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Mwoc U-.5

Microwave and optical communication

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Preethi Kaziya
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194 views17 pages

Mwoc U-.5

Microwave and optical communication

Uploaded by

Preethi Kaziya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Syllabus OPTICAL FIBER TRANSMISSION MEDIA: Optical Fiber types, Light Propagation, Optical fiber Configurations, Optical. fiber classifications, Losses in Optical Fiber cables, Light Sources, Optical Sources, Light Detectors, LASERS, WDM Concepts, Optical Fiber System link budget. LEARNING OBJECTIVES ‘Define optical communications and Present an Overview of the optical fibers and optical fibeF communications. a Describe optical fiber construction. Explain the physics of light and the following terms: velocity of propagation, refraction, refractive index, critical angle, ‘acceptance angle, acceptance cone, and numerical aperture. 94 What is a mode? What are the different modes of propagation? and What Is index profile? Describe the three types of optical fiber configurations: single-mode step index, mutinode stop index, and multimode graded index. o o © Deserbe the various loses incurred In optical fier cables {Explain the light sources: light-emitting diodes and injection diodes Explain the light detectors: PIN diodes and avalanche photodiodes TF Explain the operation of a laser o + Explain how te calculate a link budget for an optical fiber system. NTRODUCTION Cotical fiber cables are the latest and perhaps the most encouraging kind of guided transmission medium for almost any type of digital and data communications application. Optical bers guide eleciromagnetic waves without ving elecricgl current flow. Elecromagnetic waves inthe form of light propagate through the optical bers almost similar to the radio signals propagating over the Earth's atmosphere. In essence, an optical communications system uses light as the carrier of information. | Propagating light waves over Earth's atmosphere fs complex and usvally impractical. $0, optical fiber communications systems use glass or plastic ber cables to “encompass” the light waves and guide them in a method similar to the way electromagnetic waves are guided through a metallic transmission medium. ‘The information-carrying capacity of any electronic communications system Is directly proportional to, bandwidth, Optical fiber cables have an nfiite bandwidth. Hence, they have the abilty to transfer much greater information than thelr metalic counterparts and even the most sophisticated wireless communications systems, (QT SPECTRUM ALLAN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING sruoenrs) «UNIT :5 (Optical Fiber: Transmission Media) 133 UNITS (plc FRecTransmisson Meds) 888 {Ga List the advantages of SUF over MiFa, ‘The advanags of singe made ies (SM) over mimo ites (Fs) ae Low fer tention fiber is ‘Antena canbe defied sth decrease in the power flight signs daring tr ropegntion along the optical be ato knowns vol os rer os and detemine te maximum dance between anita receive ofa gommesiction Mathematically, be stenution los can be expres in decibel Anexuton (= 10168 FB ,~Ouput Received) power. Alteraively stenuntion pe nit ng ofthe Aber is eprssd 8, ‘Tee maximum angle at which the light ay may incident on ber propagate down the fiber is known as “Accepting Htox ossitisernterti avoir tatrephaatn eh ladoey t-te & ‘Numerical aperture, NA = sin @, =, 2 “= ‘classify its different types. 0,= si (48) a nara esi! fy me 8-804) ——— . sl 4 : 28 they travel S re * Dispersion is defined as an optical phenomenon ia which light palses get broadened (or) sprende they travel along the | Tenner pre Ses of matched a xpi t mgle eeined wih 4 si diprinand wvepie pein wer vi sin ld ropsentonin her ferent : rec Tica fanpop tee rl ea ea ee ee Ineand dpe fete ie io — { Na wea Jalal jinernee “ere ==] Wes. Refi nde oe z a i -Refnctive inde i eading A — {Gia optal ers based onthe rac Tndox OS pea ame =| = ‘Th sien of ope Shen ao he nee nde bec ig , {nse inden opi fr he resin inde ofthe cor snd deo : 189 ep change atthe boundary of lai a. tn