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Design and Analysis of MIMO Patch Antenna for 5G Wireless Communication

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Article in International Journal of Computer Networks and Communications · July 2022

DOI: 10.5121/ijcnc.2022.14403

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 International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.14, No.4, July 2022

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MIMO

PATCH ANTENNA FOR 5G WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Pallavi H. V1*, A P Jagadeesh Chandra 2 and Paramesha3
1*
Department of ECE, Government Engineering College, Haasan, Karnataka, India
2
Department of ECE, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology
Chikkamagalur, Karnataka, India
3
Department of ECE, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless
communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to
enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the
performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as
substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has
obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA
and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative
analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system
compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.

KEYWORDS
Wireless communication, Bandwidth, Radiation efficiency, Antennas, Microstrip patch antenna (MPA).

1. INTRODUCTION
In this digital communication environment, the evolution of the communication has rapidly
developed from telegraphy to wired and after that the radio frequency waves are successfully sent
and received that is introduced by G.Marconi in 1901. This evolution is known as wireless
communication and still they are developing based on the usage of this communication in normal
life [1]. This wireless communication also faced various generations from the analog
transmission that is called first generation (1G) to digital transmission based on internet protocol
(IP) which is called fourth generation (4G). The current communication is in 4G and the usage of
this generation is rapidly increased due to the development of technologies. While usages are
increasing, the speed of the 4G data is dropping gradually in the peak hours and it makes the data
sharing process very complex for the end user. This event is generating a huge demand for the
communication system that requires large number of traffics in future.

Therefore, the digital communication environment is looking forward for the next generation of
communication system which is called fifth generation (5G) [2]. The main goal of this generation
development is the user endured data should in the speed of 100Mb/s, the area traffic capacity
should in 106device/km2, peak data rate should in 20 Gb/s, latency should in 1ms, and forward
compatible for the efficient future evolution [3]. The 5G communication system is not a lone
technology rather than it is an ecosystem of the wireless communication. For this 5G

DOI: 10.5121/ijcnc.2022.14403 41
 International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.14, No.4, July 2022
communication, Millimeter wave is mostly suggested due to its extremely high frequencies and
the frequency of above 30GHz to 300GHz [4].

The basic communication system contains transmitter, receiver, and medium. In the
communication system, the radio frequencies are transmitted from transmitter to receiver by
utilizing the medium. Here, the device which is used to transmit or receiver is called as antenna.
Therefore, antenna is playing a significant role for the wireless communication system. Antennas
require appropriate design based on their applications to perform efficiently and the performance
of the antenna is defined by the parameters [5]. Many parameters exist, for this work most
significant parameters used such as gain, return loss, VSWR, bandwidth, Mutual coupling, and
radiation pattern [6]. Gain is playing an important role in the antenna parameter which is defined
as the strength of sent or received radio frequency signals in a particular direction. Return loss of
the antenna is calculated to discover the ratio of the reflected frequencies to the applied
frequencies. Therefore, the value of the return loss in an antenna must be less. VSWR (Voltage
standing wave ratio) is utilized to calculate the efficiency of the transmitted radio frequency
power in antenna. For the good antenna design, the value of the VSWR should be maintained
between 1to2. Bandwidth measures the range of frequencies between which the antenna can
properly transmit or receive the radio frequencies. The electromagnetic interactions between the
elements of antenna are defined as the mutual coupling [7] [8]. This also need to be obtained as
much as less for the good antenna. Radiation pattern of the antenna is representing the energy
radiated from the antenna [15] [16].

