8 CHAPTER 1 MEASUREMENT

From Eq. 1-8, the total mass msand of the sand grains is the Substituting ρSiO2 = 2.600 × 10 3 kg/m3 and the critical value
product of the density of silicon dioxide and the total vol- of e = 0.80, we find that liquefaction occurs when the sand
ume of the sand grains: density is less than
msand = ρSiO2Vgrains. (1-12) 2.600 × 10 3 kg/m3
ρsand = = 1.4 × 103 kg/m3.
Substituting this expression into Eq. 1-10 and then substitut- 1.80
ing for Vgrains from Eq. 1-11 lead to (Answer)
ρSiO2 Vtotal ρSiO2 A building can sink several meters in such liquefaction.
ρsand = = . (1-13)
Vtotal 1 + e 1+e

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Review & Summary

Measurement in Physics Physics is based on measurement multiplied successively by conversion factors written as unity and
of physical quantities. Certain physical quantities have been cho- the units are manipulated like algebraic quantities until only the
sen as base quantities (such as length, time, and mass); each has desired units remain.
been defined in terms of a standard and given a unit of measure
(such as meter, second, and kilogram). Other physical quantities Length The meter is defined as the distance traveled by light
are defined in terms of the base quantities and their standards during a precisely specified time interval.
and units.
Time The second is defined in terms of the oscillations of light
SI Units The unit system emphasized in this book is the emitted by an atomic (cesium-133) source. Accurate time signals
International System of Units (SI). The three physical quanti- are sent worldwide by radio signals keyed to atomic clocks in stan-
ties displayed in Table 1-1 are used in the early chapters. Stan- dardizing laboratories.
dards, which must be both accessible and invariable, have been
Mass The kilogram is defined in terms of a platinum –
established for these base quantities by international agreement.
iridium standard mass kept near Paris. For measurements on an
These standards are used in all physical measurement, for both
atomic scale, the atomic mass unit, defined in terms of the atom
the base quantities and the quantities derived from them. Scien-
carbon-12, is usually used.
tific notation and the prefixes of Table 1-2 are used to simplify
measurement notation. Density The density ρ of a material is the mass per unit volume:
Changing Units Conversion of units may be performed m
ρ= . (1-8)
by using chain-link conversions in which the original data are V

Problems
Tutoring problem available (at instructor’s discretion) in WileyPLUS and WebAssign
SSM Worked-out solution available in Student Solutions Manual WWW Worked-out solution is at
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday
• – ••• Number of dots indicates level of problem difficulty ILW Interactive solution is at
Additional information available in The Flying Circus of Physics and at flyingcircusofphysics.com

Module 1-1 Measuring Things, Including Lengths many microns make up 1.0 km? (b) What fraction of a centimeter
•1 SSM Earth is approximately a sphere of radius 6.37 × 106 m. equals 1.0 μm? (c) How many microns are in 1.0 yd?
What are (a) its circumference in kilometers, (b) its surface area •4 Spacing in this book was generally done in units of points and
in square kilometers, and (c) its volume in cubic kilometers? picas: 12 points = 1 pica, and 6 picas = 1 inch. If a figure was mis-
•2 A gry is an old English measure for length, defined as 1/10 of a placed in the page proofs by 0.80 cm, what was the misplacement
line, where line is another old English measure for length, defined in (a) picas and (b) points?
as 1/12 inch. A common measure for length in the publishing busi- •5 SSM WWW Horses are to race over a certain English
ness is a point, defined as 1/72 inch. What is an area of 0.50 gry2 in meadow for a distance of 4.0 furlongs. What is the race distance in
points squared (points2)? (a) rods and (b) chains? (1 furlong = 201.168 m, 1 rod = 5.0292 m,
•3 The micrometer (1 μm) is often called the micron. (a) How and 1 chain = 20.117 m.)
