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Characteristics of Analog Signal

The document discusses characteristics of analog and digital signals. It describes amplitude, period, and frequency as key characteristics of analog signals. Amplitude refers to the height of the signal, period is the time to complete one cycle, and frequency is the number of cycles per second. It then discusses characteristics of digital signals, including bit interval, which is the time for one bit, and bit rate, which is the number of bits per second. The document concludes by providing a block diagram of a digital signal processing system, outlining the key components and steps involved in processing an analog signal digitally.

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Mostafa Elngar
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462 views4 pages

Characteristics of Analog Signal

The document discusses characteristics of analog and digital signals. It describes amplitude, period, and frequency as key characteristics of analog signals. Amplitude refers to the height of the signal, period is the time to complete one cycle, and frequency is the number of cycles per second. It then discusses characteristics of digital signals, including bit interval, which is the time for one bit, and bit rate, which is the number of bits per second. The document concludes by providing a block diagram of a digital signal processing system, outlining the key components and steps involved in processing an analog signal digitally.

Uploaded by

Mostafa Elngar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Characteristics of analog signal

1. Amplitude
1. Amplitude of a signal refers to the height of the signal.
2. It is equal to the vertical distance from a given point on the waveform to
the horizontal axis.
3. The maximum amplitude of a sine wave is equal to the highest value it
reaches on the vertical axis as shown in figure.

(iv) Amplitude is measured in volts, amperes or watts depending on the type of


signal. A volt is used for voltage, ampere for current and watts for power.
2. Period

(i) Period refers to the amount of time in which a signal completes one cycle.
(ii) It is measured in seconds.
(iii) Other units used to measure period are millisecond (10-3 sec.) microsecond
(10-6 sec), nanosecond (10-9 sec) and picoseconds (10-12 sec).
3. Frequency
(i) It refers to the number of wave patterns completed in a given period of time.
(ii) To be more precise, frequency refers to number of periods in one second or
number of cycles per second.
(iii) Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz)
(iv) Other units used to express frequency are kilohertz (10 3 Hz) Megahertz
(106 Hz), gigahertz (109 Hz) and terahertz (1012 Hz).
(v) Frequency and period are the inverse of each other. Period is the inverse of
frequency and frequency is the inverse of period.
Characteristics of digital signal

1. Bit interval
It is the time required to send one single bit
2. Bit rate
(i) It refers to the number of bit intervals in one second.
(ii) Therefore bit rate is the number of bits sent in one second as shown in fig.
(iii)Bit rate is expressed in bits per second (bps).
(iv)Other units used to express bit rate are Kbps, Mbps and Gbps.
1 kilobit per second (Kbps) = 1,000 bits per second
1 Megabit per second (Mbps) = 1,000,000 bits per second
1 Gigabit per second (Gbps) = 1,000,000,000 bits per second
Block diagram of analog signal
Block diagram of digital signal
Block diagram of a DSP system

Block diagram of a digital signal processing system (DSP)

 The first step is to get an electrical signal. The transducer (in our
case, a microphone) converts sound into an electrical signal. You
can use any transducer depending upon the case.
 Once you have an analog electrical signal, we pass it through an
operational amplifier (Op-Amp) to condition the analog signal.
Basically, we amplify the signal. Or limit it to protect the next
stages.
 The anti-aliasing filter is an essential step in the conversion of
analog to a digital signal. It is a low-pass filter. Meaning, it allows
frequencies up to a certain threshold to pass. It attenuates all
frequencies above this threshold. These unwanted frequencies
make it difficult to sample an analog signal.
 The next stage is a simple analog-to-digital converter (ADC). This
unit takes in analog signals and outputs a stream of binary digits.
 The heart of the system is the digital signal processor. These days
we use CMOS chips (even ULSI) to make digital signal
processors. In fact, modern processors, like the Cortex M4 have
DSP units built inside the SoC. These processor units have high-
speed, high data throughputs, and dedicated instruction sets.
 The next stages are sort of the opposite of the stages preceding the
digital signal processor.
 The digital-to-analog converter does what its name implies. It’s
necessary for the slew rate of the DAC to match the acquisition
rate of the ADC.
 The smoothing filter is another low-pass filter that smoothes the
output by removing unwanted high-frequency components.
 The last op-amp is just an amplifier.
 The output transducer is a speaker in our case. You can use
anything else according to your requirements.

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