Motivation and objectives

Compared to other feeding techniques, microstrip line feeding is easy for manufacturing and
placing over the substrate. Most of the array antennas contain two types of ports such as Single
input single output (SISO) and Multi input multi output (MIMO). Still, MIMO is commonly
utilized for the wireless communication because it can able to give 120 Mbps data speed which is
five times faster than the SISO. It also covers the maximum area and gives better noise power
ratio by increasing the range of antenna’s frequency. From the above detailed explanation about
the antenna communication for 5G, this work is proposing an ovel microstrip patch antenna
design with circular array for millimeter wave wireless communication. Here, the performance of
the antenna is enhanced by utilizing MIMO for the substrate material, RT-Duroid 5880 used. The
proposed antenna design is compared with two other designs such as single element and 2x2
rectangular array patch antenna for evaluating its performance.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY
In this section, some recent literatures which focused research on design of microstrip patch
antenna are reviewed. Nam Kim et al [9] had presented the design and realization of low-profile
wideband Circularly Polarized (CP) patch antenna based on metasurface for 5G communication
framework. In the approach, between the ground plane and an array of 4 × 4 symmetrical square
ring Metasurface a modified patch was sandwiched. The proposed scheme achieved wide
bandwidth from 24 to 34.1 GHz. R. Ahila Priyadharshini et al [10] had proposed half-mode
substrate integrated waveguide abbreviated as HMSIW and double band substrate integrated
waveguide abbreviated as SIW. The authors had received an aggregate of two SIW cavities of
different dimensions via coupling window by the proposed antenna. Because of the proposed
scheme, the authors had improved the radiation efficiency and gain performance. Duy Hai
Nguyen et al [11] had proposed a single polarization, 4×4 microstrip patch antenna array,
performing at Ka–band. The array of antenna was performed by an integrated microstrip network
utilizing feeding probes. This proposed approach achieved high suppression of sidelobe and
cross-polarization. Kuo-Sheng Chin et al [12] had proposed a wide-beam microstrip patch
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 International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.14, No.4, July 2022
antenna as well as antenna array ranging from 77 to 81 GHz. Two I-shaped parasitic elements
were positioned near to the major patch for establishing a three-element subarray. Results of the
article showed that the proposed design achieved 10.74 dBi gain and wide beamwidth of 138 0 at
79 GHz. Ayman Ayd R. Saad, Hesham A. Mohamed [13] had presented a broadband mm-wave
MIMO antenna framework for 5G networks. The radiation characteristics were improved by
integrating the EBG reflector into the antenna system. The proposed antenna design achieved
high isolation ranging from 22.5 to beyond 50 GHz. Ahmed Abdelaziz and Ehab K. I. Hamad
[14] had presented a slotted complementary split-ring resonator and the theory of characteristic
modes based a compact 5G MIMO microstrip antenna with isolation improvement. The filtering
characteristics of the band-gap structure were illustrated by introducing the dispersion diagram
analysis. Form the implementation results, the authors confirmed that the element of proposed
antenna was isolated with −54 dB at 28 GHz.

3. DESIGN PARAMETERS OF PROPOSED MPA

The basic microstrip patch antenna has patch, substrate, ground plane and feed line and these
portion’s geometrical designs are calculated by utilizing the Maxwell equation. These equations
are introduced by Maxwell who combined the theory of magnetism and electricity. For the
design, RT-Duroid 5880 material is used as substrate which has the dielectric constant value 𝜀𝑟 as
2.2 and the thickness of the substrate ℎ is 0.5mm. Every antenna requires the resonance frequency
for the process and the proposed work is utilizing 35GHz as the resonance frequency which is
more preferable for the 5G wireless communication. The design parameters of the patch antenna
are evaluated by utilizing following equations.

The width of the patch is calculated by utilizing the equation,

𝑐
𝑊𝑝 = (1)
(𝜀 +1)
2𝑓𝑟 √ 𝑟
2

Here, 𝑊𝑝 is representing the patchwidth, 𝑐 is representing the speed of light which has value 3 ×
108 , the resonance frequency is denoted as 𝑓𝑟 , and 𝜀𝑟 is representing the dielectric constant value.

The length of the patch is given by,

𝐿𝑝 = 𝐿𝑝𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 2∆𝐿𝑝 (2)

Where, the effective length of the patch is denoted as 𝐿𝑝𝑒𝑓𝑓 and ∆𝐿𝑝 representing the extension
length of patch. The extension of patch length is formed due to the electrical distribution over the
antenna. The effective patch length 𝐿𝑝𝑒𝑓𝑓 and the extension of the patch length ∆𝐿𝑝 are derived
by applying the following equations,
𝑐
𝐿𝑝𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (3)
2𝑓𝑟 √𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑊
(𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 +0.3)( 𝑝 +0.264)
ℎ
∆𝐿𝑝 = 0.412ℎ 𝑊 (4)
(𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 −0.258)( 𝑝 +0.8)
ℎ