 PROBLEMS 9

••6 You can easily convert common units and measures elec- Module 1-2 Time
tronically, but you still should be able to use a conversion table, •10 Until 1883, every city and town in the United States kept its
such as those in Appendix D. Table 1-6 is part of a conversion own local time. Today, travelers reset their watches only when
table for a system of volume measures once common in Spain; a the time change equals 1.0 h. How far, on the average, must you
volume of 1 fanega is equivalent to 55.501 dm3 (cubic decimeters). travel in degrees of longitude between the time-zone boundaries at
To complete the table, what numbers (to three significant figures) which your watch must be reset by 1.0 h? (Hint: Earth rotates 360°
should be entered in (a) the cahiz column, (b) the fanega column, in about 24 h.)
(c) the cuartilla column, and (d) the almude column, starting with
•11 For about 10 years after the French Revolution, the French
the top blank? Express 7.00 almudes in (e) medios, (f) cahizes, and
government attempted to base measures of time on multiples of
(g) cubic centimeters (cm3).
ten: One week consisted of 10 days, one day consisted of 10 hours,
one hour consisted of 100 minutes, and one minute consisted of
Table 1-6 Problem 6
100 seconds. What are the ratios of (a) the French decimal week
cahiz fanega cuartilla almude medio to the standard week and (b) the French decimal second to the
standard second?
1 cahiz = 1 12 48 144 288
•12 The fastest growing plant on record is a Hesperoyucca whip-
1 fanega = 1 4 12 24 plei that grew 3.7 m in 14 days. What was its growth rate in micro-
1 cuartilla = 1 3 6 meters per second?
1 almude = 1 2 •13 Three digital clocks A, B, and C run at different rates
1 medio = 1 and do not have simultaneous readings of zero. Figure 1-6 shows
simultaneous readings on pairs of the clocks for four occasions.
••7 ILW Hydraulic engineers in the United States often use, as a (At the earliest occasion, for example, B reads 25.0 s and C reads
unit of volume of water, the acre-foot, defined as the volume of 92.0 s.) If two events are 600 s apart on clock A, how far apart are
water that will cover 1 acre of land to a depth of 1 ft. A severe thun- they on (a) clock B and (b) clock C? (c) When clock A reads 400 s,
derstorm dumped 2.0 in. of rain in 30 min on a town of area 26 km2. what does clock B read? (d) When clock C reads 15.0 s, what does
What volume of water, in acre-feet, fell on the town? clock B read? (Assume negative readings for prezero times.)

••8 Harvard Bridge, which connects MIT with its frater- 312 512
A (s)
nities across the Charles River, has a length of 364.4 Smoots
plus one ear. The unit of one Smoot is based on the length of Oli- 25.0 125 200 290
B (s)
ver Reed Smoot, Jr., class of 1962, who was carried or dragged
92.0 142
length by length across the bridge so that other pledge members C (s)
of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity could mark off (with paint)
1-Smoot lengths along the bridge. The marks have been repainted Figure 1-6 Problem 13.
biannually by fraternity pledges since the initial measurement, usu-
ally during times of traffic congestion so that the police cannot eas- •14 A lecture period (50 min) is close to 1 microcentury. (a) How
ily interfere. (Presumably, the police were originally upset because long is a microcentury in minutes? (b) Using

( )
the Smoot is not an SI base unit, but these days they seem to
actual − pproximation
have accepted the unit.) Figure 1-4 shows three parallel paths, mea- percentage difference = 100,
sured in Smoots (S), Willies (W), and Zeldas (Z). What is the length actual
of 50.0 Smoots in (a) Willies and (b) Zeldas?
find the percentage difference from the approximation.
0 32 212 •15 A fortnight is a charming English measure of time equal to
S
2.0 weeks (the word is a contraction of “fourteen nights”). That is
0 258
W a nice amount of time in pleasant company but perhaps a painful
60 216
string of microseconds in unpleasant company. How many micro-
Z seconds are in a fortnight?
