C H A P T E R

7
Alternating Current
A Quick Recapitulation of the Chapter
1. Alternating Current (AC) is the current which varies Then,
in both magnitude as well as direction alternatively (i) Inductive reactance, XL = ωL = 2 πfL
and periodically. π
(ii) Voltage leads the current by phase .
i = i 0 sinωt or i = i 0 cos ωt 2
π
where, i 0 = peak value or maximum value of AC. If V = V 0 sin ωt , then i = i 0 sin ωt − 
2. RMS Value of AC is defined as the value of steady  2
current that would generate the same amount of heat π
(iii) Power factor, cos φ = cos = 0
in a given resistor as would be generated by the 2
given AC current over a complete cycle. Thus, average power consumption,
3. Average or Mean Value of AC is defined as the value Pav = V rms i rms cos φ = 0
of steady current which would send same amount of
charge through a circuit that is sent by the AC in the 8. In an L-R Series AC Circuit
in half-cycle. V rms
2i Impedance, Z = R 2 + XL2 =
i av = 0 = 0637
. i0 i rms
π
X L ωL
4. The instantaneous alternating emf is given by For the phase angle, tan φ = = , voltage leads
R R
V = V 0 sinωt or V = V 0 cos ωt
current by phase φ.
V
Also , V rms = 0 = 0707. or V rms = 707
. % of V 0
2 9. In an AC Circuit Containing Capacitor Only
2V Instantaneous value E is given by E = E 0 sinωt
and V av = 0 = 0637 . or V rms = 63.7% of V 0 1 1
π Then, (i) Capacitive reactance, XC = =
ωC 2 πfC
5. Power In a AC circuit, both emf and current change
continuously w.r.t. time, so in circuit, we have to (ii) Capacitor offers infinite reactance in DC circuit
calculate average power in complete cycle (0 → T ). as f = 0.
π
Pav = V rms i rms cos φ (iii) Voltage lags behind the current by phase .
where, cos φ = Power factor. 2
 π
6. In an AC Circuit Containing Resistance Only If V = V 0 sin ωt , then i = i 0 sin ωt + 
 2
Instantaneous value E is given by E = E 0 sinωt
Then, voltage and current are in same phase (iv) Power factor (cos φ) is minimum and equal to zero.
i = i 0 sinωt ∴ Average power consumption (during a
7. In an AC Circuit Containing Inductor Only complete cycle),
Instantaneous value E is given by E = E 0 sinωt Pav = V rms i rms cos φ = 0
10. In an C-R Series AC Circuit 14. L-C Oscillations When the charged capacitor is
V connected with the inductor, current flows through
Impedance, Z = rms = R 2 + XC2 the inductor and energy stored in the inductor in the
i rms
form of magnetic field and capacitor discharges and
XC 1
For the phase angle, tan φ = = vice-versa. In this way, energy oscillates between
R ωCR capacitor and inductor.
11. In an L-C Series AC Circuit 1
The frequency of oscillation is ω 0 =
V LC
Impedance, Z = rms = XL − XC
i rms 15. Quality Factor It indicates the sharpness of
Phase difference between voltage and current is π /2. resonance in an L-C-R series AC circuit.
Thus, power factor, cos φ = 0 V V ω L 1 1 L
Quality factor = L = C = 0 = =
12. In an L-C-R Series AC Circuit VR VR R ω 0CR R C
V rms Quality factor is also defined as
(i) Impedance, Z = R 2 + ( XL − XC ) 2 =
i rms  Maximum energy stored 
Q = 2π  
(ii) If XL > XC , then V leads i by φ and if XL < XC , then  Energy dissipated / cycle
V lags behind i by φ.
X − XC VL − VC 16. A transformer is device used either to obtain a high
where, tan φ = L = AC voltage from a low voltage AC source or vice-versa.
R VR
For an ideal transformer,
13. In Resonant L-C-R Series AC Circuit es Vs N ip
= = s = =k
(i) XL = XC ep V p N p is
(ii) Impedance, Z = Zmin = R where, k is known as transformation ratio.
(iii) The phase difference between V and i is 0°. For a step-up transformer, k > 1 but for a step-down
(iv) Resonant angular frequency, ω 0 =
1
. transformer k < 1.
LC The efficiency of a transformer is given by
(v) Average power consumption Pav becomes Output power Vs ⋅ is
η= =
maximum. Input power Vp ⋅ i p
V
(vi) Current becomes maximum and imax = rms For an ideal transformer, η = 100% or 1. However, for
R practical transformer, η ≈ 85-90%.

