Submitted by :- Submitted to :-

VINAY VERMA Mr. K.C. SHUKLA

Teacher sign :-
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that VINAY VERMA of class XII of

AIMS INTERNATIONAL SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

has successfully completed his project report in

Physics on the topic

“ SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT....”

for the partial fulfillment of AISSCE as prescribed by the

CBSE in the year 2023 - 2024.

Date: Teacher In-Charge

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to sincerely thank my PHYSICS teacher

Mr. K.C. SHUKLA for his able guidance and support
in completing my project

I would like to extend my gratitude to my principal

Mrs. REENA MISHRA for providing me with all

the facilities that were required in satisfactorily

completing my project.

(VINAY VERMA )
Series Resonance Circuit
Resonance occurs in a series circuit when the supply
frequency causes the voltages across L and C to be equal
and opposite in phase

Thus far we have analysed the behaviour of a series RLC circuit

whose source voltage is a fixed frequency steady state sinusoidal
supply. We have also seen in our tutorial about series RLC
circuits that two or more sinusoidal signals can be combined
using phasors providing that they have the same frequency supply.
But what would happen to the characteristics of the circuit if a
supply voltage of fixed amplitude but of different frequencies
was applied to the circuit. Also what would the circuits
“frequency response” behaviour be upon the two reactive
components due to this varying frequency.
In a series RLC circuit there becomes a frequency point were
the inductive reactance of the inductor becomes equal in value to
the capacitive reactance of the capacitor. In other words, XL =
XC. The point at which this occurs is called the Resonant
Frequency point, ( ƒr ) of the circuit, and as we are analysing a
series RLC circuit this resonance frequency produces a Series
Resonance.
Series Resonance circuits are one of the most important circuits
used electrical and electronic circuits. They can be found in
various forms such as in AC mains filters, noise filters and also in
radio and television tuning circuits producing a very selective
tuning circuit for the receiving of the different frequency
channels. Consider the simple series RLC circuit below.
 Series RLC Circuit

Firstly, let us define what we already know about series RLC

circuits.

From the above equation for inductive reactance, if either the

Frequency or the Inductance is increased the overall inductive
reactance value of the inductor would also increase. As the
frequency approaches infinity the inductors reactance would
also increase towards infinity with the circuit element acting
like an open circuit.
However, as the frequency approaches zero or DC, the
inductors reactance would decrease to zero, causing the
opposite effect acting like a short circuit. This means then that
inductive reactance is “Proportional” to frequency and is
small at low frequencies and high at higher frequencies and
this demonstrated in the following curve:
 Impedance in a Series Resonance
Circuit

Note that when the capacitive reactance dominates the circuit the
impedance curve has a hyperbolic shape to itself, but when the inductive
reactance dominates the circuit the curve is non-symmetrical due to the
linear response of XL.
You may also note that if the circuits impedance is at its minimum at
resonance then consequently, the circuits admittance must be at its
maximum and one of the characteristics of a series resonance circuit is
that admittance is very high. But this can be a bad thing because a very
low value of resistance at resonance means that the resulting current
flowing through the circuit may be dangerously high.
We recall from the previous tutorial about series RLC circuits that the
voltage across a series combination is the phasor sum of VR, VL and VC.
Then if at resonance the two reactances are equal and cancelling, the two
voltages representing VL and VC must also be opposite and equal in value
thereby cancelling each other out because with pure components the
o o
phasor voltages are drawn at +90 and - 90 respectively.
Then in a series resonance circuit as VL = -VC the resulting reactive
voltages are zero and all the supply voltage is dropped across the
resistor. Therefore, VR = Vsupply and it is for this reason that series
resonance circuits are known as voltage resonance circuits, (as opposed
to parallel resonance circuits which are current resonance circuits).
Series RLC Circuit at Resonance

Since the current flowing through a series resonance circuit is the

product of voltage divided by impedance, at resonance the
impedance, Z is at its minimum value, ( =R ). Therefore, the circuit
current at this frequency will be at its maximum value of V/R as shown
below.