Figure 1-4 Problem 8. •16 Time standards are now based on atomic clocks. A prom-
ising second standard is based on pulsars, which are rotating
••9 Antarctica is roughly semicircular, with a radius of 2000 km neutron stars (highly compact stars consisting only of neutrons).
(Fig. 1-5). The average thickness of its ice cover is 3000 m. How Some rotate at a rate that is highly stable, sending out a radio
many cubic centimeters of ice does Antarctica contain? (Ignore the beacon that sweeps briefly across Earth once with each rotation,
curvature of Earth.) like a lighthouse beacon. Pulsar PSR 1937 + 21 is an example;
it rotates once every 1.557 806 448 872 75 ± 3 ms, where the trail-
ing ±3 indicates the uncertainty in the last decimal place (it does
2000 km not mean ±3 ms). (a) How many rotations does PSR 1937 + 21
3000 m make in 7.00 days? (b) How much time does the pulsar take to
rotate exactly one million times and (c) what is the associated
Figure 1-5 Problem 9. uncertainty?
10 CHAPTER 1 MEASUREMENT

•17 SSM Five clocks are being tested in a laboratory. Exactly at that range, give the lower value and the higher value, respectively,
noon, as determined by the WWV time signal, on successive days for the following. (a) How many cubic meters of water are in a
of a week the clocks read as in the following table. Rank the five cylindrical cumulus cloud of height 3.0 km and radius 1.0 km?
clocks according to their relative value as good timekeepers, best (b) How many 1-liter pop bottles would that water fill? (c) Water
to worst. Justify your choice. has a density of 1000 kg/m3. How much mass does the water in the
cloud have?
Clock Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat. ••27 Iron has a density of 7.87 g/cm3, and the mass of an iron atom
is 9.27 × 10−26 kg. If the atoms are spherical and tightly packed,
A 12:36:40 12:36:56 12:37:12 12:37:27 12:37:44 12:37:59 12:38:14
(a) what is the volume of an iron atom and (b) what is the distance
B 11:59:59 12:00:02 11:59:57 12:00:07 12:00:02 11:59:56 12:00:03 between the centers of adjacent atoms?
C 15:50:45 15:51:43 15:52:41 15:53:39 15:54:37 15:55:35 15:56:33
••28 A mole of atoms is 6.02 × 1023 atoms. To the nearest order
D 12:03:59 12:02:52 12:01:45 12:00:38 11:59:31 11:58:24 11:57:17 of magnitude, how many moles of atoms are in a large domestic
E 12:03:59 12:02:49 12:01:54 12:01:52 12:01:32 12:01:22 12:01:12 cat? The masses of a hydrogen atom, an oxygen atom, and a carbon
atom are 1.0 u, 16 u, and 12 u, respectively. (Hint: Cats are some-
••18 Because Earth’s rotation is gradually slowing, the length of times known to kill a mole.)
each day increases: The day at the end of 1.0 century is 1.0 ms longer ••29 On a spending spree in Malaysia, you buy an ox with
than the day at the start of the century. In 20 centuries, what is the a weight of 28.9 piculs in the local unit of weights: 1 picul = 100 gins,
total of the daily increases in time? 1 gin = 16 tahils, 1 tahil = 10 chees, and 1 chee = 10 hoons. The
•••19 Suppose that, while lying on a beach near the equator weight of 1 hoon corresponds to a mass of 0.3779 g. When you
watching the Sun set over a calm ocean, you start a stopwatch just arrange to ship the ox home to your astonished family, how much
as the top of the Sun disappears. You then stand, elevating your mass in kilograms must you declare on the shipping manifest?
eyes by a height H = 1.70 m, and stop the watch when the top of (Hint: Set up multiple chain-link conversions.)
the Sun again disappears. If the elapsed time is t = 11.1 s, what is ••30 Water is poured into a container that has a small
the radius r of Earth? leak. The mass m of the water is given as a function of time t by
m = 5.00t0.8 − 3.00t + 20.00, with t ≥ 0, m in grams, and t in seconds.
