 4367/1 cT Auxiliary CTs 1.52/1 CT On hvside we compensate phase difference because of Y-Aconnection of transformer through using auxiliary CTs in reverse manner i.e. A/Y . If CTs used are of ratio x/1 then we will get V3 A output for x amperes in primary winding because of A -connected secondary winding of CTs. Hence to get 1A output for 873 A input to CTs, ratio required is ¥3 x0.873 = 1.52. Sol. Given: a-phase power =50 MVA, 3-phase voltage = 132/66 KV, A/Y (@) Rated current for primary (A -connected side), _MVAratingx10° ___$0x10° =218.7A Ans. Vaxv ¥3x132000 Rated current for secondary (Y-connected side), = pee = 474A ‘Ans. Current in ly side CTs = 218755 = 3.6454GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS 2-47 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection 2 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection Current in Ay side CTs = 437.4x—5 =1.822 7200 (b) Relay current at full load = 3.645 — 1.822 J3 = 0.489A Ans. Assuming relay rating as 1 A, Percentage setting = 50% (0) With 25% overload, Line current in secondary’s of CTs connected on hv side is 3.645x1.25 = 4.56A and line current in secondary’s of CTs connected in delta on iv side = 31,821.25 =3.94A, Relay current = 4.56-3.94 = 0.62A So relay setting, Bes Ha Ans. A ae far-delta warfome proce by Mer Pie pt. The _ CTs on the low-voltage side have Sol. Given : Transformer rating = 220/11000 V, 3-phase, Ratio of CTs on low-voltage side = 500/5. Ratio of CTs on the high-voltage side : For star-delta transformers, CTs will be connected in delta for star-side power transformer (ie,, on 220 V side) and in star for delta side of power transformer (i.e., on 11000 V), as shown in figure. Assume that line current on 220 V side is 500 A. Y/A (Star/Delta) 220/11000 V Iesvru May 2013, Dec 2012} ‘Phase current of delta-connected CTs on 220 V side=5 A. Line current of delta-connected CTs on 220 V side =/3x5=5V3 A. This current of 53 A will flow through the pilot wires. Obviously this will be the current which flows through the secondary of CTs on the 11000 V side.Switchgear & Protection 2-48 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIO) “. Phase current of star-connected CTs on 11000 V side = 5¥3 A. If Lis the line current on 11000 V side, then, Primary apparent power = Secondary apparent power V3 «220x500 = V3 110007 Y3x220%500 _19 4 V3x11000 . Turn-ratio of CTs on 11000 V side =10 : 5¥3 =1.155:1 or, Sol. Given : Rating of transformer = 120 MVA, delta/star connected = 11/220 kV ) Ratio of CTs on L.V. side = 5000/5, Ratio of CTs on H.V. side = 400/1 120x10° Rated current for star (220 kV) side = ———___ au ¥3x220x10° Rated current for delta (11 kV) side = Transformation ratio x star-side current =314.9A = 720.3149 =6298A 6298x 5 5000 =6.298A Current in L.V. side CTs= Current in FV. side cre= 2441. 0.787A Relays are rated upto 1 A hence all the currents exceeding 1 A will be reduced further by using auxiliary CTs For normal operation of transformer current output of CTs should be balanced (in phase as well as in magnitude) so that relay remains inoperative. Take 1 A current for the rated current in transformer. (@) Auxiliary CTs used on L.V. side should be of ratio 6.298/1. (ii) On HLV. side we compensate Phase difference because of star/delta connection of trans-former through using auxiliary CTs in reverse manner ie, delta/star. If CTs used are of ratiox/l then we will getV/3 A output for x amperes in primary winding because of delta-connected secondary winding of CTs Hence to get 1A output for 0.787 A input to CTs ratio required is /3 x0.787 = 1.363 . The arrangement of the complete scheme is shown in figure.GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS 2-49 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection 5000/5 CTs ca 400/1 CTs 6.298/1 CT LC aL L600. Restraining coils Table 2.2.1: Types of protection for power transformers S.No. ‘Type of Transformer "____ Type of Protection 1. __| Small distribution transformers. | Only high voltage fuses for protection against earth faults and phase-to-phase faults. Over load protection is generally not provided. a Overcurrent relays. a Instantaneous earth fault relays. Transformers, in important Restricted earth-fault protection. locations, of rating 500 kVA and _| Overcurrent and earth fault protection. | above. Buchholz relay protection. ~| Transformers of rating of 2MVA | Differential protection, Restricted earth and above. fault protection, Overcurrent protection, z Buchhloz relay protection. 