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Heat Transfer Sheet 1-2

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Hossam Mohamed Ahmed ahmed
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64 views18 pages

Heat Transfer Sheet 1-2

Uploaded by

Hossam Mohamed Ahmed ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FIGURE 3-21 Schematic for Example 3-6. ‘ EXAMPLE 3-6 Heat Loss through a Composite Wall : A 3-m-high and 5-m-wide wall consists of long 16-cm x 22-cm cross section ' horizontal bricks (k = 0.72 W/m - °C) separated by 3-cm-thick plaster layers ie (k = 0,22 Wm - °C). There are also 2-cm-thick plaster layers on each side of fl the brick and a 3-cm-thick rigid foam (k = 0.026 W/m - °C) on the inner side of the wall, as shown in Fig. 3-21. The indoor and the outdoor temperatures are = 20°C and —10°C, and the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and the outer sides are h, = 10 W/m? - °C and h, = 25 W/m? - °C, respectively. Assuming one-dimensional heat transfer and disregarding radiation, determine a the rate of heat transfer through the wall. SOLUTION The composition of a composite wall is given. The rate of heat transfer through the wall is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of change with time. 2 Heat transfer can be approximated as being one-dimensional since it is predominantly in the x-direction. 3 Thermal conductivities are constant. 4 Heat transfer by radiation is negligible. Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be k = 0.72 W/m - °C for bricks, k = 0.22 W/m - °C for plaster layers, and k = 0.026 W/m - °C for the rigid foam. Analysis There is a pattern in the construction of this wall that repeats itself every 25-cm distance in the vertical direction. There is no variation in the hori- zontal direction. Therefore, we consider a 1-m-deep and 0.25-m-high portion of the wall, since it is representative of the entire wall. Assuming any cross section of the wall normal to the x-direction to be fsothermal, the thermal resistance network for the representative section of the wall becomes as shown in Fig. 3-21. The individual resistances are eval- uated as: 1 1 R= Rant = = = CW reo ThA (10 Wim? - °C)(0.25 x 1m?) L 0.03 m R= = 5S = 46°C 8 1 ateam "kA (0.026 Wim + °C)(0.25 X 1 m2) L 0.02 m R=. =R. Sse se GN es cee ETS" NTRP a6 Mplasten side KA (0,22 Wim + °C\(0.25 X 1 m2) = 0.36°C/W b 0.16m R;=Rs=R =£- 0.6m 3S UN Plastes, center“ kA (0.22 Wim - °C)(0.015 x 1 m2) = 48.48°C/ W eee 0.16 m a Mick “KA (0.72 Wim + °C)(0.22 X 1 m2) L_ 1 WA (25 Wim? - °C)(0.25 X 1 m?) = 1.01°C/W Reha = 0.16°C/W The three resistances R3, Ry, and R; in the middle are parallel, and their equiv- alent resistance is determined from a ree = 1.03 WC 1 Ot 48.48 which gives Raa = 0.97°C/ W Now all the resistances are in series, and the total resistance is Roa = Ri + Ri + Ry + Rmia + Ro + Ro = 0.4 + 4.6 + 0.36 + 0.97 + 0.36 + 0.16 = 6.85°C/W Then the steady rate of heat transfer through the wall becomes Toy — Tog _ [20 — (—10)1°C [20 = (=10)/°C _ bo = Roa 685°C W 4.38W (per 0.25 m? surface area) or 4.38/0.25 = 17.5 W per m? area. The total area of the wall is A= 3m x 5 m= 15 mé. Then the rate of heat transfer through the entire wall becomes Qroua = (17.5 Wim?)