Excal 2023
Excal 2023
Excal 2023
MS-EXCEL
IT
No
id
a
Microsoft Excel is an electronic spreadsheet. You can use it to organize your data
into rows and columns. You can also use it to perform mathematical calculations
quickly. This course teaches Microsoft Excel basics as a prelude to the use of
Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software in carrying out more complex statistical
analysis. Although knowledge of how to navigate in a Windows environment is
helpful, this manual is created for the computer novice.
At the end of the course, participants are expected to know how to use Microsoft
Excel to:
This Section will introduce you to the Excel window. To begin this Section, start
Microsoft Excel 2007 as follows:
MU
IT
1.2 The Microsoft Office Button
No
In the upper-left corner of the Excel 2007 window is the Microsoft Office button.
When you click the button, a menu appears. You can use the menu to create a new
file, open an existing file, save a file, print and perform many other tasks.
id
1.3 The Quick Access Toolbar
a
Next to the Microsoft Office button is the Quick Access toolbar. The Quick Access
toolbar gives you quick access to commands you frequently use.
1.4 The Title Bar
Next to the Quick Access toolbar is the Title bar. On the Title bar, Microsoft Excel
displays the name of the workbook you are currently using. At the top of the Excel
window, you should see "Book 1 - Microsoft Excel" or a similar name.
1.5 The Ribbon
In Microsoft Excel 2007, you use the Ribbon to issue commands. The Ribbon is
located near the top of the Excel window, below the Quick Access toolbar.
If the Formula bar is turned on, the cell address of the cell you are in displays in the
Name box which is located on the left side of the Formula bar. Cell entries display
on the right side of the Formula bar.
MU
The Status bar appears at the very bottom of the Excel window and provides such
information as the sum, average, minimum, and maximum value of selected
IT
numbers.
1.9 Move Around a Worksheet
By using the arrow keys, you can move around your worksheet. You can use the
No
down arrow key to move downward one cell at a time. You can use the up arrow
key to move upward one cell at a time. You can use the Tab key to move across the
page to the right, one cell at a time. You can hold down the Shift key and then press
id
the Tab key to move to the left, one cell at a time. You can use the right and left
arrow keys to move right or left one cell at a time. The Page Up and Page Down keys
move up and down one page at a time. If you hold down the Ctrl key and then press
a
the Home key, you move to the beginning of the worksheet.
1.10 EXERCISE 1
Move around the Worksheet using the Down and Up Arrow Keys, the Right and Left
Arrow Keys, the Tab Key, the Page Up and Page Down Keys and the (Ctrl) Home Key.
1.11 Go To Cells Quickly
The following are shortcuts for moving quickly from one cell in a worksheet to a cell
in a different part of the worksheet.
1.12 EXERCISE 2
Go to -- F5
1. Press F5. The Go To dialog box opens.
If you wish to perform a function on a group of cells, you must first select those cells
by highlighting them. The exercises that follow teach you how to select.
1. Go to cell A1.
2. Press the left mouse button.
3. While holding down the left mouse button, use the mouse to move from cell
id
A1 to C5.
4. Release the left mouse button.
a
5. Hold down the Ctrl key until step 9.
6. Using the mouse, place the cursor in cell D7.
7. Press the left mouse button.
8. While holding down the left mouse button, move to cell F10. Release the left
mouse button.
9. Release the Ctrl key. Cells A1 to C5 and cells D7 to F10 are selected.
10.Press Esc and click anywhere on the worksheet to remove the highlighting.
1.15 Enter Data
In this section, you will learn how to enter data into your worksheet. First, place the
cursor in the cell in which you want to start entering data. Type some data, and
then press Enter. If you need to delete, press the Backspace key to delete one
character at a time.
6. Click the Wrap Text button . Excel wraps the text in the cell.
IT
1.21 Delete a Cell Entry
To delete an entry in a cell or a group of cells, you place the cursor in the cell or
select the group of cells and press Delete.
No
1.22 EXERCISE 7
Delete a Cell Entry
1. Select cells A1 to A2.
id
2. Press the Delete key.
1.23 Save a File
a
1. Type: Add, Subtract, Multiply, and Divide in cells A1, B1, C1, and D1
respectively
2. Type: 12, 25, 11 and 75 in cells A2, B2, C2 and D2 respectively
3. Type: 8, 13, 6 and 5 in cells A3, B3, C3 and D3 respectively
4. Type: = A2 + A3 in cell A5 and press Enter
5. Type: = B2 + B3 in cell A5 and press Enter
6. Type: = C2 + C3 in cell A5 and press Enter
7. Type: = D2 + D3 in cell A5 and press Enter
To change the order of calculation, use parentheses. Microsoft Excel calculates the
No
information in parentheses first.
