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Chapter 2 Notes Igcse Edexcel Biology

This document summarizes key characteristics of living organisms and different types of eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It describes the main groups of eukaryotes as plants, animals, fungi and protists. It then describes common features of bacteria as prokaryotes. Finally, it defines pathogens as microorganisms that cause disease, listing examples of pathogenic fungi, bacteria, protists and viruses.

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79 views

Chapter 2 Notes Igcse Edexcel Biology

This document summarizes key characteristics of living organisms and different types of eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It describes the main groups of eukaryotes as plants, animals, fungi and protists. It then describes common features of bacteria as prokaryotes. Finally, it defines pathogens as microorganisms that cause disease, listing examples of pathogenic fungi, bacteria, protists and viruses.

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jhjsxwchk5
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CHAPTER 2: VARIETY OF LIVING ORGANISMS

1.1: Understand that living organisms share the following Characteristics:


LETTER DESCRIPTION
M - MOVEMENT All Living Organisms Move
R - RESPIRATION All Living Organisms will Inhale and Exhale
S - SENSITIVITY All Living Organisms will Respond to Stimuli
G - GROWTH All Living Organisms will Grow
R- All Living Organisms will Reproduce
REPRODUCTION
E - EXCRETION All Living Organisms will Excrete Waste
N - NUTRITION All Living Organisms Require Nutrition
(H-HOMEOSTASIS) (Birds and Mammals maintain a constant internal environment)

1.2: Describe the common features shared by eukaryotic organisms within the following
main groups: Plants, Animals, Fungi and Proctists
EUKARYOTES: Organisms that do have nuclei in their cells

GROUPS OF ORGANISMS

PLANTS:
 Multicellular Organisms
 Stores Carbohydrates as Starch
 Cells contain Chloroplasts; carries out photosynthesis
 Cell walls are made of Cellulose
 Example: Herbaceous Legume (eg beans and peas) and cereal (eg
maize)

ANIMALS
 Multicellular Organisms
 Stores Carbohydrates as Glycogen
 Cells DO NOT contain Chloroplasts; cannot carry out photosynthesis
 No Cell walls
 Nervous Coordination: Can move from one place to another
 Example: Mammals and Insects
FUNGI
 Both Multicellular and Unicellular
 Stores Carbohydrates as Glycogen
 Cell walls are made of Chitin
 DO NOT carry out Photosynthesis
 Multicellular fungi are organised into a Mycelium: Thread-
like structure called Hyphae, which contains many Nuclei
 They feed by extracellular secretion: Releases digestive
enzymes onto food and absorb organic products
(saprotrophic nutrition)
 Example: Mucor (multicellular)/ Yeast (unicellular)

PROCTISTS
 Microscopic Unicellular Organisms
 Example: Amoeba (similar to animal cells)
Chlorella (have chloroplast, similar to
plans)
Plasmodium (causes malaria)

1.3: Describe the common features shared by prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria
PROKARYOTES: Organisms that do not have nuclei in their cells

GROUPS OF ORGANISMS
BACTERIA
 Unicellular Organisms
 Lack in nuclei’s so has circular chromosomes of DNA
 Can also have plasmids (extra circular loops of DNA)
 Has Cell wall, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm
 SOME can carry out Photosynthesis
 Feeds by eating living or dead living organisms
 Can be rods, spirals or spheres in shape. Rod-shaped
bacteria have bacillus in their name, sphere-shaped
bacteria have coccus or cocci in their name and spiral-
shapes have helicon in their name
 Example: Lactobacillus Bulgaricus (Yoghurt Production) , Pneumococcus (causes pneumonia)
1.4: Recall the term ‘Pathogen’ and know that Pathogens may be Fungi, Bacteria,
Protoctists or Viruses
PATHOGENS: Micro-organisms that causes Diseases

COMMON PATHOGENS
FUNGI (EUKARYOTE)
 Both Multicellular and Unicellular
 Stores Carbohydrates as Glycogen
 Cell walls are made of Chitin
 DO NOT carry out Photosynthesis
 Multicellular fungi are organised into a Mycelium: Thread-
like structure called Hyphae, which contains many Nuclei
 They feed by extracellular secretion: Releases digestive
enzymes onto food and absorb organic products
(saprotrophic nutrition)
 Example: Mucor (multicellular)/ Yeast (unicellular)
BACTERIA (PROKARYOTE)
 Unicellular Organisms
 Lack in nuclei’s so has circular chromosomes of DNA
 Can also have plasmids (extra circular loops of DNA)
 Has Cell wall, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm
 SOME can carry out Photosynthesis
 Feeds by eating living or dead living organisms
 Can be rods, spirals or spheres in shape. Rod-shaped bacteria
have bacillus in their name, sphere-shaped bacteria have
coccus or cocci in their name and spiral-shapes have helicon in
their name
 Example: Lactobacillus Bulgaricus (Yoghurt Production) , Pneumococcus (causes pneumonia)
PROCTISTS (EUKARYOTE)
 Microscopic Unicellular Organisms
 Example: Amoeba (similar to animal cells)
Chlorella (have chloroplast, similar to
plants)
Plasmodium (causes malaria)

VIRUS (ACELLULAR)
 Small Particles ( smaller than Bacteria )
 Acellular – not considered to be living as they do not follow
MRS GREN
 Parasitic: can only reproduce in living Organisms
 They only reproduce infect every type of living Organisms
 They have a wide variety of shapes and sizes
 No Cellular structure but has protein coat
 Contains one type of Nucleic Acid ( RNA or DNA )
 Example: Tobacco Mosaic Virus / HIV

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