2.3: Bus-Bar Protection —_Switchgear & Protection 2-50 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS Ans. It is very important to protect the bus-bars since they form a vital part of the supply system and if a fault develops in this part considerable damage and disruption of supply will occur. When the fault occurs within the bus-bar area of any particular section of a bus-bar all circuit equipments connected to that section must be tripped out to give complete isolation. ae State the reasons due to which bus fault occurs in a power system. [CSVTU May 2016] Ans. Ina power system the bus faults occurs due to the following reasons: () Supporting insulation failure. (ii) At time of overvoltage, flashover across support insulator. (iii) Flashover due to heavily polluted insulator. (iv) Failure of equipment connected. (v) Mechanical damage. Ans. The various schemes of bus-bar protection are: (i) Differential protection. (i) Fault bus protection or Frame leakage protection. (ii) Bus protection by overcurrent relays. (iv) Static protection. (¥) Overcurrent protection or distance protection as back up protection of bus-bar. poor - eS : Ans. Over current relays are used for the following reasons : (i) It is basically simple and inexpensive. (ii) Very offen the relays do not need to be directional and hence no PT supply is (ii) It is possible to use a set of two over current rela inst i y for protection against inter phase faulis and a separate over current relay for ground faults.GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2-51 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection L: 3.2 Differential Protection Question 76 Explain the differential protection systems of bus-bar. ICSVTU May 2015] Or Describe the differential bus bar protection, What are the limitations of this protective scheme and to what extent these can be overcome? [CSVTU Dec 2012} Differential protection : Connection diagram : Figure shows the schematic arrangement of differential (circulating current) protection to a station bus-bar. The secondary’s of CTs in the alternator load in Line 1 and Line 2 are connected in parallel. The protective relay is connected across this parallel connection. Regardless of the capacities of the various circuits, all CTs must be of the same ratio in the scheme. CT /Line-1 Alternator cy (CT = Current transformers CB = Circuit breaker Fig, Differential protection-Station bus-bar Operation : (i) In this system the currents entering and leaving the bus-bars are totalized. Under normal operating conditions the sum of these currents is zero. In other words the sum of currents entering the bus is equal to those leaving it and no current flows through the relay and it remains inoperative. (i) When fault occurs within the protective zone, the currents entering the bus will no longer be equal to those leaving it. The differential current (fault current) will flow through the relay and cause opening of generator circuit breaker and each of the line circuit breakers. Circulating current protection to bus-bar can be adopted to discriminate operation on duplicate bus-bar. Drawbacks : The main drawback of this type of differential scheme is that there may be a false operation in case of an external fault. This is due to the saturation of one of the CT of the faulted feeder. When the CT saturates, the output is reduced and the sum of all the CT secondary currents will not be zero. To overcome this difficulty, high impedance relay or biased differential scheme can be employed.2-52 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® ==— ee eererhaM nNOS? Ans. High Impedance Relay Scheme ure shows a differential protective scheme employing a high impedance relay. A sensitive dc polarized relay is used in series with a tuning circuit which makes the relay responsive only to the fundamental component of the differential (spill) current of the CTs. The tuning circuit makes the relay insensitive to de and harmonics, thereby making it more stable on heavy external faults. To prevent excessive voltages on internal faults, a non-linear resistance (thyrite) and a high set overcurrent relay, connected in series with the non-linear resistance are employed. The high set relay provides fast operation on heavy faults. Its pick-up is kept high to prevent operation on external faults. R-Sensitive de Polarised Relay Frame leakage or fault-bus protection : It is one of the most simple form of protection and is applicable to small si I_clad switchgear. This method consists of i t supporting structure its switchgear from ground, interconnecting all the framework, circuit-breaker tanks etc, and providing a single