Objective Questions Based on NCERT Text

Topic 1
AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
1. Which current do not change direction with time? 4. When the current changes continuously in magnitude
(a) DC current (b) AC current and periodically in direction, several times per
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b) second, the current is known as the
(a) direct current (b) induced current
2. The electric mains supply in our homes and offices is
(c) displacement current (d) alternating current
a voltage that varies like a sine function with time.
Such a voltage is called ..... and the current driven by 5. Consider a source which
it in a circuit is called the ..... . produces sinusoidally varying
ε R
(a) DC voltage, AC current (b) AC voltage, DC current potential difference across its
(c) AC voltage, DC voltage (d) AC voltage, AC current terminals, this potential difference
called AC voltage, be given by the
3. Potential difference between two points is called
expression
(a) AC current (b) voltage
(a) Vm sin ωt (b) Vm cos ωt
(c) DC current (d) resistor
(c) 2Vm cos ωt (d) 2Vm sin ωt
 6. Which of the following graphs shows, in a pure 13. A group of electric lamps having total power rating of
resistor, the voltage and current are in phase? 600 W, 200V is supplied by an AC voltage
Vm V V = 169 sin (314 t + 60° ). The rms value of the current is
im i
im i (a) 10 A (b) 9.04 A (c) 1.48 A (d) 8 mA
(a) O 2π
π ωt (b) O π ωt 14. The electric mains in the house is marked 220 V,
2π 50 Hz. Write down the equation for instantaneous
Vm V
voltage.
Vm V
(a) 3.1V sin (100π ) t (b) 31.1V cos (100π ) t
Vm V i (c) 311.1V sin (100π ) t (d) 311.1V cos (100π ) t
im
π
(c)
O π 2π 2π ωt
(d) O ωt 15. The electric current in a circuit is given by i = i0 ( t / τ )
π
im
2π
i
for same time. The rms current for the period t = 0 to
t = τ is
7. The sum of instantaneous current values over one i0 3i0 i0 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) i0
complete cycle is 3 2 2 4
(a) negative (b) positive 16. In a purely resistive AC circuit, the current
(c) zero (d) Both (a) and (b) (a) lags behind the emf in phase
8. When an AC current passes through a resistor there is (b) is in phase with the emf
dissipation of (c) leads the emf in phase
(a) joule heating (b) electrical energy (d) leads the emf in half the cycle behind it in the other half
(c) power (d) Both (a) and (b) 17. The frequency of an alternating voltage is 50 cycles/s
9. To express AC power in the same form as DC power, and its amplitude is 120 V. Then, the rms value of
a special value of current is defined and used, is voltage is
called (a) 101.3 V (b) 84.8 V
(a) root mean square current ( I rms ) (c) 70.7 V (d) 56.5 V
(b) effective current 18. In order to show phase relationship between voltage
(c) induced current and current in AC circuit, we use the notion of
(d) Both (a) and (b) (a) phasors (b) sine function
