EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION

Dr. Khalil Ismail Khalil Yousef

Assoc. Prof., Electrical Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Eng., Assiut University
[email protected]
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
WHAT IS AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM?
Display
A/D Converter Information
Sample & Hold Processing
D/A Converter

(Physical)
Sensors Environment Actuators
EXAMPLE: IRRIGATION CONTROL SYSTEM
WHAT IS EMBEDDED SYSTEM?
 An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated
function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often
with real-time computing constraints.
 It is embedded as part of a complete device often including
hardware and mechanical parts.
EMBEDDED SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
 Embedded systems have minimal requirements for memory and
program size and need to communicate with simple I/Os.
 Keyboards, screens, disks, printers are rarely needed by an
embedded system, but simple displays.
 Microcontrollers are usually dedicated to one task and run one
specific program.
 A TYPICAL EMBEDDED SYSTEM
1. Microcontroller (MCU)
2. Memory
3. Display Unit
4. Input devices
5. Sensors
6. …etc

The most important item (sub-block)

of the embedded system is its MCU as
it handles the whole data and executes
the instructions set.
MICROCONTROLLER (MCU)
 HISTORY
1971 : Texas Instrument calculator-on-a-chip TMS 1000, which was a
4-bit microcontroller with built-in ROM and RAM.
1976 : Intel 8048 was one of Intel's first microcontrollers.
1980 : Intel 8051 followed in and became one of the most popular
microcontroller families.
1996 : ATmel AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use
on-chip flash memory for program storage.
ADVANTAGES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1. Cheap.
2. Very small in size.
3. Programming of Microcontrollers is simple to learn.
4. Ability to simulate project before implementation.

HARDWARE
MAJOR MARKET
1. Texas Instruments
2. Microchip
3. ATmel Corporation
4. Renesas Electronics Corporation
5. Intel Corporation
6. STMicroelectronics
7. Freescale Semiconductor
COURSE OBJECTIVES
By the end of this course, you should be familiar with the microcontrollers
and embedded systems basic architectures, features, and programming.
The main objectives of this course are: learning and understanding basics of:
1. Embedded systems
2. Microcontrollers’architectures
3. Programming of microcontrollers
4. Designing simple embedded systems
5. Linking various concepts of electronics and circuits
within the embedded systems framework.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Getting Started with Embedded Systems
- µP vs. µC
2. Embedded Systems and the ATMega16 (AVR- Atmel)
3. Starting to Program – Introduction to C and Programming
4. Parallel Ports, General I/O Ports and the Clock Oscillator
5. Memories Mapping
6. Utilization of Interrupts, Counters, and Timers
7. Data Acquisition and Manipulation (A/D Converters)
8. Serial Data (Communication Modules)
9. Sensors and Actuators
10. Projects
TEXTBOOK AND REFERENCES
 Text book
1. Tim Wilmshurst, Designing Embedded Systems with PIC
Microcontrollers: Principles and Applications, Newnes,
2007.
2. Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Sarmad Naimi, and Sepehr Naimi.
AVR microcontroller and embedded systems: using
assembly and C. Prentice Hall Press, 2010.
 References
1. Tim Wilmshurst, An Introduction to the Design of Small-
Scale Embedded Systems, Palgrave, 2001.
2. Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Rolin D. McKinlay, and Danny
Causey. PIC microcontroller and embedded systems: using
Assembly and C for PIC18, 2008.
EMBEDDED OVERVIEW

 Definition of Embedded Systems

 Examples
 Computer Essentials
 Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
 Embedded system is a system that has a build-in computer that
enable the system from performing specific task.
 A computerized system that is embedded into an piece of
equipment or a machine to control it. (Embedded computer)

 Examples:
In most electric/electronic equipment:
Refrigerator, Modern cars,
Washing machines, …etc.
MODERN LIFE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
 You may be surprised to know that these unexpected systems also
contain Embedded Systems ESs.
 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS FOR SAFETY
 Today’s vehicles are complex and employ smart mechanisms that
contain many different embedded systems that are designed to
help drivers control a car and ensure road safety.
 In LEXUS LS-460 (released in Sep.,
2006), there are more than 100
ECUs embedded when all optional
equipment are installed.
 In remote sites, safety is an
important issue to assure, embedded
systems would represent the most
convenient solution for production
side safety monitoring.
ELECTRONICS VS. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
 The basic advantage of using Microcontrollers upon the
Electronics (Hardware only) is that the first one makes the
functionality of the program determined by the Software.
 Usually with high speed and low cost.
# Hardware Software
Design Cost High Medium
Speed High Medium
Modifications Hard Easy
Maintainability Hard Easy
Time to market Long short
Cost High Low
COMPUTERS VS. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Computer (PC or laptop) is a computer that can r un a very wide
range of applications.
 End User can control running applications.