Where, ℎ is representing substrate thickness, effective dielectric constant is denoted as 𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 and
it is calculated by utilizing the below equation,

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 International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.14, No.4, July 2022
−1⁄2
𝜀𝑟 +1 𝜀𝑟 −1 ℎ
𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = + [1 + 12 ] (5)
2 2 𝑊𝑝

The length of the substrate is estimated by the following equation,

𝐿𝑔 = 6ℎ + 𝐿𝑝 (6)

Where, the length of the substrate is denoted as 𝐿𝑔 .

Substrate’s width is given by,

𝑊𝑔 = 6ℎ + 𝑊𝑝 (7)

Where, the width of the substrate is represented by 𝑊𝑔 .Here, the length and width of the ground
plane is also considered same as that of substrate length and width to progress the performance.
The length of the microstrip feed line,
1
𝐿𝑓 = 𝜆𝑔 (8)
4

Where, the length of the microstrip feed line is represented as 𝐿𝑓 , guided wave length is denoted
as 𝜆𝑔 and it is estimated by implementing the below equation,

𝜆
𝜆𝑔 = (9)
√𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓

Here, 𝜆 is denoted as the wavelength and it is derived by the below given equation,
𝑐
𝜆= (10)
𝑓𝑟

The feed line width,

7.48×ℎ
𝑊𝑓 = 𝜀 +1.41 − 1.25 × 𝑡 (11)
(𝑍0 √ 𝑟 )
𝑒 87

Where, 𝑊𝑓 is representing the width of the feed line, 𝑍0 is representing the impedance value, and
𝑡 is representing the trace thickness.

For this design, 𝑍0 is taken as 50Ω and trace thickness is taken as 0.0175mm which is the
standard trace thickness for the microstrip patch antenna. With the help of the above equations,
the designing parameters are calculated and the values which are obtained in the calculation that
is optimized to enhance the performance of the patch antenna. The obtained designing parameters
are depicted in the table1.

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 International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.14, No.4, July 2022
Table1. Obtained and optimized values of design parameters

Obtained values from Optimized values for

Design parameters Description
calculation (mm) performance(mm)
𝑊𝑝 Width of patch 3.386 3.62
𝐿𝑝 Length of patch 2.551 2.45
𝑊𝑔 Width of substrate and
5.49 6
ground plane
Length of substrate and
𝐿𝑔 4.65 6
ground plane
𝑊𝑓 Width of feed line 0.46 0.46
𝐿𝑓 Length of feed line 1.57 1.57

The above-mentioned optimized values (table1) are applied for the microstrip patch antenna
design to attain efficient results. The utilization of these parameters for the design of proposed
microstrip patch antenna is described clearly in the following sections.

4. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MPA

The design and analysis for the three types of microstrip patch antenna (MPA) such as Single
element MPA, 2x2 rectangular array based MPA, and circular array based MPA are described in
this section. The circular array based MPA can be used for 5G wireless communication. The
whole design analysis process is conducted in High-Frequency Structure Simulation (HFSS)
which is the platform of ANSYS software. The designed antennas are validated by attaining the
parameters such as Gain, Return loss, Mutual coupling, VSWR, and Bandwidth. The parameter
values of three MPA designs are compared to find the efficient antenna for the 5G wireless
communication. The copper material with 0.0175mm is utilized for the patch and ground plane.
The resonance frequency for these three-antenna designs is taken as 35GHz which is best for the
5G wireless communication.

4.1. Design of single element MPA

In this section, single element MPA is designed and validated by attaining the validation
parameters such as Gain, return loss, mutual coupling, VSWR, and bandwidth. Single element
antenna contains single patch and single feed line which are utilized as the transmitter or receiver.
The antenna geometry is utilizing the optimized parameters for the single element MPA design.
The figure1 shows the 2D design for the designed single element MPA an d figure2 shows the 3D
design for the single element MPA.