10. Which of the following graphs, shows i / t? (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)
i i 19. What is the speed of a phasor which rotates about the
im im
I I
origin?
(a) 2ω (b) ω / 2 (c) ω (d) ω / 4
(a) O (b) O π
2π 3π ωt 2π 3π ωt
20. Which of the following represent the value of voltage
– im im and current at an instant in a purely resistive AC
circuit?
i t
im (a) Vm sin ωt , im sin ωt (b) Vm cos ωt , im cos ω t
I (c) − Vm sin ωt , − im sin ω t (d) − Vm cos ωt , − im cos ω t
(c) O π (d) O I 21. What will be the phase angle between the voltage and
2π ωt π 2π 3π
the current in resistive AC circuit?
– im (a) π / 2 (b) π / 4
(c) π / 3 (d) Zero
11. The household line voltage of 220 V is a rms value
with a peak voltage of 22. Voltage and current in an AC circuit are given by
(a) 310 V (b) 311 V V = 5 sin (100 πt − π / 6)
(c) 307 V (d) 302 V and I = 4 sin (100 πt + π / 6)
12. A light bulb is rated at 100 W for a 220 V supply. (a) voltage leads the current by 30°
Find the resistance of the bulb. (b) current leads the voltage by 30°
(a) 48 Ω (b) 484 Ω (c) current leads the voltage by 60°
(c) 480 Ω (d) 350 Ω (d) voltage leads the current by 60°
23. Alternating current cannot be measured by DC 27. In a circuit, the value of the alternating current is
ammeter, because measured by hot wire ammeter as 10 A. Its peak value
(a) AC cannot pass through DC ammeter will be
(b) average value of current in complete cycle is zero (a) 10 A (b) 20 A (c) 14.14 A (d) 7.07 A
(c) AC is virtual 28. A resistance of 20 Ω is connected to a source of an
(d) AC changes its direction alternating potential, V = 220 sin (100 π t ). The time
24. In an AC circuit, I =100 sin 200 πt. The time required taken by current to change from its peak value to rms
value is
for the current to achieve its peak value will be
(a) 0.2 s (b) 0.25 s
1 1
(a) s (b) s (c) 25 × 10− 3 s (d) 2.5 × 10− 3 s
100 200
1 1 29. If an AC main supply is given to be 220 V. What
(c) s (d) s
300 400 would be the average emf during a positive half-cycle?
(a) 198 V (b) 386 V
25. A generator produces a voltage that is given by (c) 256 V (d) None of these
V = 240 sin 120 t, where t is in seconds. The frequency
and rms voltage are 30. If an alternating voltage is represented as
(a) 60 Hz and 240 V E =141 sin (628 t ), then the rms value of the voltage
(b) 19 Hz and 120 V
and the frequency are respectively
(a) 141 V, 628 Hz (b) 100 V, 50 Hz
(c) 19 Hz and 170 V
(c) 100 V, 100 Hz (d) 141 V, 100 Hz
(d) 754 Hz and 70 V
31. The voltage of an AC source varies with time
26. An alternating current is given by the equation according to equation V =100 sinπt cos 100 πt. where
i = i1 cos ωt + i2 sin ωt. The rms current is given by t is in seconds and V is in volts. Then
1 1
(a) ( i1 + i2 ) (b) ( i1 + i2 )2 (a) the peak voltage of the source is 100 V
2 2 (b) the peak voltage of the source is 50 V
1 1 2
(c) ( i12 + i22 )1 / 2 (d) ( i1 + i22 )1 / 2 (c) the peak voltage of the source is 100/ 2 V
2 2 (d) the frequency of the source is 100 Hz.