1. Double-click in cell A7.
2. Edit the cell to read =(3+3+12)/2*4.
3. Press Enter.
id
Note: Microsoft Excel adds 3 plus 3 plus 12, divides the answer by 2, and then
multiplies the result by 4. The answer, 36, displays in cell A7.
a
2.4 AutoSum
You can use the AutoSum button on the Home tab to automatically add a
column or row of numbers. When you press the AutoSum button , Excel selects
the numbers it thinks you want to add. If you then click the check mark on the
Formula bar or press the Enter key, Excel adds the numbers. If Excel's guess as to
which numbers you want to add is wrong, you can select the cells you want.
MU
1. Go to cell F1.
2. Type 3.
3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
4. Type 3.
IT
5. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
6. Type 3.
7. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell to cell F4.
No
8. Choose the Home tab.
9. Click the AutoSum button in the Editing group. Excel selects cells F1
through F3 and enters a formula in cell F4.
id
a
10.Press Enter. Excel adds cells F1 through F3 and displays the result in cell F4.
Note that you can click on the arrow next to AutoSum to access other automatic
calculations like average, minimum and maximum values, count numbers, etc.
2.7 EXERCISE 4
To center cells A1 to D1:
MU
Note that left and right alignment can be carried out in a similar manner.
MU
5. Click the Paste button . Excel moves the contents of cells D9 to D12 to
cells G1 to G4.
2.9 Insert and Delete Columns and Rows
You can insert and delete columns and rows. When you delete a column, you delete
IT
everything in the column from the top of the worksheet to the bottom of the
worksheet. When you delete a row, you delete the entire row from left to right.
Inserting a column or row inserts a completely new column or row.
No
2.10 EXERCISE 5
Insert and Delete Columns and Rows
To delete columns F and G:
id
a
Whenever you type text that is too long to fit into a cell, Microsoft Excel attempts to
display all the text. It left-aligns the text regardless of the alignment you have
assigned to it, and it borrows space from the blank cells to the right. However, a
long text entry will never write over cells that already contain entries—instead, the
cells that contain entries cut off the long text. The following exercise illustrates this.
2.12 EXERCISE 6
Work with Long Text
2.16 EXERCISE 8
No
This is the end of Section 2. You can save and close your file. See Section 1
(Subsections 1.23 and 1.24) to learn how to save and close a file.
can use the SUM function to add. When using a function, remember the following:
1. Use an equal sign to begin a formula.
No
2. Specify the function name.
3. Enclose arguments within parentheses. Arguments are values on which you
want to perform the calculation. For example, arguments specify the
numbers or cells you want to add.
id
4. Use a comma to separate arguments.
Here is an example of a function:
a
=SUM(2,13,A1,B2:C7)
In this function, known as the SUM function:
1. The equal sign begins the function.
2. SUM is the name of the function.
3. 2, 13, A1, and B2:C7 are the arguments. Parentheses enclose the arguments.
4. Commas separate the arguments.
After you type the first letter of a function name, the AutoComplete list appears.
You can double-click on an item in the AutoComplete list to complete your entry
quickly. Excel will complete the function name and enter the first parenthesis.
You can use the MAX function to find the highest number in a series of numbers.
You can use the count function to count the number of numbers in a series.
No
id
a
3.9 EXERCISE 2
(a) Fill Cells Automatically
The following demonstrates filling the days of the week:
MU
10.Grab the fill handle and drag with your mouse to fill cells A1 to B14. Note how
the days of the week fill the cells in a series. Also, note that the Auto Fill
a
Options button appears.
1. Go to cell E1.
id
2. Type Section 1.
3. Grab the fill handle and drag with your mouse to highlight cells E1 to E14. The
a
cells fill in as a series: Section 1, Section 2, Section 3, and so on.
3.13 EXERCISE 4
Print Preview
IT
No
id
a
MU
1 Click on Microsoft Office Button
2 Highlight or point the mouse on Print.
3 Click on Print. The Print dialog box appears
IT
No
id
a
After you have created the worksheet, you are ready to create your chart.
.
1. Select cells A3 to D6. You must select all the cells containing the data you
want in your chart. You should also include the data labels.
2. Choose the Insert tab.
MU
3. Click the Column button in the Charts group. A list of column chart sub-types
types appears.
4. Click the Clustered Column chart sub-type. Excel creates a Clustered Column
chart and the Chart Tools context tabs appear.