(15 m?) = 263 W Of course, this result is approximate, since we assumed the temperature within the wall to vary in one direction only and ignored any temperature change (and thus heat transfer) in the other two directions. Discussion \n the above solution, we assumed the temperature at any cross section of the wall normal to the x-direction to be isothermal. We could also solve this problem by going to the other extreme and assuming the surfaces par- allel to the x-direction to be adiabatic. The thermal resistance network in this case will be as shown in Fig. 3-22. By following the approach outlined above, the total thermal resistance in this case is determined to be Riot) = 6.97°C/W, which is very close to the value 6.85°C/W obtained before. Thus either ap- proach would give roughly the same result in this case. This example demon- strates that either approach can be used in practice to obtain satisfactory results. FIGURE 3-28 Schematic for Example 3—7. 5 EXAMPLE 3-7 Heat Transfer to a Spherical Container a A 3-m internal diameter spherical tank made of 2-cm-thick stainless steel (k = 15 W/m - °C) is used to store iced water at 7... = O°C. The tank is located 8B in a room whose temperature is T..2 = 22°C. The walls of the room are also at @ 22°C. The outer surface of the tank is black and heat transfer between the outer £ surface of the tank and the surroundings is by natural convection and radiation. ™ The convection heat transfer coefficients at the inner and the outer surfaces of : the tank are h, = 80 W/m? - °C and A, = 10 W/m? - °C, respectively. Determine _ (a) the rate of heat transfer to the iced water in the tank and (b) the amount of is ice at O°C that melts during a 24-h period. an SOLUTION Aspherical container filled with iced water is subjected to convec- tion and radiation heat transfer at its outer surface. The rate of heat transfer and the amount of ice that melts per day are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since the specified thermal conditions at the boundaries do not change with time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the midpoint. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. Properties The thermal conductivity of steel is given to be k = 15 W/m - °C. The heat of fusion of water at atmospheric pressure is hy = 333.7 kJ/kg. The outer surface of the tank is black and thus its emissivity is e = 1. Analysis (a) The thermal resistance network for this problem is given in Fig. 3-28. Noting that the inner diameter of the tank is D, = 3 m and the outer diameter is D, = 3.04 m, the inner and the outer surface areas of the tank are A, = 7D} = 73 my? = 28.3 m? A = 7D} = 11(3.04 m)? = 29.0 m? Also, the radiation heat transfer coefficient is given by Nag = €0(TE + Te)(To + Tg) But we do not know the outer surface temperature 7, of the tank, and thus we cannot calculate hag. Therefore, we need to assume a 7; value now and check the accuracy of this assumption later. We will repeat the calculations if neces- sary using a revised value for 72. We note that T, must be between 0°C and 22°C, but it must be closer to 0°C, since the heat transfer coefficient inside the tank is much larger. Taking T, = 5°C = 278 K, the radiation heat transfer coefficient is determined to be Figaa = (AY(S.67 X 10-8 W/m? - K4)[(295 Ky? + (278 K)?][(295 + 278) K] = 5.34 W/m? - K = 5.34 W/m? - °C Then the individual thermal resistances become 1 1 Ri= Reeyl = Gras = Tan SESE GDRG ER @ LW, veo! hy Ay (80 Wim? « °C)(28.3 m2) - anan (1.52 — 1,50) m Ri = Rowe = Ferkrry — Are (1S Wim « CX 1.52 m)(1.50 m) = 0,000047°C/ W 1 1 = Reo = = = 0,00345°C/ W Ro = Ream? = Tray ~ (lOWim? = °G)(29.0me) — 00345°C! ———————— _ Rt = Fay G34 Wim? « °CO9.0 me) 2.00646"C/W The two parallel resistances R, and R,44 can be replaced by an equivalent resis- tance Requiy determined from 1 1 o.00345 * o.o0ea6 = “44-7 WiC which gives R, = 0.00225°C/W equiv. Now all the resistances are in series, and the total resistance is determined to be Riowat = Ri + Ry + Reguiv = 0.000442 + 0.000047 + 0.00225 = 0.00274°C/ W Then the steady rate of heat transfer to the iced water becomes ata Te _ 22 —0)C _ O- RD CTW ~ 