Topic 2
AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
32. Vm
34. i = − cos (ωt ) + constant, in the given equation,
ε L ωL
the integration constant has the dimension of
(a) resistor (b) current (c) voltage (d) inductor
From the above figure, which one of the following 35. The integration constant in above question, is
option is correct? (a) time-independent (b) time-dependent
di di
(a) V − L =0 (b) L − V =0 (c) may be time-independent (d) never time dependent
dt dt
di di 36. The inductive reactance is directly proportional to the
(c) L + V (d) 2L − V =0 (a) inductance (b) frequency of the current
dt dt
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) amplitude of current
V
33. Equation di / dt = = (Vm / L) sin ωt implies that the 37. Which of the following figure shows that the current
L
equation for i ( t ), the current as a function of time, phasor I is π /2 behind the voltage phasor V ?
must be such that V V
(a) its slope di / dt is a sinusoidally varying quantity with I
(a) Vm sin ωt1 (b) Vm sin ωt1
the same phase as the source voltage ωt1 ωt1
(b) an amplitude given byVm / L im sin (ωt1– π/2)
im sin ωt1
(c) Both (a) and (b) I
(d) Neither (a) nor (b) (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)
38. In a purely inductive AC circuit, the current reaches 46. The current ( I ) in the inductance is varying with time
its maximum value later than the voltage by according to the plot shown in figure. Which one of
(a) one-fourth of a period the following is the correct variation of voltage with
(b) half of a period time in the coil?
(c) three by fourth of a period
(d) complete a period
I
39. A pure inductor of 25.0 mH is connected to a source
of 220 V. Find the inductive reactance if the T/2
t
frequency of the source is 50 Hz.
(a) 785 Ω (b) 6.50 Ω V V
(c) 7.85 Ω (d) 8.75 Ω (a) (b)
40. Refer the above question, the rms current in the t t
T/2 T T/2 T
circuit is
(a) 25 A (b) 16 A V Y
(c) 11 A (d) 28 A (d)
(c) V0
T/2 T
41. Which of the following graphs represents the correct t X
T/2 T t
variation of inductive reactance X L with angular
frequency ω?
XL XL 47. A resistance of 300 Ω and an inductance of 1 / π henry
are connected in a series to an AC voltage of 20 V
(a) (b) and 200 Hz frequency. The phase angle between the
voltage and current is
ω ω (a) tan − 1 4 / 3 (b) tan − 1 3/ 4
(c) tan − 1 3/ 2 (d) tan − 1 2/ 5
XL XL
48. Two inductors L1 (inductance 1mH, internal
(c) (d) resistance 3 Ω) and L2 (inductance 2 mH, internal
resistance 4 Ω), and a resistor R (resistance 12 Ω) are
ω ω all connected in parallel across a 5 V battery. The
circuit is switched on at time t = 0. The ratio of the
42. In a purely inductive AC circuit, L = 30.0 mH and the maximum to the minimum current ( I max / I min )
rms voltage is 150 V, frequency ν = 50 Hz. The drawn from the battery is [JEE Advanced 2016]
inductive reactance is (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
(a) 15.9 Ω (b) 9.42 Ω
(c) 10 Ω (d) 8.85 Ω 49. In an L-R circuit connected to a battery, the rate at
which energy is stored in the inductor is plotted
43. An inductance of negligible resistance whose against time during the growth of current in the
reactance is 120 Ω at 200 Hz is connected to a 240 V, circuit. Which of the following figure best represents
60 Hz, power line. The current in the inductor is
the resulting curve?
(a) 6.66 A (b) 6.60 A
(c) 5.45 A (d) 54.5 A dU dU
dt dt
44. In a circuit containing an inductance of zero (a) (b)
resistance, the emf of the applied AC voltage leads