gadedsindex ops ber, the rence nde of he core vrs with he ad nee intermodal ‘ th the radial distce fom te cee of fer. “The iterece RL warn sere Ao Ee py ERRENMrecram aw ‘Stepdex Finer 4 Fr: etn of Diperon ‘List the ference between | operon ar mentioned in ble below: INE JOURNAL FOR ewcweenmc stunents ST , ce sh 134 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS [JNTU-HYDERABAp) UNITS (Optcal Fer Tanénsson Mos) {G11. tustrateinterchanne! crosstalk tat occar a WOM notvoris Ans: 138 = 5 Tatramedal Dispersion 1] ta depen mens dpsin tat] Tame pein meas te Gapeion ha os in diferent iname In WDM networks if an intfernce cased by anise, unwanted signal of some wavelengh which s ferent fom that ofthe transmited signal then intereecesknwn a “inrcannel cs lk, This affects the capacity of WDM. systems. Since the capacity depends on minimal camel pacing which ime by heros ak ‘G42. What are the advantages of WOM. ‘The advantages of WDM ar, ‘thas grater tansmissin capacity, Deplexeasnision. ‘Simatancous smo of various sae. 4. Easysystem expansion ‘The itera peso ight spre materials wed in optical ers are Sf toner: 1 LD css to new tel Sete Faster scst one pa ‘GIB Define ster. Light emiting dade is aight seastive dod, which emits light when itis frward ised eae iri mcr md oon ert . | “Timing iter rege ite or tase soon i defo the dioron du to ose inthe ver and pus istrion LASERs ight amplicon emisionofradaton 7" TASER acorm ph amiciony sim. radiation ight beam has ditional cobewase ee ee ‘GS. What is meant by hetero junction? List out the advantages af hators Junction” Ane: Heterojunction is anit ome igo eicnaor mals ig Simi nd op coe , hernaen analyses e 1 ik power tlget ans determi te ower arise oa pce biter rie, es ozure in em rr tanner a eteowenrea eae nt seminar a 2 tre comin nde t= er oP nk ae henna csi iter a perting aged onthe coe Se Peformance cnet rer contin of 988 5. Coptand reli fasten oticatona in ex prunes ire pers RITES SE) _souRnAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS ESRF . _ yjsrecrROM ALLIHONE a 7. 306. MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS [JNTU-HYDERABAny | UNIT-5 (Optbal Fite Trasmision Mea) Depending on be dice ofapeem = GBREB) essay questions wir soturions smite tod cre be a __. : Sonlrvsmntn tw beoneainr acer | fee Ornicat Fisen Tyres, Lior Proacarion, Opricat Fisen Conricurarions, Orig Receiver — Finan Crassiricarion, Losses in Orticat Fiver GABLES ata Ze fnaion of ever xacty oposite tmaminr, | 2 ‘216. Explain optical ber communion esiem wih nea block dagram. ™ aoa hv dep es ‘The simpli Hock gram of en opi fer communication system, tras Th ih detector i a mesh coupler at cr eet an np rem trp nie sien by | igh om te ol hero ee ct | ase nga toes PIN diode rstlncte homtis soe =] ‘the photo detector. The photo detector converts the infermatioa = in cnet a oes ‘ — GiT- Whatare the avarioges ec acezanperst =P ES se ee _ | —— a “ em [ == cs ee Dee a Wet _ : 4 2, Ass an plat he do ot contact a fer En ‘ ables eat enclwd by varig map fils | ype, Gas corcan sasha eld SC es ] — Cay ate 8) ee | vw Sie amine — es nd “nl 3. Opialtbeahise personne | The mina sie oe her Asian gue he tanmitr encompass ee Hacks ihn ope! emai Wea ome 1 taro concomee ite omnes eee | : ‘Light source 7 ‘of corrosive liquids and gases is very lesson them. 2 Conting: 3. _Source-to-fiber interface. 4. There is no fear of explosion or fires with 4 Buffer jacket ee Deremegsemnasegmasts| 2 Sinan smertertpetei ac ca terormen c e me saarpmepetetmane| | tonne Die) a the light source. Nex te igh cited by the lp source coopera wo Die) or ILD (jection Lae 5. Theferimade pote Feet | ye tee myer uronsig a op hr ele cntea fer euler: An exam of sore erin li ol erable ig aso etm meee cece te |" gested i Sa | Optieat Fier Cable Avilratedin ce, anos eae cen et nd ‘noe erred saat elusrtein en op eral connor hers cit isan Speer ye mart ei romana 6 Opa Sher ar sel a si, iho owes cael nd my packed nee, AS 8h a Soke ceeaes| om - . peace pared with metal exes, ots! Bb ome 7 dy 2 A menaas < ! me i lo a Promo cy ‘fibers are produced “ofthis the optical rm, ote tc reheat a hn a = 1 om ENGINEERING STUDENTS] aaron 000 (GRR wanmn: xonutcnyin ot oes CRIA et