Module 1-3 Mass (a) At what time is the water mass greatest, and (b) what is that
•20 The record for the largest glass bottle was set in 1992 by a greatest mass? In kilograms per minute, what is the rate of mass
team in Millville, New Jersey — they blew a bottle with a volume change at (c) t = 2.00 s and (d) t = 5.00 s?
of 193 U.S. fluid gallons. (a) How much short of 1.0 million cubic •••31 A vertical container with base area measuring 14.0 cm by
centimeters is that? (b) If the bottle were filled with water at the 17.0 cm is being filled with identical pieces of candy, each with a
leisurely rate of 1.8 g/min, how long would the filling take? Water volume of 50.0 mm3 and a mass of 0.0200 g. Assume that the volume
has a density of 1000 kg/m3. of the empty spaces between the candies is negligible. If the height
•21 Earth has a mass of 5.98 × 1024 kg. The average mass of the atoms of the candies in the container increases at the rate of 0.250 cm/s,
that make up Earth is 40 u. How many atoms are there in Earth? at what rate (kilograms per minute) does the mass of the candies in
the container increase?
•22 Gold, which has a density of 19.32 g/cm3, is the most ductile
metal and can be pressed into a thin leaf or drawn out into a long
fiber. (a) If a sample of gold, with a mass of 27.63 g, is pressed Additional Problems
into a leaf of 1.000 μm thickness, what is the area of the leaf?
32 In the United States, a doll house has the scale of 1:12 of a
(b) If, instead, the gold is drawn out into a cylindrical fiber of radius
real house (that is, each length of the doll house is 121 that of the
2.500 μm, what is the length of the fiber?
real house) and a miniature house (a doll house to fit within a doll
•23 SSM (a) Assuming that water has a density of exactly 1 g/cm3, house) has the scale of 1:144 of a real house. Suppose a real house
find the mass of one cubic meter of water in kilograms. (b) Sup-
(Fig. 1-7) has a front length of 20 m, a depth of 12 m, a height of 6.0 m,
pose that it takes 10.0 h to drain a container of 5700 m3 of water.
and a standard sloped roof (vertical triangular faces on the ends)
What is the “mass flow rate,” in kilograms per second, of water
from the container? of height 3.0 m. In cubic meters, what are the volumes of the cor-
responding (a) doll house and (b) miniature house?
••24 Grains of fine California beach sand are approximately
spheres with an average radius of 50 μm and are made of silicon
dioxide, which has a density of 2600 kg/m3. What mass of sand grains
would have a total surface area (the total area of all the individual
spheres) equal to the surface area of a cube 1.00 m on an edge?
3.0 m
••25 During heavy rain, a section of a mountainside mea-
suring 2.5 km horizontally, 0.80 km up along the slope, and 2.0 m
deep slips into a valley in a mud slide. Assume that the mud ends
up uniformly distributed over a surface area of the valley measuring 6.0 m
20 m
0.40 km × 0.40 km and that mud has a density of 1900 kg/m3. What
is the mass of the mud sitting above a 4.0 m2 area of the valley floor?
12 m
••26 One cubic centimeter of a typical cumulus cloud contains
50 to 500 water drops, which have a typical radius of 10 μm. For Figure 1-7 Problem 32.