the current by
0 Time 0 Time
(a) 90° (b) 45°
(c) 30° (d) 0° dU dU
dt dt
45. In an AC circuit, the current lags behind the voltage
(c) (d)
by π /2. The components of the circuit are
(a) R and L (b) L and C
(c) R and C (d) only R 0 Time 0 Time
Topic 3
AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
50. Current I across the capacitor in a purely capacitive 58. A 15.0 µF capacitor is connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz
AC circuit is source. The capacitive reactance is
(a) im sin (ωt + π / 4 ) (b) im sin (ωt + π / 2 ) (a) 220 Ω (b) 215 Ω (c) 212 Ω (d) 204 Ω
(c) im cos (ωt + π / 4 ) (d) im cos (ωt + π / 2 )
59. Refer the above question, the current (rms and peak)
51. The amplitude of the oscillating current in the above in the circuit is
capacitive AC circuit is (a) 1.47 A, 2.04 A (b) 1.08 A, 1.0 A
(a) ωCVm (b) 2ωCVm (c) 1.04 A, 1.47 A (d) 2.4 A, 1.08 A
ωCVm 3 ωCVm
(c) (d) 60. Same current is flowing in two alternating circuits.
4 2
The first circuit contains only inductance and the
52. Which of the following is called capacitive reactance other contains only a capacitance. If the frequency of
and is denoted by X C ? the emf of AC is increased, the effect on the value of
(a) ωC (b) 1/ωC the current will be
(c) 2/ωC (d) ωC / R (a) increase in the first circuit and decrease in the other
(b) increase in both the circuits
53. The dimension of capacitive reactance is the same as
(c) decrease in both the circuits
that of
(d) decrease in the first circuit and increase in the other
(a) current (b) inductance reactance
(c) voltage (d) resistance 61. An alternating voltage E = 200 2 sin (100 t ) is
54. Capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to connected to a 1µF, capacitor through an AC
(a) frequency (b) capacitance ammeter. The reading of the ammeter shall be
(c) voltage (d) Both (a) and (b) (a) 10 mA (b) 20 mA
(c) 40 mA (d) 80 mA
55. For AC voltage applied to a capacitor, the current is
62. If the frequency is doubled, what happens to the
ahead of voltage by
capacitive reactance and the current?
(a) π / 2 (b) π / 4
3π (a) Capacitive reactance is halved, the current is doubled
(c) (d) π (b) Capacitive reactance is doubled, the current is halved
4
(c) Capacitive reactance and the current are halved
56. Which of the following diagram shows that the (d) Capacitive reactance and the current are doubled
current phasor I is π /2 ahead of the voltage phasor V
as they rotate counter-clockwise? 63. Which of the following graphs represents the
correct variation of capacitive reactance X C with
V V frequency f ?
Vm sin ωt1 I XC XC
(a) ωt1 (b) Vm sin ωt1 ωt
im sin (ωt1) im sin ωt1 (a) (b)
I
f f
vm sin ωt1 V
V
(c) I (d) XC XC
Vm sin ωt1
ωt
ωt1
im sin ωt1 (c) (d)
im sin (ωt1+ π/2)
I
f f
57. In capacitive AC circuit the current reaches its
maximum value earlier than the voltage by 64. A 60 µF capacitor is connected to a 110 V, 60 Hz AC
(a) half of a period (b) three-fourth of a period supply. The rms value of the current in the circuit is
(c) three-two of a period (d) one-fourth of a period (a) 2 A (b) 2.49 A (c) 1.85 A (d) 2.05 A
65. A resistor and a capacitor are connected in series 66. A resistor of 200 Ω and a capacitor of 15 µF are
with an AC source. If the potential drop across the connected in series to a 220 V, 50 Hz AC source. The
capacitor is 5V and that across the resistor is 12 V, current in the circuit is
then applied voltage is (a) 755 A (b) 7.55 mA
(a) 13 V (b) 17 V (c) 5 V (d) 12 V (c) 0.755A (d) 0.755 mA