Amn and ty LBL RE aR sree , at pte ED peng. Fen ‘G25. What mode of propagation ad index pro of the Aber ‘Ana: Mose of propastion nd inde rfl ofthe ie determines how ight waves own he fiber. nter words ightavels either ty refleton or efncton this eterined bye made of propagtion ad index pole of the fiber. “Mode of Propagation: In opti five munication lnguage mode meas path (2d). ql ‘An ocr is known ss agle mae ber, ith nly oe pth forthe lito propagate dn the cale Figure (8) itsrats ingle mode opal her, ha ony one pth for he light propagate al the path pests thrgh te center f tie j___- = __ When 0, becomes rcal angle 9, then 8, = 90°. Using this juaon writen as era ‘An opi eis knows mune er, fits moe tan one pth forthe ight o propagate down the cable ie as any ps fo ight io prope height ravels i several pats in 82> (yates amino opal bet, Trees inte ong PECTRUM ALLJI-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS JSON Ta LUNIT-5 (Optical Fbor Transmission Media) — UNITS (Optica ber Tranemission Meda) ng 2 ; Te OSs nes eee are ee srt moe |n, for r > a(ctadding) = * aumiqu eta nimi oor , sere EEE Scone a ane ee ee oneness rac oe eae a ree con tema mei vy i ens rte oe esi jeapincme vandal tee iy ee Neri fo "Nowadays, he tlcomimuncaton aod data networking indies wee singe mode ep inde S's argely for inter consti. 12 Maltimede Step Index Optical Fier ‘Afiber tht hs any modes or pus) fr Oe igh to propagate down its lengih nd hasan index pole of ep index is snow 8 mltimode sep index fiber. "The index profile of sep index her resembles step hat, the refractive index (Sstibution) makes a ep change a the cov adding interice a Tsrated a gue ()- 1 a ‘era which ee no lading andthe refacive inde is ited sowie cross {known as paded inex ber Fgu (6) lustates tobe teat Soret nes ogre (ped ndex rat ha mani v aso oes gu aoe Inmutmode tp index fier, the diameter afte core in made pero that llows more extra ightto eter the able . propagate don the fiber enh. Fro igre) itievident that the ight ean flow many ptsto pronase down he ber Figure) states 3 modes, (@) Lower onder made, nhs ip propagate slong te ais of te ore (wise erodes pt remem een ie teeing hres ‘ ecting many ine acon te core cladding interac. This irknown ‘Based onthe sumer of mode nd the inden pole the opi os rari ()_Hiherxder mode tis ih porate i But in practice we have oly tee per often thy SNS Aled it several pen +s tol internal efssnn phenomenon. Ths eat ple brsdening dispersion 1. Single mode ep index optical iter Bere A= PRRAGALS LS A fiber that has only ane mode (opal fore ; to proep ‘tno angle mee pine er own eng aware Medea le ‘The nde rol fe inde er eels ep, at tem poo ep Fir et: Cotreton tai Sn nde Far Secavciaing terre hada gre) SEC nde atin aa cee of pd ond odeperion eee, matiode pnd e's re ed ai i emmeicaton © GB warnne: xr ot i ek ae industries. /SUUUUENRENNENNT srecrmow AULAW-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS) ROM 144 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS LINTUHYDERABAD) | yrs (optcl Fo Tan Ma) , - le noes 3. Maimede Graded Index Optica Fiber ‘G28. Write notes on “scattering losses in bar”. | 1, Macroscopic Bends ‘A fiber that as many mode (o pls) forthe gto propagate down ts length and has an index profile of graded inde, Isknown as multimode graded index Ser "Te index poi of ged inex fibers ot casa i crease with ai distance rom the center of coe to deo hy ‘lading. Inher words it vrs fom sian vie 9, tthe ibe axis toa minimum value of rl he ee of cladig, Figure (ists the index profile ad light ropapaton in mulimadepadd index ber a ito the vcying reffactive index profile mukimode graded index fibers experince ls inter modal dispersion compared oma oe ara aa a a petra ae mtorr pe | omnes kr mu em ners Sonean mame semtecmetenee a res Absorption by atomic defect inthe lass composition. Thi absorption is caused dt he imperfections inthe ate structure of ier material. The major imperfections in ruc incu, Extrinsic absorption i primarily caused due tothe tnintentoal injection of impuites into the optical ib. The ‘amputee may combine withthe ber materi during hi fabrication proces. Mtl os te the tnont corm su ‘of impurities that significantly