 PROBLEMS 11

33 SSM A ton is a measure of volume frequently used in ship- road. The tourist does not realize that the U.K. gallon differs from
ping, but that use requires some care because there are at least three the U.S. gallon:
types of tons: A displacement ton is equal to 7 barrels bulk, a freight
1 U.K. gallon = 4.546 090 0 liters
ton is equal to 8 barrels bulk, and a register ton is equal to 20 bar-
1 U.S. gallon = 3.785 411 8 liters.
rels bulk. A barrel bulk is another measure of volume: 1 barrel
bulk = 0.1415 m3. Suppose you spot a shipping order for “73 tons”
For a trip of 750 miles (in the United States), how many gallons of
of M&M candies, and you are certain that the client who sent
fuel does (a) the mistaken tourist believe she needs and (b) the car
the order intended “ton” to refer to volume (instead of weight or
actually require?
mass, as discussed in Chapter 5). If the client actually meant dis-
placement tons, how many extra U.S. bushels of the candies will 40 Using conversions and data in the chapter, determine the
you erroneously ship if you interpret the order as (a) 73 freight number of hydrogen atoms required to obtain 1.0 kg of hydrogen.
tons and (b) 73 register tons? (1 m3 = 28.378 U.S. bushels.) A hydrogen atom has a mass of 1.0 u.
34 Two types of barrel units were in use in the 1920s in the 41 SSM A cord is a volume of cut wood equal to a stack 8 ft long,
United States. The apple barrel had a legally set volume of 7056 4 ft wide, and 4 ft high. How many cords are in 1.0 m3?
cubic inches; the cranberry barrel, 5826 cubic inches. If a merchant 42 One molecule of water (H2O) contains two atoms of hydrogen
sells 20 cranberry barrels of goods to a customer who thinks he is and one atom of oxygen. A hydrogen atom has a mass of 1.0 u and
receiving apple barrels, what is the discrepancy in the shipment an atom of oxygen has a mass of 16 u, approximately. (a) What is
volume in liters? the mass in kilograms of one molecule of water? (b) How many mol-
35 An old English children’s rhyme states, “Little Miss Muffet ecules of water are in the world’s oceans, which have an estimated
sat on a tuffet, eating her curds and whey, when along came a spi- total mass of 1.4 × 1021 kg?
der who sat down beside her. . . .” The spider sat down not because 43 A person on a diet might lose 2.3 kg per week. Express the
of the curds and whey but because Miss Muffet had a stash of 11 mass loss rate in milligrams per second, as if the dieter could sense
tuffets of dried flies. The volume measure of a tuffet is given by the second-by-second loss.
1 tuffet = 2 pecks = 0.50 Imperial bushel, where 1 Imperial bushel
= 36.3687 liters (L). What was Miss Muffet’s stash in (a) pecks, 44 What mass of water fell on the town in Problem 7? Water has
(b) Imperial bushels, and (c) liters? a density of 1.0 × 103 kg/m3.
36 Table 1-7 shows some old measures of liquid volume. To 45 (a) A unit of time sometimes used in microscopic physics is
complete the table, what numbers (to three significant figures) the shake. One shake equals 10−8 s. Are there more shakes in a
should be entered in (a) the wey column, (b) the chaldron column, second than there are seconds in a year? (b) Humans have existed
(c) the bag column, (d) the pottle column, and (e) the gill column, for about 106 years, whereas the universe is about 1010 years old.
starting from the top down? (f) The volume of 1 bag is equal to If the age of the universe is defined as 1 “universe day,” where a
0.1091 m3. If an old story has a witch cooking up some vile liquid universe day consists of “universe seconds” as a normal day con-
in a cauldron of volume 1.5 chaldrons, what is the volume in cubic sists of normal seconds, how many universe seconds have humans
meters? existed?
46 A unit of area often used in measuring land areas is the hectare,
Table 1-7 Problem 36 defined as 104 m2. An open-pit coal mine consumes 75 hectares of
land, down to a depth of 26 m, each year. What volume of earth, in
wey chaldron bag pottle gill cubic kilometers, is removed in this time?
1 wey = 1 10/9 40/3 640 120 240 47 SSM An astronomical unit (AU) is the average distance
1 chaldron = between Earth and the Sun, approximately 1.50 × 108 km. The
1 bag = speed of light is about 3.0 × 108 m/s. Express the speed of light in
astronomical units per minute.