ground connection through a CT that feeds an over-current relay as illustrated schematically in figure (a). The over-current relay controls a multi-contact auxiliaryGATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 3 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection relay that trips the breakers of all circuits connected to the bus, as illustrated in figure (b). Sometimes an impedance is connected in the earth connection to limit the short-circuit current during line-to-earth fault. Also it is necessary to isolate the switchgear framework from lead cable sheaths, cable boxes and the conduit fittings so that when a leakage to the framework occurs, the only path for the leakage current is through the connection from the framework to earth. An external flashover of an entrance bushing will also improperly trip all breakers unless the bushing support is insulated from the rest of the structure and independently grounded. In case of a sectionalized bus structure, the housing of each section must be insulated from adjoining sections, and separate fault bus-relaying is provided for each section. The fault-bus scheme does not provide overlapping of protective zones around circuit breakers, and consequently supplementary relaying is required to protect the regions between bus sections. In the schematic arrangement of | fault-bus protection illustrated in 17 figure (a) the metal supporting structure or fault bus is grounded through a CT, the secondary of which is connected to an overcurrent relay. Under normal working conditions, the relay remains inoperative but fault involving a connection between a conductor and grounded supporting structure will result in current flow to ground through the fault bus, causing the relay to operate. The operation of the relay will trip all the breakers connecting equipment to the bus. Figure (b) illustrates the scheme in which the station bus-bars are ' ‘equipment supplied from a power transformer st) ABS& having star-connected secondary. A > CT is also connected in the earth Fig, (b) Frame leakage protection connection of this star-connected scheme secondary. The secondary of CT is connected to the operating coil of the check relay. Conductors Fig. (a) Metal clad switchgear schemeSwitchgear & Protection From the scheme illustrated in the figure (b) it is obvious that the multi-contact relay is energized only when both the leakage and check relay contacts are closed ie, there is an earth fault within the protected zone. However, if the earth fault occurs outside the protected zone, the earth leakage current will pass through only the earthed secondary of power transformer and the check relay contacts will close but the frame leakage relay contacts will not close and thus multi-contact trip relay will not operate. Fault-bus protection is more favourable to indoor than to outdoor installations, Certain existing installations may not be adaptable to such protection, owing to the possibility of other paths for short-circuit current to flow to ground through concrete reinforcing rods or structural steel. -54 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONg its operation. _ : Ans. For the main bus-bars in the power stations, due to their importance in the operating conditions, it is required that the disconnection must be without any delay in the case of faults. Hence it is imperative to use a differential current protection without time delay. Generators Outgoing feeders Fig (a). Schematic diagram of bus differential protection Operating principle : The protection is based on simple circulating current principle that under normal operating conditions or under external fault conditions the sum of currents entering into a busbar will be equal to the sum of currents leaving the busbar. In case the sum of these currents (for a given conductor) is not zero, it must be due to a short-circuit either a ground fault or phase to phase fault. Hence this protection scheme is applicable to both types of faults i.e., phase to phase faults as well as ground faults. Figure (a) shows the application of differential circulating current principle to 4 bus with four circuits. The CTs are inserted in each connected in phase of the incoming and outgoing feeders of the busbar and the secondary’s are connected in parallel withGATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 2-55 Generator, Transformer & Bus Bar Protection due considerations to polarity and phase and the relay operating coil is connected across the pilot wires in such a way that the summation current of secondary’s flow