vary the transmission characteristics of optical er. Ihe concenation of hes Write short notes on bending losses and explain ‘exceeds one pris per bilo pp) resus in unaecepable losin optical ower thereby causing aenoto nthe Bt 7 hhow to overcome the losses’ ovine Asorgon Lancs a tna enti fr es nna ee ited abecepig ar, senan ial fberis subjected © apeeas ela ae lear Stee eevee na © Uitraviotet Absorption a ight team i ee 10 propagate sl ‘savin soto ois cased df the tanstion of estos and moles in teeny tan, Tis pe ser ni achive tinea een and sbooptio osu a ilerest wavelength exeding ito ve rio of eltomapnts nny nae the fiber. On the ote hands f Steger ono wh ce nt pie wee ea tng seme tamaret Aberpon : nape prt wane a Infiared bsorptign (IR absorption is caused duc tothe vibration of chemical bonds in the, falls to tain total internal ree. io 1 wc ee te hain ht a rps) hy gaat viper see ne) ‘lint er Beg scat Fess vento , sone som nex 10S SD ( SREL wanninc: amr et rb co Arey LAE tec pce S| NTSC TAR 14s. MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS LINTUHYDERABAD, 90. binnglh etvean mere bang and mio Benn see In NIT. (Optical Fe Transmission Meta) Tee lowing arte dence eee my ening nd i bending oes ‘Macro Bending Loncs ye! Ee =a endgame ig or, Th pf pina a | oes oC) | coat fe, meanest eel dag be te i eet esi These losses are = a sich travel diferent propagation dey. ey ncn en by hme | 2. | Te rp cb by Tia tener day re it | Mace [pectalcomponentsothetnasmite spa Ass Maze nig ose ve toi ing | .| Mz ending ne very ey. ‘rie ofeach eased ode pe esl eM | gesgn of opi sources wit very highefficensy and with vy Bi eae erwin Sicatoo mt Soalaieapeces nee reel operon opal roadend teeby causing | iy osc. implementation of semiconducior optical vores Matinee ten we mor cette mace | 4. | Shae mae er = 1st oi commun improved he quay of PA. L remorse mie “Ie depending on te eaten of lay aiteences, | Thee a 1. Witte short note on a sates tone neamsdeldepenontin ecuntit ie we pe tame, | chance sry a os ieperion ands ypee i eae see) erp em These Dispersion ‘of waveguide material 1. Siae compatibility of low-loss : “eenutacupitocretee | out os op her soe inte ae pi waa — 0 ‘WeegueDapnin Catton | horny Deh ttc sh ber. or any iil du asad in igre (i transmited and analog transmission in an optic ‘arty ieee SEF ces teal Reincain owen tmned wranglers |“ 2 Capa of lamching neq yer 50 tha itn in gue 2). Tis i du wo iperion. ‘A tera! undergoes material dispersion when the ahha Te ee ol es snl ea tin wah © Se seventh ( 2) ot cto. 3, Opinied wavelets tatrece eras and dpe se G40 | a Rony wit rt pen rs ed he rnin etc inde of | 5. pr nt ain ‘core material as 2 function of wavelength resuits in material ae a Opi soures ae independent 1 evioamentl ure ae pet —— tangs a be an fal ef eee oe let vege (be option of optical system: These are more acute com ae re penn spiny came ew he | Osea vo, tern ne pedro emg ting nbc a Yoo a ere tantric | aiahenmnauetincoesonmea ‘because of different refractive indices of the core and cladding, ener : Deca of i ue eee ind of elaing | + Seminar LED a are proneing of Het powe in when | 2. tase dine Conpae ot te er co. Ths pe of nem | QR ‘Draw the schematic of edge emitting double Fig 2 ding ee. eter en wd aans pies | hte neon LED and expan were aad sp Fer apt Gren ‘multi-mode fibers, + detail. wor Papme a ‘coer depenion liens shown below, atermodal ioe ry vrermatl apersiod also own a modal dey . iectiacansi. (aie) en Se en ‘operating frequency of optical fiber. This t¥PS dispersion | (fer Oy Bdge Emig, LED) (i wei] ‘ppears only in mukimode Shes ans: "The broadening of pulse dv intermodal dispersion -Thebasic LED strctres wed in optical dent cn cn nae ete |, crm sen eh Mahould produce maximum electrical signal fo given amount of opti power, 4 Tsbould have shor reponse ine fo obtain suitable andi 5. Darkcurents, leakage curents, shun conductance should below. (6 Peformance characteristics shoul be independent of changes in ambient conditions, 7 The phyical size of detector must be aml far efective coupling. 8 Detector shoud ot require excessive bie volges or curent. 