Topic 4
AC Voltage Applied to a Series L-C-R Circuit
67. Consider the figure, the R 70. Which of the following graph, is correct for a series
resistor, inductor and capacitor L-C-R circuit, where X C > X L ?
are in series, therefore ε C
φ φ
(a) the AC current in each L
element is same at any time
i V
(b) amplitude and phase are same in each element (a) V (b) i
O ωt π ωt O ωt 2π ωt
(c) Both (a) and (b) 1 2π 1 3π
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
68. Which one of the following phasor diagrams φ φ
correctly represents the relation between the
phasors VR , VL and VC of a series L-C-R circuit? (c)
V
(d)
V
i
i
VR O ωt O π ωt
VC

ωt1
VC

ωt1 2π 4π 2π
m

m
-V

–V

VR
Lm

Lm
m

V VR
VR

(a) (b)
VR

φ φ 71. The current in the series L-C-R circuit is

Vm Vm
ωt ωt (a) i = im sin (ωt + φ )
Vm
VC +VL VC + VL (b) i = sin (ωt + φ )
R + ( X c − X L )2
2
VC + VL
(c) i = 2 im cos (ωt + φ )
VC
m
+

(d) Both (a) and (b)

VL

(c) (d) All of these

m
m

VR
72. In an L-C-R series AC circuit, then voltage across each
VR

ωt Vm of the components. L, C and R is 50 V. The voltage

φ across the C-R combination will be
V (a) 50 V (b) 50 2 V (c) 100 V (d) zero
69. In the given circuit, the AC source has ω =100 rad/s. 73. In a series L-C-R circuit, the frequency of 10 V AC
Considering the inductor and capacitor to be ideal, voltage source is adjusted in such a fashion that the
the correct choice(s) is (are) [IIT JEE 2012] reactance of the inductor measures 15 Ω and that of the
capacitor 11 Ω. If R = 3 Ω, the potential difference
100 µF 100Ω across the series combination of L and C will be
(a) 8 V (b) 10 V
(c) 22 V (d) 52 V
0.5H 50Ω 74. In a circuit, L, C and R are connected in series with an
I alternating voltage source of frequency f . The current
20 V leads the voltage by 45°. The value of C is
1 1
(a) The current through the circuit, I is 0.3 A (a) (b)
2πf ( 2πfL + R ) πf ( 2πfL + R )
(b) The current through the circuit, I is 0.3 2 A
1 1
(c) The voltage across 100 Ω resistor = 10 2 V (c) (d)
2πf ( 2πfL − R ) πf ( 2πfL − R )
(d) The voltage across 50 Ω resistor = 10 V
75. In an L-C-R series AC circuit, the voltage across each 78. For series L-C-R circuit, right statement is
of the components, L, C and R is 50 V. The voltage (a) applied emf and potential difference across resistance
across the L-C combination will be are is same phase
(a) 50 V (b) 50 2 V (b) applied emf and potential difference at inductor coil
have phase difference of π / 2
(c) 100 V (d) 0 V (c) potential difference at capacitor and inductor have
phase difference of π / 2
76. In the given circuit, the readings of voltmeters V1 and (d) Potential difference across resistance and capacitor
V2 are 300 V each. The readings of the voltmeter V3 have phase difference of π / 2.
and ammeter A are respectively
79. In an L-C-R series circuit, the potential difference
L C R=100 Ω between the terminals of the inductance is 60 V,
between the terminals of the capacitor is 30 V and
A V1 V2 V3 that across the resistance is 40 V. Then, supply
voltage will be equal to
220 V
(a) 50 V (b) 70 V (c) 130 V (d) 10 V

(a) 100 V, 2.0 A (b) 150 V, 2.2 A 80. An AC source of angular frequency ω is fed across a
(c) 220 V, 2.2 A (d) 220 V, 2.0 A resistor R and a capacitor C in series. The current
registered is I. If now the frequency of source is
77. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 300 V and an changed to ω /3 (but maintaining the same voltage),
angular frequency ω = 400 rads −1 is applied to series the current in the circuit is found to be halved.
L-C-R circuit, in which R = 3 Ω, L = 20 mH and Calculate the ratio of reactance to resistance at the
C = 625 µF. The peak current in the circuit is original frequency ω.
3 2 1 4
(a) 30 2 A (b) 60 A (a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 5 5
(c) 100 A (d) 60 2 A

Topic 5
Resonance
81. The phenomenon of resonance is common among Figure shows the variation of im with ω in a
systems that have a tendency (a) R-L-C circuit (b) R-L circuit
(a) to oscillate at a particular frequency (c) R-C circuit (d) None of these
(b) to get maximum amplitude 84. In R-L-C series circuit with L =1.00 mH,
(c) Both (a) and (b)
C = 1.00 nF two values of R are (i) R =100 Ω and
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
(ii) R = 200 Ω. For the source applied with Vm =100 V.
82. At resonant frequency, the current amplitude of an Resonant frequency is
R-L-C circuit is (a) 1 × 103 rad/s (b) 1 × 106 rad /s
(a) minimum (b) maximum (c) 1.56 × 106 rad/s (d) 1.75 × 103 rad/s
(c) may be minimum (d) never maximum
85. Resonant circuits are used in
83. 1.0
(a) the tuning mechanism of a radio
(b) TV set
(i) (c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
0.5 (ii)
im (A)