1 pottle =
1 gill = 48 The common Eastern mole, a mammal, typically has a mass
of 75 g, which corresponds to about 7.5 moles of atoms. (A mole
of atoms is 6.02 × 1023 atoms.) In atomic mass units (u), what is the
37 A typical sugar cube has an edge length of 1 cm. If you had a average mass of the atoms in the common Eastern mole?
cubical box that contained a mole of sugar cubes, what would its 49 A traditional unit of length in Japan is the ken (1 ken = 1.97 m).
edge length be? (One mole = 6.02 × 1023 units.) What are the ratios of (a) square kens to square meters and
38 An old manuscript reveals that a landowner in the time (b) cubic kens to cubic meters? What is the volume of a cylindri-
of King Arthur held 3.00 acres of plowed land plus a live- cal water tank of height 5.50 kens and radius 3.00 kens in (c) cubic
stock area of 25.0 perches by 4.00 perches. What was the total kens and (d) cubic meters?
area in (a) the old unit of roods and (b) the more modern unit of 50 You receive orders to sail due east for 24.5 mi to put your sal-
square meters? Here, 1 acre is an area of 40 perches by 4 perches, vage ship directly over a sunken pirate ship. However, when your
1 rood is an area of 40 perches by 1 perch, and 1 perch is the divers probe the ocean floor at that location and find no evidence of
length 16.5 ft. a ship, you radio back to your source of information, only to discover
39 SSM A tourist purchases a car in England and ships it home that the sailing distance was supposed to be 24.5 nautical miles, not
to the United States. The car sticker advertised that the car’s regular miles. Use the Length table in Appendix D to calculate how
fuel consumption was at the rate of 40 miles per gallon on the open far horizontally you are from the pirate ship in kilometers.
12 CHAPTER 1 MEASUREMENT

51 The cubit is an ancient unit of length based on the distance 56 The corn–hog ratio is a financial term used in the pig market
between the elbow and the tip of the middle finger of the mea- and presumably is related to the cost of feeding a pig until it is large
surer. Assume that the distance ranged from 43 to 53 cm, and enough for market. It is defined as the ratio of the market price
suppose that ancient drawings indicate that a cylindrical pillar of a pig with a mass of 3.108 slugs to the market price of a U.S.
was to have a length of 9 cubits and a diameter of 2 cubits. For bushel of corn. (The word “slug” is derived from an old German
the stated range, what are the lower value and the upper value, word that means “to hit”; we have the same meaning for “slug” as
respectively, for (a) the cylinder’s length in meters, (b) the cyl- a verb in modern English.) A U.S. bushel is equal to 35.238 L. If
inder’s length in millimeters, and (c) the cylinder’s volume in the corn–hog ratio is listed as 5.7 on the market exchange, what is
cubic meters? it in the metric units of
52 As a contrast between the old and the modern and between price of 1 kilogram of pig
the large and the small, consider the following: In old rural ?
price of 1 liter of corn
England 1 hide (between 100 and 120 acres) was the area of land
needed to sustain one family with a single plough for one year. (Hint: See the Mass table in Appendix D.)
(An area of 1 acre is equal to 4047 m2.) Also, 1 wapentake was the
57 You are to fix dinners for 400 people at a convention of Mexi-
area of land needed by 100 such families. In quantum physics, the
can food fans. Your recipe calls for 2 jalapeño peppers per serving
cross-sectional area of a nucleus (defined in terms of the chance
(one serving per person). However, you have only habanero pep-
of a particle hitting and being absorbed by it) is measured in units
pers on hand. The spiciness of peppers is measured in terms of the
of barns, where 1 barn is 1 × 10−28 m2. (In nuclear physics jargon,
scoville heat unit (SHU). On average, one jalapeño pepper has a
if a nucleus is “large,” then shooting a particle at it is like shooting
spiciness of 4000 SHU and one habanero pepper has a spiciness
a bullet at a barn door, which can hardly be missed.) What is the
of 300 000 SHU. To get the desired spiciness, how many habanero
ratio of 25 wapentakes to 11 barns?