Fig.1 2D design of single element MPA Fig.2 3D design of single element MPA

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 International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.14, No.4, July 2022
At first, the substrate is designed in the HFSS by utilizing the optimized design parameters and
the property of the substrate is selected in the solids which are presented in the HFSS. Then the
patch and feed line are designed as per the optimized parameters over the one side of the
substrate and the other side is covered by the ground plane. Then port design is in appropriate
location. Finally, the radiation box is designed with 15mm length, 15mmwidth, and 8mm height
which are randomly selected. After the completion of design portion, the boundaries are assigned
for the analysis process. Patch, feed line and ground plane are assigned as perfect E and the
radiation box is assigned for the radiation boundary. The port is assigned as the lumped port
excitations and the full port impedance value is set as 50Ω. Finally, the analysis setup is
proceeded for the simulation process and this setup is called as sweep. Here, the frequency is set
to 35GHz and the maximum number of passes is set as 20.

4.2. Design of 2x2 rectangular array

In this section, the structure of 2x2 rectangular array design for the microstrip patch antenna is
designed and analysed. The design parameters are similar as the single element MPA, but it has
four patches, four ports and four feed lines. Here, MIMO design structure is implemented for this
2x2 rectangular array design. These patches and feed lines are located in 2x2 rectangular array
formation over the substrate. Due to the increase in number of patches, the substrate length and
width is increased from 6mm to 12mm respectively. Similarly, the ground plane length and width
also changed from 6mm to 12mm respectively. The radiation box is designed with 20mm length,
20mm width, and 10mm height. Here, two patches placed in nearby with 0° of rotation and the
other two patches are placed on top side of the located patches with the rotation of 90° as shown
in figure3. In figure 4, the 3D view of the designed 2x2 rectangular array MPA.

Fig.3 2D design for the 2x2 rectangular MPA array Fig.4. 3D design for the 2x2 rectangular MPA array

Here, the design and analysis setup steps are similar to the single element MPA instead of the
array steps. When designing the 2x2 rectangular array, the patches and feed lines are placed over
the substrate as shown in figure 4.

4.3. Design of circular array MPA

This section describes the details about designing methods for the proposed circular array MPA.
Here, also the same design parameters are used which are already utilized for the single element
MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA. It also has four patches, four feed lines, and four ports.
The dimensions of the substrate and the ground is remaining similar as 2x2 rectangular array. The
radiation box of the circular array MPA design is same as 2x2 rectangular array MPA. The

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 International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.14, No.4, July 2022
patches are located as shown in figure 5 and the 3D view of the proposed circular array MPA is
shown in figure 6.

Fig.5. 2D design for the novel circular array MPA Fig.6. 3D design for the novel circular array MPA

The design of circular array structure is located over the substrate as shown in figure 5. The steps
similar to the 2x2 rectangular array MPA. The MIMO design structure is implemented and each
patch is located in various angles of rotations such as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°. Analysis setups are
done as per the single element and 2x2 rectangular array MPA setups. The impedance value of
each port is taken as 50Ω and the simulation is run for the analysis.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1. Performance analysis of single element MPA

In sweep setup, the distribution of the frequency is set as linear count and the start and end of the
frequency range is set between 28GHz to 42GHz. At last, the single element MPA design is
analysed by running the simulation. The obtained results are showed in the table 2.

Table 2. The obtained results from the analysis of single element MPA

Resonance Radiation
Return loss Bandwidth
frequency Gain (dB) VSWR efficiency
(dB) (GHz)
(GHz) (abs)

1.9(35.7–
35 8.1 -34.5 1.18 1.02
33.8GHz)

From the table2, the obtained gain value for the single element MPA is 8.1dB, the return loss for
the single element MPA is obtained as -34.5dB, the VSWR value is 1.18, and the Bandwidth of
the single element MPA obtained is 1.9GHz (35.7–33.8GHz). The radiation efficiency is
obtained in 1.02abs. Return loss graph is shown in figure 7. As shown in the figure single
element MPA attained -10dB return loss and 35GHz bandwidth.

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 International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.14, No.4, July 2022

Fig 7. The rectangular plot for the Return Loss of the single element MPA

The VSWR graph for the single element MPA is shown in figure 8. As shown in the figure single
element MPA attains 1.18dB VSWR.