9. Mus be highly reible and must be capable of contnuout sabe operation a room temper, 10. —ttshould be economical. ‘The decor must satisfy the above requcement of performance and comatily, ‘Comparison of Protodetectors ‘Th mos commonly sed photo deta fr ber optic systems ae the photodiodes. These photodiode are divided into ‘wo ype they are, © PIN photodetector Avalanche photodetector, ‘7 “Tae below ise the diferences betecn thee photodiodes by suming thatthe semiconductor ison (i) FIN Photodiode 1, | Therangs ofthe waveengh Q) when “Se wed a the sicondctr i 400 ~ 1100 am. 2 | The dark cure (for pin photodiode anges | 2. fom 1 9A to 100A, 3.| The range o rete (ie given as 05 mst a 4. Me bandwidth of pin photodiode rages fom 03 GHz 07 GH. 1, | Thevange ofthe wavelength 2) when ‘Si is used a the semiconductor is given a 400-1100 nm. ‘The dark cunt) for avalanche photodiode ranges om Or InA, 3: | Me range ori time (5 is given a 0.1 ns 208, 4 | Me gin-bandwidth ofavalanche photodiode ranges fom, 4. | The biasing voage (V,)of valance photodiode ranges 5.] The bising vols (V,) of pin photodiode sv fom 130 Vt 400 Tae (240 Explain diffrent structures of lasers with neat sketches, ae ‘The to tie ype of cone by wih sce fa caied we, 1. Opts Content a cet pio we repo ett och a ag ed fe sat late gai nd chievig ow teat earn nos ml Thefts of rt edn deve ele in-ear. Th opel ponerse 10 br tae ER wan: sere tty 88 enn ED LUNIT-5 (Optical Fiber Transmission Mec) Faw) soles into be device Deo inetion fp changes tention of eletoas Refractive inde ofthe ayer low the sp the fit ately. cfslecrons nd ole wave eset wicheonGines HOA seu ii ‘ cei pve nied ae, 1 aceon chown lw) Te pie ih “The scond peo fecveindex tnt et shige (Seater diveton. Th cea region as aighr wc-coeatd beam fight hat aa sepive et wee nex pied eo contr tc cofnenent it epne Sere bee « ein eo re Seg finerhnorer snc Compared to outer region of ar ening prt of ight estate ‘some ofthe light rays get refiectd wile che “At fandamental mode, lasing occurs. raion pater. no snes RED etl Sr Fe cTRUM ALLAKONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEER! LUNIT-5 (Optical Flbor Transmission Madi) 1 “The power loss model fore poisto-pia inks sown i the figure below. on tito =e = or ‘oes Fr: Opal Pr Lan Ma oa Poot ia Lk ene “The optical power received athe detector i dependent o he ight coupled into the eran lowe incre ‘fiber and at conectors and splices. I. The los oosured in each element inthe Link is given, Bw et, ‘Terefre, the sytem capacity is enanced by a feo N : acy of WOM depends on inimun hao pacing AY, wich ined by ined os ak Minima | ‘shanne pacing is A, 2 28 where Bis bitrate. The pect efliciency,n, of WDM is given by, 3 aoe . Jee et chanoe! acing or met commer! WDM tytn is100 Gis with cly 10% ficiency a 10 bi, re 2F 10 Gis Howeve, to improve the efiieny up o 80% lower chanel spacing of $0 GHe end bit ate of 40 Gb is wed (or) Diacuas in detail about power budget analysis, (on "th eultable example, abort the stops Involved in caryng out power budget for design ofa FO lnk: ‘The lnk power budget in a digital optic link decides, 1. Ihe power atenatin levels me to prevetovelnding athe civ Fhe ecesy of plier to incense the power level. 2 The gover marin berwen hou poe of pil raster nd ip ove of eter requ eae snecied bit emo rte BER) mai Comer oT . 3 Bose ass, compact ng emptiness om e compen sn Sytem or power man 10 ad rh the praetrink pover margin in the sal. ed Main LEON OURIAL FOR EXOMEEIG GE witnesses inc eon pen, ED eau srecrom iii rears 361 i Transmission Media) 20 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS [JNTU-HYDERABAD, __NIT-S (Optical Fbor Transm ‘The relation berween tans power and recived power s expressed as, “Foal connector loss of wo connectors, 21= 2» Average lot of omnes =20248 408 4 ‘Toual power loss = Bosses + Power margin =124B+3.4B+4a8-+408 Fe =Qx1)+ (040 80)+6 =243246 : sige toe apni Onan eae ofan? enon. ssn en fon iene i optimum over its operating life. Tae Since P, > Ps the system perfomance s optim vitae “Minimum received power or rcsved power sensitiv i, (246. ‘A transmitter has an output power of 0.1 mW Ils used witha fiber having NA= 0.26, ationualion oT6 *

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