IT
4.3 Apply a Chart Layout
Context tabs are tabs that only appear when you need them. Called Chart Tools,
there are three chart context tabs: Design, Layout, and Format. The tabs become
No
available when you create a new chart or when you click on a chart. You can use
these tabs to customize your chart.
4.4 EXERCISE 2
id
Apply a Chart Layout
a
3. Click the More button in the Chart Styles group. The chart styles appear.
id
a
4.8 EXERCISE 4
Change the Size and Position of a Chart
MU
IT
No
id
a
By default, when you create a chart, Excel embeds the chart in the active
worksheet. However, you can move a chart to another worksheet or to a chart
sheet. A chart sheet is a sheet dedicated to a particular chart. By default Excel
names each chart sheet sequentially, starting with Chart1. You can change the
name.
MU
IT
1. Click your chart. The Chart Tools become available.
2. Choose the Design tab.
3. Click the Move Chart button in the Location group. The Move Chart dialog
No
box appears.
id
a
MU
1. Click your chart. The Chart Tools become available.
2. Choose the Design tab.
3. Click Change Chart Type in the Type group. The Chart Type dialog box
appears.
IT
4. Click Bar.
5. Click Clustered Horizontal Cylinder.
6. Click OK. Excel changes your chart type.
No
id
a
You have reached the end of Section 4. You can save and close your file.
A B
No
1 Property Value Commission
2 100,000 7,000
3 200,000 14,000
id
4 300,000 21,000
a
5 400,000 28,000
Formula Description (Result)
=SUMIF(A2:A5,">160000",B2:B5) Sum of the commissions for
property values over 160,000
(63,000)
=SUMIF(A2:A5,">160000") Sum of the property values over
160,000 (900,000)
=SUMIF(A2:A5,"=300000",B2:B3) Sum of the commissions for
property values equal to 300,000
(21,000)
Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of all the cells in a range that meet a given
criteria.
Syntax
AVERAGEIF(range,criteria,average_range)
Criteria is the criteria in the form of a number, expression, cell reference, or text
that defines which cells are averaged. For example, criteria can be expressed as 32,
"32", ">32", "apples", or B4.
1 A B
No
2 Region Profits (Thousands)
3 East 45,678
4 West 23,789
id
5 North -4,789
7 MidWest 9,678
Counts the number of cells within a range that meet the given criteria.
Syntax: COUNTIF(range,criteria)
Criteria is the criteria in the form of a number, expression, cell reference, or text
that defines which cells will be counted. For example, criteria can be expressed as
32, "32", ">32", "apples", or B4.
Remark
MU
You can use the wildcard characters, question mark (?) and asterisk (*), in
criteria. A question mark matches any single character; an asterisk matches any
sequence of characters. If you want to find an actual question mark or asterisk,
type a tilde (~) before the character.
IT
Example 1: Common COUNTIF formulas
A B
No
1 Data Data
2 apples 32
3 oranges 54
4 peaches 75
id
5 apples 86
Formula Description (result)
a
=COUNTIF(A2:A5,"apples") Number of cells with apples in the first
column above (2)
=COUNTIF(A2:A5,A4) Number of cells with peaches in the first
column above (1)
=COUNTIF(A2:A5,A3)+COUNTIF(A2:A5,A2) Number of cells with oranges and apples in
the first column above (3)
=COUNTIF(B2:B5,">55") Number of cells with a value greater than 55
in the second column above (2)
=COUNTIF(B2:B5,"<>"&B4) Number of cells with a value not equal to 75
in the second column above (3)
=COUNTIF(B2:B5,">=32")- Number of cells with a value greater than or
COUNTIF(B2:B5,">85") equal to 32 and less than or equal to 85 in
the second column above (3)
A B
1 Data Data
2 apples Yes
3 oranges NO
4 peaches No
5
apples YeS
6
Formula Description (result)
7
=COUNTIF(A2:A7,"*es") Number of cells ending with
the letters "es" in the first
column above (4)
MU
=COUNTIF(A2:A7,"?????es") Number of cells ending with
the letters "es" and having
exactly 7 letters in the first
column above (2)
IT
=COUNTIF(A2:A7,"*") Number of cells containing
text in the first column above
(4)
No
=COUNTIF(A2:A7,"<>"&"*") Number of cells not containing
text in the first column above
(2)
id
=COUNTIF(B2:B7,"No")/ROWS(B2:B7) The average number of No
votes including blank cells in
the second column above
a
formatted as a percentage
with no decimal places (33%)
=COUNTIF(B2:B7,"Yes")/(ROWS(B2:B7)- The average number of Yes
COUNTIF(B2:B7,"<>"&"*")) votes excluding blank cells in
the second column above
formatted as a percentage
with no decimal places (50%)
NOTE You can view the number as a percentage. Select the cell, and then on the
Sheet tab in the Number group, click Percentage Style .