Fig 8. The rectangular plot for the VSWR of the single element MPA

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 International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.14, No.4, July 2022

(a) (b)
Fig 9. Radiation pattern for the single element MPA, (a) E-plane, (b) H-plane.

The radiation pattern is shown in figure 9. As shown in the radiation pattern of the E-plane is
plotted by setting the theta value in all and the phi value in 0° and for the H-plane, the theta value
remains same and the phi value is changed to 90°.

5.2. Performance analysis of 2x2 rectangular array MPA

The analysis and sweep settings are setup same as single element MPA and each port of the patch
has the same impedance value which was taken for single element MPA. Finally, the simulation
is run for obtaining the results and the obtained results are tabulated in table 3

Table 3. The obtained results from the analysis of 2x2 rectangular array MPA

Resonance Mutual Radiation

Return loss Bandwidth
frequency Gain (dB) VSWR coupling efficiency
(dB) (GHz)
(GHz) (dB) (abs)

1.9(35.3–
35 8.4 -33.9 1.6 -23.05 1.02
33.4GHz)

From the table 3, the gain for the 2x2 rectangular array MPA is obtained as 8.4dB, the return loss
is obtained as -33.9dB, the bandwidth is attained as 1.9GHz (35.3–33.4GHz), the VSWR for this
array obtained is 1.6 and the mutual coupling attained is -23.05dB. The radiation efficiency of the
designed 2x2 rectangular MPA array 1.02. The obtained return loss is plotted in figure 10. As
shown in the figure, the 2x2 rectangular array MPA obtains -33.9dB return loss.

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 International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.14, No.4, July 2022

Fig 10. The rectangular plot for the Return Loss of the 2x2 rectangular array MPA

The VSWR, mutual coupling, and radiation pattern for the 2x2 rectangular array MPA are shown
in Figures11,12 and 13 respectively. As shown in figure 11, the 2x2 rectangular array MPA
attains 1.6dB VSWR. As shown in figure 12, 2x2 rectangular array MPA obtains -23dB mutual
coupling.

Fig 11. The rectangular plot for the VSWR of the 2x2 rectangular array MPA

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 International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.14, No.4, July 2022

Fig 12. The rectangular plot for the Mutual coupling of the 2x2 rectangular array MPA

(a) (b)
Fig 13. Radiation pattern for the 2x2 rectangular array MPA, (a)E-plane, (b)H-plane.

Where the steps utilized for attaining the radiation pattern of single element MPA are also
utilized for attaining the radiation pattern of 2x2 rectangular array MPA.

5.3. Performance analysis of the proposed circular array MPA

The obtained values are tabulated in table 4.

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 International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.14, No.4, July 2022
Table 4. The results of the proposed circular array MPA

Resonance Mutual Radiation

Return loss Bandwidth
frequency Gain (dB) VSWR coupling efficiency
(dB) (GHz)
(GHz) (dB) (abs)

2(35.7–
35 8.8 -41.9 1.19 -26.82 1.02
33.7GHz)

From the table4, the gain obtained for the circular array MPA is 8.8dB, the return loss for this
array structure is obtained as -41.9dB, The VSWR is maintained as 1.19, the mutual coupling for
this array structure obtained is -26.82 and the bandwidth is obtained as 2GHz (35.7–33.7GHz).
The radiation efficiency also obtained in 1.02abs. The return loss is shown in figure14. As shown
in the figure, the proposed circular array MPA attains -41.dB return loss.

Fig14. The rectangular plot for the Return Loss of the proposed circular array MPA

In figure15, the VSWR rectangular plot for the circular array MPA is shown. As shown in the
figure, the proposed circular array MPA achieves 1.19dB VSWR. The Mutual coupling plot is
shown in figure16. As depicted in the figure, the proposed circular array MPA obtains -26dB of
mutual coupling. The radiation pattern for the circular array MPA is shown in figure 17.

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International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.14, No.4, July 2022

Fig15. The rectangular plot for the VSWR of the circular array MPA.

Fig16. The rectangular plot for the Mutual coupling of the circular array MPA.

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 International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.14, No.4, July 2022

(a) (b)
Fig 17. Radiation pattern for the circular array MPA, (a)E-plane, (b)H-plane.