8029W (or @ = 8.027 KI) To check the validity of our original assumption, we now determine the outer surface temperature from See egy els 5 2 = = Tag = QR eauiv — = 22°C — (8029 W)(0.00225°C/ W) = 4°C which is sufficiently close to the 5°C assumed in the determination of the radi- ation heat transfer coefficient. Therefore, there is no need to repeat the calcu- lations using 4°C for Tp. (b) The total amount of heat transfer during a 24-h period is OQ = O Af = (8.029 kI/s)(24 X 3600 s) = 673,700 kJ Noting that it takes 333.7 kJ of energy to melt 1 kg of ice at O°C, the amount of ice that will melt during a 24-h period is. OQ _ 673,00K _ jy 333.7 kivkg ~ 2079 ke Tice — Therefore, about 2 metric tons of ice will melt in the tank every day. Discussion An easier way to deal with combined convection and radiation at a surface when the surrounding medium and surfaces are at the same tempera- ture is to add the radiation and convection heat transfer coefficients and to treat the result as the convection heat transfer coefficient. That is, to take 1 = 10 + 5.34 = 15.34 Wim? - °C in this case. This way, we can ignore radiation since its contribution is accounted for in the convection heat transfer coefficient. The convection resistance of the outer surface in this case would be Reon — Fsepeeaz (15.34 Wim? - °C)(29.0 me) — -00229°C/ W which is identical to the value obtained for the equivalent resistance for the par- allel convection and the radiation resistances. Insulation Tx) T, Ts T. Toy °— We -Wi-9 0 T23 R; Ry Ry R, FIGURE 3-29 Schematic for Example 3-8. EXAMPLE 3-8 Heat Loss through an Insulated Steam Pipe Steam at 7.) = 320°C flows in a cast iron pipe (k = 80 W/m - °C) whose inner and outer diameters are D, = 5 cm and D, = 5.5 cm, respectively. The pipe is covered with 3-cm-thick glass wool insulation with k = 0.05 W/m - °C. Heat is lost to the surroundings at 7... = 5°C by natural convection and radiation, with a combined heat transfer coefficient of hp = 18 W/m? - °C. Taking the heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe to be hy = 60 W/m? - °C, determine the rate of heat loss from the steam per unit length of the pipe. Also determine the tem- perature drops across the pipe shell and the insulation. SOLUTION A steam pipe covered with glass wool insulation is subjected to convection on its surfaces. The rate of heat transfer per unit length and the temperature drops across the pipe and the insulation are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the centerline and no variation in the axial direction. 3 Thermal conductivities are constant. 4 The thermal contact resistance at the interface is negligible. Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be k = 80 W/m - °C for cast iron and k = 0.05 W/m - °C for glass wool insulation. Analysis The thermal resistance network for this problem involves four resis- tances in series and is given in Fig. 3-29. Taking L = 1 m, the areas of the surfaces exposed to convection are determined to be A, = 2mr,L = 21(0.025 m)(1 m) = 0.157 m? Ay = 2aryh = 217(0.0575 m)(1 m) = 0.361 m2 Then the individual thermal resistances become 1 1 Ri = Reon = ina 0 Win? - °O(0.157 m) = 0.106°C/ W pp, — eld _ In(2.75/2.5) = 0.0002°C7W pee Move QatkL — 2x80 Wim *°C\(1m) Inv /79) In(5.75/2.75) _ Ry = Rigsutation = a eee een SEONG 2mkL — 2n(0.05 W/m * °C)(1 m) 1 1 = =f 8 gee Bo Reow2 = fy, (8 Wim? °Cy(O361m®) o1o+ Noting that all resistances are in series, the total resistance is determined to be Rica = Rj + Ry + Ro +R, = 0.106 + 0.0002 + 2.35 + 0.154 = 2.61°C/W Then the steady rate of heat loss from the steam becomes 5 — Ta — Tn _ 320 ~5)°C Q= Riou —--2.61°C/W =121W (perm pipe length) The heat loss for a