Logical_test is any value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or FALSE. For
example, A10=100 is a logical expression; if the value in cell A10 is equal to 100, the
expression evaluates to TRUE. Otherwise, the expression evaluates to FALSE.
Example
IT
1 A
2 Score
3 45
No
4 90
78
Formula Description (Result)
id
Returns TRUE if all its arguments are TRUE; returns FALSE if one or more argument
is FALSE.
Syntax
AND(logical1,logical2, ...)
Logical1, logical2, ... are 1 to 255 conditions you want to test that can be either
TRUE or FALSE.
Example 1
A B
1 Formula Description (Result)
2 =AND(TRUE, TRUE) All arguments are TRUE (TRUE)
MU
3 =AND(TRUE, FALSE) One argument is FALSE (FALSE)
4 =AND(2+2=4, 2+3=5) All arguments evaluate to TRUE (TRUE)
IT
Example 2
A
No
1 Data
2 50
3 104
id
Formula Description (Result)
=AND(1<A2,A2<100) Because 50 is between 1 and 100
a
(TRUE)
=IF(AND(1<A3,A3<100),A3, "The Displays the second number above,
value is out of range.") if it is between 1 and 100,
otherwise displays a message (The
value is out of range.)
=IF(AND(1<A2,A2<100),A2, "The Displays the first number above, if it
value is out of range.") is between 1 and 100, otherwise
displays a message (50)
Calculates how often values occur within a range of values, and then returns a
vertical array of numbers. For example, use FREQUENCY to count the number of
test scores that fall within ranges of scores. Because FREQUENCY returns an array, it
must be entered as an array formula.
Syntax: FREQUENCY(data_array,bins_array)
Data_array is an array of or reference to a set of values for which you want to count
frequencies. If data_array contains no values, FREQUENCY returns an array of zeros.
Bins_array is an array of or reference to intervals into which you want to group the
values in data_array. If bins_array contains no values, FREQUENCY returns the
number of elements in data_array.
Remarks
FREQUENCY is entered as an array formula after you select a range of
MU
adjacent cells into which you want the returned distribution to appear.
The number of elements in the returned array is one more than the number
of elements in bins_array.
Example
IT
A B
1 Scores Bins
2 79 70
No
3 85 79
4 78 89
5 85
id
6 50
7 81
8 95
a
9 88
10 97
Formula Description (Result)
=FREQUENCY(A2:A10,B2:B4) Number of scores less than or equal to 70 (1)
Number of scores in the bin 71-79 (2)
Number of scores in the bin 80-89 (4)
Number of scores greater than or equal to 90 (2)
NOTE The formula in the example must be entered as an array formula. After
copying the example to a blank worksheet, select the range A12:A15, press F2, and
then press CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER. If the formula is not entered as an array formula,
there will be only one result in cell A12 (1).
Returns values along a linear trend. Fits a straight line (using the method of least
squares) to the arrays known_y's and known_x's. Returns the y-values along that
line for the array of new_x's that you specify.
Syntax
TREND(known_y's,known_x's,new_x's,const)
New_x's are new x-values for which you want TREND to return corresponding
id
y-values.
New_x's must include a column (or row) for each independent variable, just as
a
known_x's does. So, if known_y's is in a single column, known_x's and new_x's
must have the same number of columns. If known_y's is in a single row,
known_x's and new_x's must have the same number of rows.
If you omit new_x's, it is assumed to be the same as known_x's.
If you omit both known_x's and new_x's, they are assumed to be the array
{1,2,3,...} that is the same size as known_y's.
4 3 $135,790
5 4 $137,300
6 5 $138,130
IT
7 6 $139,100
8 7 $139,900
9 8 $141,120
No
10 9 $141,890
11 10 $143,230
12 11 $144,000
id
13 12 $145,290
Month Formula (Predicted Cost)
a
13 =TREND(B2:B13,A2:A13,A15:A19)
14
15
16
17
NOTE The formula in the example must be entered as an array formula. After
copying the example to a blank worksheet, select the range C2:C13 or B15:B19
starting with the formula cell. Press F2, and then press CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER. If the
formula is not entered as an array formula, the single results are 133953.3333 and
146171.5152.
NOTE: The Excel Functions discussed in Section 5 are only a few of the numerous Excel
a
Functions available in Microsoft Office 2007. More assistance and exposure can be
obtained through the Microsoft Excel Help (F1)
For Training and Software Installation, kindly contact our Chief Consultant:
Fmr. Director
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Centre
Federal University of Technology, Owerri (FUTO)