5.4. Comparative Analysis

In this section, the comparative analysis is performed between three MPA design such as single
element MPA, 2x2 rectangular array MPA, and proposed circular array MPA. Here, the
parameters such as Gain, return loss, VSWR, mutual coupling, bandwidth, and radiation
efficiency of three MPA are compared. For all three MPA design, 35GHz frequency is utilized as
the resonance frequency. Table5 depicts the comparation of the antenna parameters for three
different antenna structures. The circular array MPA performs efficiently in Gain compared to the
other designs and also has the lowest return loss. The VSWR attained is 1.19 and it is in between
the acceptable values of 1and 2. From the table 5 it is also seen that the circular array MPA has
higher bandwidth (2GHz) compared to the other two MPA designs. The single element MPA is
not considered for mutual coupling because the array designs are only having this. The Circular
array MPA has lowest mutual coupling when compared with 2x2 rectangular array MPA. All the
three MPA designs have the same radiation efficiency with the value of 1.02abs. From the
comparative analysis of the parameters such as Gain, return loss, VSWR, bandwidth, mutual
coupling and radiation efficiency, the circular array MPA is performing efficiently in overall
when compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array
MPA. Therefore, the proposed circular array MPA is more suitable and efficient MPA design for
the 5Gwireless communication.

Table 5. The comparative analysis of three type of MPA

Gain (dB) Return VSWR BW Mutual Radiation

loss (dB) (GHz) coupling efficiency
(dB) (abs)
Single 8.1 -34.5 1.18 1.9 _ 1.02
element
MPA
2X2 8.4 -33.9 1.6 1.9 -23.05 1.02
Rectangular
array MPA
Circular 8.8 -41.9 1.19 2 -26.82 1.02
array MPA

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 International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.14, No.4, July 2022

6. CONCLUSION
The main motivation here is to provide an efficient microstrip patch antenna design for 5G
wireless communication. The implementation process is performed on the HFSS which is the
platform of ANSYS software. At first, the three MPA designs such as single element MPA, 2x2
rectangular array MPA, and proposed circular array MPA are drafted in HFSS software as per the
appropriate optimized parameters. After completing the design section, the simulation is run for
the analysis of these three MPA designs. The obtained results are compared to analyse the
performance of these three MPA design to discover the best antenna design for 5G wireless
communication. From the comparative analysis, the proposed circular array microstrip patch
antenna design is efficiently performed in all parameters such as gain, S11, VSWR, mutual
coupling, bandwidth, and radiation efficiency. Therefore, the proposed circular array MPA is
most preferable for 5G wireless communication. In future, we plan to present a meta-heuristic
algorithm for designing the microstrip patch antenna.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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AUTHORS

Pallavi H V received B.E., in Electronics and Communication Engineering from

Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan, during the year 2001, University of Mysore.
MTech in Digital Electronics and Communication Systems from Malnad College of
Engineering, Hassan, Karnataka, during the year 2005 under Visveswaraya
Technological University, Belagavi. Currently perusing Ph.D. under Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi and working as Associate Professor in the
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Government Engineering
College, Hassan, Karnataka, India.

A P Jagadeesh Chandra received the B.E degree in Electronics and Communication

Engineering from Siddaganga Institute of technology, Tumakuru, India, the M.Tech
degree in Digital Electronics and Advanced Communication, from the National Institute
of Technology, Surathkal, India, and the Ph.D degree in Electronics from the University
of Mysore, India.
He is currently working as Professor in the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology,
Chikkamagaluru, Karnataka, India. He has authored 45 research papers in refereed
journals and conferences. His research interests include Wireless communication, Digital Image
Processing, Remote laboratory and web based collaborative learning.

Paramesha received B. E in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Malnad

College of Engineering, Hassan, during the year 1989, University of Mysore. M.Tech
from IIT(BHU) Varanasi during the year 1997 and Ph.D. from IIT Kharagpur in 2007.
Presently working as Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering in Central University of Karnataka, Kalburgi, India. His
research interests are Numerical techniques in Electromagnetics, Microwave and
Millimetre wave antennas, Electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic
compatibility.

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