Embedded System is a computer that can run

for only specific tasks.
 End User (usually) has no control on what
is running.
 COMPUTERS VS. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Applications Application(s)

Operating System Operating System

Firmware Firmware Application Firmware

Hardware Hardware Hardware

Computer Complex Embedded Simple Embedded

(PC or laptop) Computer Computer
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS HARDWARE
Microcontroller which contain:
 Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O Devices, Memories,
Ports, … etc.
 All on single chip or System On Chip (SOC).
ADDED FEATURES OF µC OVER µP

Microcontroller which contain:

 Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O Devices, Memories,
Ports, … etc.
 All on single chip or System On Chip (SOC).
µC VS. µP

# Micro-controller Micro-processor
Cost Cheap Expensive
Speed Slow (in MHz Range) Fast (in GHz Range)
Purpose Special General
Dependency Single Chip has almost all Need external components to be
components able to interact
Resources Limited Unlimited
Access Time to Memory Low High
Power Consumption Low Very High
MICROCONTROLLER FAMILIES
 68H12: Motorola 68H11, 68HC12, …
 8051: Intel 8051, 8052, 80251,…
 PIC: Microchip PIC16F628, 18F452, 16F877, …
 AVR: Atmel ATmega128, ATtiny28L, AT90S8515,…
CISC VS. RISK
 Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
CISC VS. RISK
 Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
CISC VS. RISK
 Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
CISC VS. RISK
 Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
CISC VS. RISK
 RISC vs. CISC Comparison
INTRODUCTION TO ATMEL AVR

 ATmel Corporation is a manufacturer of semiconductors,

founded in 1984.
 ATmel introduced the first 8-bit flash microcontroller in 1993,
based on the 8051 core.
 In 1996, a design office was started in Norway to work on the
AVR series of products.
INTRODUCTION TO ATMEL AVR

 AVR might stand for:

• Advanced Virtual RISC processor, or
• Alf and Vegard RISC processor.
 The basic architecture of AVR was designed by two students Alf-
Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan, and then was bought and
developed by Atmel in 1996.
 The AVR is a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC single
chip microcontroller which was developed by Atmel in 1996.
 FAMILIAR WITH THE AVR PART NUMBERS
ATmega128

ATmel Mega Group Flash = 128 K

ATtiny44 AT90S8515

ATmel Tiny Group Flash = 4 K ATmel Classic Group Flash = 8 K

ATMEGA128 SPECIFICATIONS
• 64 pin device.
• 53 Programmable I/O Lines.
• Advanced RISC Architecture.
• 128 Kbytes of Flash Program memory.
• 4 Kbytes EEPROM + 4 Kbytes Internal SRAM.
• 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers.
• Two 8-bit,Two 16-bit Timer/Counters.
• External and Internal Vectored Interrupt Sources.
ATMEGA16 SPECIFICATIONS
• 40 pin device.
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines.
• Advanced RISC Architecture.
• 16 Kbytes of Flash Program memory.
• 512 bytes EEPROM
• 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers.
• Two 8-bit, One 16-bit Timer/Counters.
• External and Internal Vectored Interrupt Sources.
ATMEGA16 BLOCK DIAGRAM
DESIGN LIFE CYCLE FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES/METHODS
ASSEMBLY VS. C LANGUAGES

Assembly C
• One instruction = one • One instruction = many
machine code instruction. machine code instructions.
• Machine specific, machine- • Portable, task-oriented. Deals
oriented. Deals with Registers with variables.
and Memory-locations.
• Less easy to write and debug. • More English-like.
• An instruction deals with at • An instruction can have many
most 2 operands. operands.
 ARDUINO

 Arduino is an open-source platform based on flexible, easy-to-use

hardware and software. It’s intended for hobbyists. But it is NOT a
good standard to benefit from the power of embedded electronics.
 Good practice for writing a program is to create modular pieces of
code, and not writing everything in one long file ‘spaghetti code’,
with definitions of variables everywhere and nowhere.
 The Arduino is great ‘programming fastfood': easily available, quick result
and sometimes quite tasty. But it isn’t suitable for educating ‘how to
program’or ‘getting performance out of microcontrollers’.
 C is a lot faster and a lot more memory economic than arduino.