peppers should you substitute for the jalapeño peppers in the rec-
53 SSM An astronomical unit (AU) is equal to the average ipe for the 400 dinners?
distance from Earth to the Sun, about 92.9 × 106 mi. A parsec
(pc) is the distance at which a 58 A standard interior staircase has steps each with a rise (height)
length of 1 AU would subtend of 19 cm and a run (horizontal depth) of 23 cm. Research suggests
An angle of
an angle of exactly 1 second of exactly 1 second
that the stairs would be safer for descent if the run were, instead,
arc (Fig. 1-8). A light-year (ly) 28 cm. For a particular staircase of total height 4.57 m, how much
1 pc
is the distance that light, trav- farther into the room would the staircase extend if this change in
eling through a vacuum with a 1 AU run were made?
1 pc
speed of 186 000 mi/s, would 59 In purchasing food for a political rally, you erroneously order
cover in 1.0 year. Express the Figure 1-8 Problem 53. shucked medium-size Pacific oysters (which come 8 to 12 per U.S.
Earth – Sun distance in (a) par- pint) instead of shucked medium-size Atlantic oysters (which come
secs and (b) light-years. 26 to 38 per U.S. pint). The filled oyster container shipped to you
54 The description for a certain brand of house paint claims a has the interior measure of 1.0 m × 12 cm × 20 cm, and a U.S. pint
coverage of 460 ft2/gal. (a) Express this quantity in square meters is equivalent to 0.4732 liter. By how many oysters is the order short
per liter. (b) Express this quantity in an SI unit (see Appendices of your anticipated count?
A and D). (c) What is the inverse of the original quantity, and 60 An old English cookbook carries this recipe for cream of net-
(d) what is its physical significance? tle soup: “Boil stock of the following amount: 1 breakfastcup plus
55 Strangely, the wine for a large wedding reception is to be 1 teacup plus 6 tablespoons plus 1 dessertspoon. Using gloves,
served in a stunning cut-glass receptacle with the interior dimen- separate nettle tops until you have 0.5 quart; add the tops to the
sions of 40 cm × 40 cm × 30 cm (height). The receptacle is to be ini- boiling stock. Add 1 tablespoon of cooked rice and 1 saltspoon of
tially filled to the top. The wine can be purchased in bottles of the salt. Simmer for 15 min.” The following table gives some of the con-
sizes given in the following table. Purchasing a larger bottle instead versions among old (premetric) British measures and among com-
of multiple smaller bottles decreases the overall cost of the wine. mon (still premetric) U.S. measures. (These measures just scream
To minimize the cost, (a) which bottle sizes should be purchased for metrication.) For liquid measures, 1 British teaspoon = 1 U.S.
and how many of each should be purchased and, once the recep- teaspoon. For dry measures, 1 British teaspoon = 2 U.S. teaspoons
tacle is filled, how much wine is left over in terms of (b) standard and 1 British quart = 1 U.S. quart. In U.S. measures, how much
bottles and (c) liters? (a) stock, (b) nettle tops, (c) rice, and (d) salt are required in the
recipe?
1 standard bottle
1 magnum = 2 standard bottles Old British Measures U.S. Measures
1 jeroboam = 4 standard bottles
teaspoon = 2 saltspoons tablespoon = 3 teaspoons
1 rehoboam = 6 standard bottles
dessertspoon = 2 teaspoons half cup = 8 tablespoons
1 methuselah = 8 standard bottles tablespoon = 2 dessertspoons cup = 2 half cups
1 salmanazar = 12 standard bottles teacup = 8 tablespoons
1 balthazar = 16 standard bottles = 11.356 L breakfastcup = 2 teacups
1 nebuchadnezzar = 20 standard bottles