given pipe length can be determined by multiplying the above quantity by the pipe length L. The temperature drops across the pipe and the insulation are determined from Eq. 3-17 to be AThipe = OR pipe = (121 W)(0.0002°C/ W) = 0.02°C AT peattion = OR inastaion = (121 W)(2.35°C/ W) = 284°C That is, the temperatures between the inner and the outer surfaces of the pipe differ by 0.02°C, whereas the temperatures between the inner and the outer ‘surfaces of the insulation differ by 284°C. Discussion Note that the thermal resistance of the pipe is too small relative to the other resistances and can be neglected without causing any significant error. Also note that the temperature drop across the pipe is practically zero, and thus the pipe can be assumed to be isothermal. The resistance to heat flow in insulated pipes is primarily due to insulation. 3-57 Consider a 5-m-high, 8-m-long, and 0.22-m-thick wall whose representative cross section is as given in the figure. The thermal conductivities of various materials used, in W/m - °C, are k, = kp = 2, kg = 8, ke = 20, kp = 15, and ky = 35. The left and right surfaces of the wall are maintained at uniform temperatures of 300°C and 100°C, respectively. Assuming heat transfer through the wall to be one-dimensional, determine (a) the rate of heat transfer through the wall; (b) the tem- perature at the point where the sections B, D, and E meet; and (c) the temperature drop across the section F; Disregard any contact resistances at the interfaces. 300°C 8m Lem | Sem| 10cm |6cm|~ FIGURE P3-57 Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction 3-57 A composite wall consists of several horizontal and vertical layers, The left and right surfaces of the wall are maintained at uniform temperatures. The rate of heat transfer through the wall, the interface temperatures, and the temperature drop across the section F are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of change with time. 2 Heat transfer through the wall is one-dimensional. 3 Thermal conductivities are constant. 4 Thermal contact resistances at the interfaces are disregarded. Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be ky = 15, ky =35 Wim-°C. Analysis (a) The representative surface area is A= (12x 1=012 m?. The thermal resistance network and the individual thermal resistances g, ¢ 2, kp = 8, ke = 20, kp = k * RB 2 q Re qh ep wt -(4) =——_00lm __ooaecrw KA}, (2Wim2C)(0.12 m*) 0. Ry=Ry= R, -(2) =—— 205m __ go6ecrw KA). ~ (20W/m2C)\(004 m*) 0.05m Re (8 W/m.?C)(0.04 m*) ( Om __so.teeww (5 Wim. C)(0.06m —__Olm gas ecw 5 Wim2C)(0.06 m*) 0.06m dds'erw, (2Win0V0.1 0.025 °C/W Ly Ray =0.034 CW RR, O11 005 R, R, 0.04 +0025 + 0.034 + 0.25 = 0.349 °C/W uk (300 = 100°C. Bra 0349°CW Then steady rate of heat transfer through entire wall becomes 5 yyy SmX8m) Bug 272 W)SOED (b) The total thermal resistance between left surface and the point where the sections B, D, and E meet is Rye = Ry + Ry = 0.04 + 00025 = 0.065 °C/W ond Then the temperature at the point where the sections B, D, and E meet becomes 1-1 i = OR yyy = 300°C = (572 WX0.065 °C/W) = 263°C 0-1 r= atl 572.W (for a 0.12 mx 1m section) = 191x105 W (c)The temperature drop across the section F can be determined from 3.34 Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction O= = FAP = ORy. = (5720.25 CW) = 143°C : 3-73 Consider a cold aluminum canned drink that is initially at a uniform temperature of 3°C. The can is 12.5 cm high and has a diameter of 6 cm. If the combined convection/radiation heat transfer coefficient between the can and the surrounding air at 25°C is 10 W/m? - °C, determine how long it will take for the average temperature of the drink to rise to 10°C. In an effort to slow down the warming of the cold drink, a person puts the can in a perfectly fitting 1-cm-thick cylindrical rubber insulation (k = 0.13 W/m - °C). Now how long will it take for the average temperature of the drink to rise to 10°C? Assume the top of the can is not covered. 