Series Circuit Current at Resonance

The frequency response curve of a series resonance circuit shows that
the magnitude of the current is a function of frequency and plotting this
onto a graph shows us that the response starts at near to zero,
reaches maximum value at the resonance frequency when IMAX = IR and
then drops again to nearly zero as ƒ becomes infinite.
The result of this is that the magnitudes of the voltages across the
inductor, L and the capacitor, C can become many times larger than the
supply voltage, even at resonance but as they are equal and at
opposition they cancel each other out.
As a series resonance circuit only functions on resonant frequency,
this type of circuit is also known as an Acceptor Circuit
because at resonance, the impedance of the circuit is at its minimum so
easily accepts the current whose frequency is equal to its resonant
frequency.
You may also notice that as the maximum current through the circuit at
resonance is limited only by the value of the resistance (a pure and real
value), the source voltage and circuit current must therefore be in phase
with each other at this frequency. Then the phase angle between the
voltage and current of a series resonance circuit is also a function of
frequency for a fixed supply voltage and which is zero at the
resonant frequency point when: V, I and VR are all in phase with
each other as shown below. Consequently, if the phase angle is zero
then the power factor must therefore be unity.

Phase Angle of a Series Resonance

Circuit
 Series Resonance Example No1
A series resonance network consisting of a resistor of 30 , a capacitor of
2uF and an inductor of 20mH is connected across a sinusoidal supply
voltage which has a constant output of 9 volts at all frequencies.
Calculate, the resonant frequency, the current at resonance, the voltage
across the inductor and capacitor at resonance, the quality factor and the
bandwidth of the circuit. Also sketch the corresponding current waveform
for all frequencies.

1. Resonant Frequency, ƒr

2. Circuit Current at Resonance, Im

3. Inductive Reactance at Resonance, XL

4. Voltages across the inductor and the capacitor, VL, VC

Note: the supply voltage may be only 9 volts, but at resonance, the
reactive voltages across the capacitor, VC and the inductor, VL are 30
volts peak!
5. Quality factor, Q
6. Bandwidth, BW

7. The upper and lower -3dB frequency points, ƒH and ƒL

8. Current Waveform
 Series Resonance Example No2
A series circuit consists of a resistance of 4 , an inductance
of 500mH and a variable capacitance connected across a 100V,
50Hz supply. Calculate the capacitance require to produce a
series resonance condition, and the voltages generated across
both the inductor and the capacitor at the point of resonance.
Resonant Frequency, ƒr

Voltages across the inductor and the capacitor, VL, VC

 Series Resonance Summary
You may have noticed that during the analysis of series resonance
circuits in this tutorial, we looked at bandwidth, upper and lower
frequencies, -3dB points and quality or Q- factor. All these are terms
used in designing and building of Band Pass Filters (BPF) and indeed,
resonance circuits are used in 3-element mains filter designs to pass all
frequencies within the “passband” range while rejecting all others.
However, the main aim of this tutorial is to analyse and understand
the concept of how Series Resonance occurs in passive RLC series
circuits. Their use in RLC filter networks and designs is outside the
scope of this particular tutorial, and so will not be looked at here, sorry.
 For resonance to occur in any circuit it must have at least one inductor
and one capacitor.
Resonance is the result of oscillations in a circuit as stored energy is
passed from the inductor to the capacitor.
 Resonance occurs when XL = XC and the imaginary part of the transfer
function is zero.
 At resonance the impedance of the circuit is equal to the resistance
value as Z = R.
 At low frequencies the series circuit is capacitive as: XC > XL, this
gives the circuit a leading power factor.
 At high frequencies the series circuit is inductive as: XL > XC,
this gives the circuit a lagging power factor.
 The high value of current at resonance produces very high values
of voltage across the inductor and capacitor.
 Series resonance circuits are useful for constructing highly frequency
selective filters. However, its high current and very high component
voltage values can cause damage to the circuit.
 The most prominent feature of the frequency response of a resonant
circuit is a sharp resonant peak in its amplitude characteristics.
 Because impedance is minimum and current is maximum, series
resonance circuits are also called Acceptor Circuits.
In the next tutorial about Parallel Resonance we will look at how
frequency affects the characteristics of a parallel connected RLC circuit
and how this time the Q-factor of a parallel resonant circuit determines
its current magnification.
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