through it. All the CTs must be of the same ratio, regardless of the capacities of various circuits. Flow of current, in the relay is an indication of a fault within the protected zone and will initiate opening of the breakers of each generator and feeder. The main drawback of differential over-current protection is the difference in the magnetic conditions of the iron-cored CTs which may cause false operation of the relay at the time of an external fault. Even with identical CTs having large iron cores to avoid the saturation with maximum fault currents the de transient component creates problem due to its slow decay. Biasing of differential relays improves the stability considerably but does not solve the problem completely. Better discrimination between internal and external faults can be had if high impedence bus differential relay with a series resistance. Such a relay remains stable against spill current due to external faults or CTs inaccuracies. Another method of protecting busbar sections is by means of voltage differential protection, which overcomes the difficulties of iron-cored CTs. In this scheme CTs without iron cores, known as linear couplers are employed so that they have a much larger number of secondary turns than an iron-core CT. In this scheme secondary windings of CTs are connected together in series and the differential relay coil connected across them as illustrated in figure(b). Under normal operating conditions or under external fault conditions, the sum of voltage induced (proportional to the primary currents) in the secondary windings is zero but in the event of an internal fault on the busbar, the voltages of the CTs in all source circuits add to cause the flow of current through the secondary windings and the differential relay operating coil. Bus bar Fig(b). Voltage differential relaying for busbar ‘This scheme provides high speed protection for a relatively small net voltage in the differential circuit. Q00Switchgear & Protection 56 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® Last Minute Revision (LMR) 1. Phase voltage Vi. -%, and [, = 1,, (In star connection) 3 2 Vy =, and 1, = V3 1,, (In delta connection) | Generator voltage of the unprotected portion 3. eee Generator fault current = 4. Fullload current = 24/4 34-Power ‘Voltage 5. _ Barth fault current which x% winding unprotected = EMF induced in the unprotected portion of the winding Earth resistacne Earth fault current “Full Toad current : - Voltage induced ‘fs Earth impedance = —————__ Barth fault current 8. (Earthing impedance)? = (Garthing resistance)’ + (Earthing reactance)” 9. High voltage side CTs turn-ratio= Tur-ratio on low-voltage side ‘Turn-ratio of main transformer 6. Relay setting=GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® Qi Try Yourself Describe with a neat diagram a circulating-current protection scheme for a 3-phase, 1 MVA, 11 kV/400 volts delta-star transformer. If the current transformers have a nominal secondary current of 5 amps, calculate their ratios. A 3-phase 66/11 kV star-delta connected transformer is protected by Merz-price Protection System. The CTs on the LT side have a ratio of 420/5 amps. Show that the CTs on ‘the HT side will have ratio of 70:5/ V3. A 138 kV 125 MVA star connected alternator has a synchronous reactance of 1.4 p.u/phase and a negligible resistance. It is protected by a Merz-Price balanced current system which operates when the out of balance current exceeds 10% of the full load current. If the neutral point is earthed through a resistance of 2 ohms, determine what proportion of the winding is protected earth fault. ‘A 3phase 33 kV star connected alternator is to be protected using circulating current protection. The pilot wires are connected to the secondary windings of 100/5 ratio current transformer. The protective relay is adjusted to operate with an out-of-balance current of 1 amp in the pilot wires. Determine : (i) Farthing resistance which will protect 90% of the winding. (ii) The percent of the winding which would be protected if the earthing resistance is 15 ohm.GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS & Q.5 Determine the time of operation of the relays placed at location No. 1 and '2 assuming that fault current is 2000 amps, CT ratio 200/1, relay 1 set at 100% and 2 at 125% and that the relay No 1 has a time-multiplier of 0.2. The time gtading margin between the relays is 0.5 sec for discrimination. Assume the relay to have 2.2 sec IDMT characteristics. Sumer ‘L91'0= ‘SW ‘S08¢'2 = “t ‘oasz = ‘KS'R6USTSE %ooR * ai ad it Lom ster ze 3 gomsuy