3° 12.5 cm Tt; =23°C air FIGURE P3-73 Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction 373 A cold aluminum canned drink that is initially at a uniform temperature of 3°C is brought into a room air at 25°C. The time it will take for the average temperature of the drink (o rise to 10°C with and without rubber insulation is to be determined, Assumptions 1 The drink is at a uniform temperature at all times. 2 The thermal resistance of the can and the internal convection resistance are negligible so that the can is at the same temperature as the drink inside, 3 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the centerline and no variation in the axial direction, 4 ‘Thermal properties are constant, 5 The thermal contact resistance at the interface is negligible. Properties The thermal conductivity of rubb For the drink, we use the properties of water 180 J/kg.°C. Analysis: This is a wansient heat conduction, and the rate of heat transfer will decrease as the drink warms up and the temperature difference between the dink and the surroundings decreases. However, we can solve this problem approximately by assuming a constant average temperature of (3+10)/2 = 6.5°C during the process. Then the average rate of heat transfer into the drink is 14422 086 my28m) +2 nsulation is given to be k= 0.13 W/m-°C. room temperature, p= 1000 kg/m! and Cy (0.06 m)" _ 0292 m? Ae Qhareave = Mo ATir —Teanve ) = (LOW? .$C)(0.0292 m7 )(25-6.5)°C = 5.40 W ‘The amount of heat that must be supplied to the drink to raise its temperature to 10°C is m= pV = par? =(1000 kg/m?) (003 m)*(0.125 m) = 0.353 ke O= mC AT = (0353 kg 4180 J kg) 10-3)°C = 10,329 J ‘Then the time required for this much heat transfer to take place is = 210825 1912 5-319 min O” satis We now repeat calculations after wrapping the can with L-cm thick rubber insulation, except the top surface. The rate of heat transfer from the top surface is, Qrp are =o Arop Far — Heat transfer through the insulated side surface is sanave) = (10 WJ mn?) (0.03 m)?* (25 = 65)°C 052 A, = aD,L = 2(0.08 m)(0.125 m) = 003142 m? Ra 1 183°C/W IgA, 0 Wim?.2C)(0.03142, Ia Fr " Ratton sie = = —_WA/)___p sisscyw 2akL~ 2A(03 Wim? SCO.125 m) Rovt = Bo + Rapataign = 3-183-+2.818 = 6.001°CW Tin Tame _ (25-6.5°C Rinosttion Rea ene OS 6SYE 508 4 Co Rama 640 °CW Tom yA ‘The ratio of bottom to the side surface areas is (7)/ (Qa) =r/ (21) =3/ (2 x125) =042. ‘Therefore, the effect of heat transfer through the bottom surface can be accounted for approximately by increasing the heat transfer from the side surface by 12%. Then, = 112% 208+052=307 W Qusutatet = Quite donom + Srp ‘Then the time of heating becomes 353 Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction @ _ 10,3295 O 3971/8 2602 s = 43.4 min Are BD, = Wi75xietz had=26" (Tos Ty) ea Coens “+ (20)})( 250 De Rs ene | eae a CICA a7 C_% Gaerne Yh 9RG7S)B0Hlee re a 2 a R, = Reoay = AL eS) ela co ae : A= R sphere = i 5 I _______ re Rd = 5, 7 hadA>~ -( 503) 01g) 1 l,l. le Ro” Rik Rage Oe ae oe A. =R. +R, +8. = 194. 334 Q = a2 190-264 e hal Cie a2 fee T=300K — Kp, = 3 aa Ks -15.| w/e. k @ =: Mea Treg (400) Rt ™ 5-4. 222? 5Garm Trivyakpn ©) I 3/225. a 13/36 fp ae heen t VINGAKSs qi (3)(,31 05) | ( A, =Reonv i qh C31) *¢Seo) fe. Unde af = | 652 (eee Re = AL RIP = 15x10 5.666410 4 Lee 23 72D ' 5/ 4a ae 709 - 283 eo xe Ga (250) = = S Ty = 7 3.722X Io = (te, * 404.8)

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