PROGRAM-1

Objective: Creating an E-R Diagram using Case Tools.

Relationship : A Relationship describes relation between entities. Relationship is represented

using diamonds or rhombus.

There are four types of relationships :

• One to one
• One to many
• Many to many
• Many to one

One to one Relationship :A one-to-one relationship is mostly used to split an entity in two to
provide information concisely and make it more understandable. The figure below shows an
example of a one-to-one relationship.

Example :

One to many Relationship :A one-to-many relationship refers to the relationship between two
entities X and Y in which an instance of X may be linked to many instances of Y, but an instance
of Y is linked to only one instance of X. The figure below shows an example of a one-to-many
relationship.

Example : Student can enroll for only one course .

KCS551 DBMS Page 7

Many-to-Many cardinality :A many-to-many relationship refers to the relationship
between two entities X and Y in which X may be linked to many instances of Y and vice
versa. The figure below shows an example of a many-to-many relationship. Note that a
many-to-many relationship is split into a pair of one-to-many relationships in a physical
Entity Relationship Diagram.

Example : Employee can assign by many projects and project can have many employees.

Many-to-one relationship:When more than one instance of the entity on the left, and
only one instance of an entity on the right associates with the relationship then it is
known as a many-to- one relationship.

Example :Student enrolls for only one course, but a course can have many students.
 PROGRAM-2
Objective: Writing SQL Statements using Oracle/MYSQL

Show Database

Commands: show databases;

The information schema in MYSQL is an information database so that we can get the output using the
show databases commands.

1. Create database
Command- create database file name;
The SQL create command used to create new SQL database.

2. USE file name

Command- use file name;
In this file name statement is used to file in SQL database.

3. Drop database
Command- drop database file name;

The drop statement use to drop existing database.

4. Create table

Command – create table file name (id int(11) primary key, name varchar(100) not null, city
varchar(50));

This statement is used to create a table in database.

5. Show table
Command- show table;

Thais statement returns a list of all tables in existing database.

6. Describe table

Command- describe table file name;

This statement shows the structure of table with data types of columns.

7. Insert Data

Command- insert into table_name

(coulmn1, coulmn2, coulmn3……column) values (value 1, value2, value3…value n);

This command used to insert data in table.

8. Select/show data

Command- select*from table name;

The * operator represent all columns of a table. This query returns all the rows and columns from the
table.

9. Update data

Command- update table_name

Set column1=value1, column2=value2, where condition;

This statement used to modify the existing records in table.

10. Delete data
Command- delete table_name
Where condition;

This statement used to delete the existing record from table.

 PROGRAM-3
Objective: Restricting and Sorting data statements using MYSQL.

Ascending

The ASC command is used to sort the data returned in ascending order.

Restricting data

Command- select*from table_name

Order by field_name ASC limit=number;

Sorting data without restrictions

Command- select*from table_name

Order by field_name ASC;
Descending order

The DESC command is used to sort data returned in descending order.

Without restriction

Command- select*from table_name

Order by field_name DESC;

With limit

Command- select*from table_name

Order by field_name desc limit=number;
 PROGRAM-4
Objective: Aggregating data using group function.

INITIAL Table

1. Count – this statement returns the number of rows that matches a specified criteria.

Command- select count(*) from table_name

Where condition;

2. SUM- this returns the total some of a numeric column.

Command- select SUM (column_name) from table_name

Where condition;

3. Average- AVG() returns the average value of a numeric column.

Command- select AVG(column_name) from table_name

Where condition;

4. MIN- MIN () return the smallest value.

Command- select MIN (column_name) from table_name

Where condition;

5. MAX- this statement returns the largest value of selected column.

Command- select MAX (column_name) from table_name

Where condition;
 PROGRAM-5
Objective: Manipulating Data.

1. Update- The update statement is used to modify the existing records in a table.

Command- update table_name

Set column1_name=value,
Coulmn2_name= value…..,
Where condition;

2. Insert- This statement is used to insert a record into the table.

Command- insert into table_name

(field1, field2,….) values (“field1”, “field2”,….);

3. Delete- The delete statement is used to delete existing records in a table.

Commands- delete from table_name

Where condition;
 PROGRAM-6
Objective: Creating and Managing tables.

1. Rename- This statement is used to change a column name.

Command- alter table table_name

Rename column old_name to new_name;

2. Alter- This statement is used to alter the table and adding a new column in the existing table.

Command- alter table table_name add column1;

3. Add- This statement is used to add a column into the existing table.

Command- ADD (<column_name><column_type>……);

 PROGRAM-7
Objective: To implement union, intersection and minus operator in MYSQL.

1. Union Operator-:

Syntax- select (column names) from table 1

select (column names) from table2

Table1: Student

Table2: course

Command-
Select marks from student
Where state=’RJ’
UNION
Select marks from course
Where state=’RJ’;

Command-
select marks from student
UNION
Select marks from course;
 2. UNION All

Syntax- select (column_name)from table1

Union all
Select (column_name) from table 2;

Command-
Select marks from student
Union all
Select marks from course;

3. Intersection:

Syntax: select (column_name) from table1

(where condition)
In select (column_name) from table 2;

Command-

Select marks from student

Where state=’UP’
In (select marks from course where state=’UP’);

4. Minus:

Syntax: select(column_name)from table 1

Where condition
Not in (select (column_name) from table2
Where condition1;

Command-

Select marks from student

Where state=’RJ’
Not in (select marks from course where state=’RJ’);