86. In tuning, we vary the capacitance of a capacitor in

the tuning circuit such that the resonant frequency of
the circuit becomes nearly equal to the frequency of
ω0
0.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
the radio signal received. When this happens,
ω (rad/s) the...A... with the frequency of the signal of the
 particular radio station in the circuit is maximum. 94. In a series L-C- R circuit, the voltage across R is
Here, A refers to 100 V and R = 1 k Ω, C = 2 µF. The resonant frequency
(a) resonant frequency (b) impedance ω is 200 rad/s. At resonance the voltage across L is
(c) amplitude of the current (d) reactance (a) 40 V (b) 250 V
87. Bandwidth of the resonant L-C-R circuit is (c) 4 × 10− 3 V (d) 2.5 × 10− 2 V
R 2R 4R
(a) (b) R / 2L (c) (d) 95. An L-C-R series circuit consists of a resistance of
L L L
10 Ω a capacitor of reactance 6.0 Ω and an inductor
88. If resonant frequency of a R-L-C circuit is ω 0 and coil. The circuit is found to resonate when put across
bandwidth is Aω, then which of the following a 300 V, 100 Hz supply. The inductance of coil is
quantity is regarded as a measure of the sharpness of (take, π = 3)
resonance? (a) 0.1 H (b) 0.01 H (c) 0.2 H (d) 0.02 H
ω ω0 2ω 0 ∆ω
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) 96. In an L-C-R circuit, capacitance is changed from C to
∆ω 2∆ω ∆ω 2ω 0 16C. For the resonant frequency to remain
89. Which of the following ratio is called the quality unchanged, the inductance should be changed from L
factor, Q of the circuit? to
(a) 4L (b) 16L (c) L/16 (d) L/ 4
ω 0L 2ω 0 L
(a) Q = (b) Q = 97. An inductor L and a capacitor A1
R R
C are connected in the circuit
ω 0L ω 0L
(c) Q = (d) Q = as shown in the figure. The A2
2R 4R frequency of the power
90. A 100 V, AC source of frequency 500 Hz is supply is equal to the A3
connected to an L-C-R circuit with L = 81 . mH, resonant frequency of the E=E0 sin ωt
C =125 . µF, R =10 Ω all connected in series as shown circuit. Which ammeter will
in figure. What is the quality factor of circuit? read zero ampere?
(a) A 1 (b) A 2
L C R (c) A 3 (d) None of these
 1 
98. An alternating emf of frequency ν =   is
 2π LC 
(a) 2.02 (b) 2.5434 (c) 20.54 (d) 200.54 applied to a series L-C-R circuit. For this frequency of
the applied emf
91. For the series L-C-R 8 mH
(a) the circuit is at resonance and its impedance is made up
circuit shown in the only of a reactive part.
figure, what is the 220 V 20 µF (b) the current in the circuit is in phase with the applied
angular resonant emf and voltage across R equals the applied emf
frequency and amplitude (c) the sum of the potential difference across the
of the current at the 44 Ω
inductance and capacitance equals the applied emf
resonating frequency? which is 180° ahead of phase of the current in the circuit
(a) 2500 rad/s and 5 2 A (b) 2500 rad/s and 5A (d) the quality factor of the circuit is ω L/R or 1/ω CR and
5 this is measure of the voltage magnification (Produced
(c) 2500 rad/s and A (d) 25 rad/s and 5 2 A by the circuit at reasonance) as well as the sharpness of
2 resonance of the circuit.
92. In an L-C-R circuit, capacitance is changed from C to 99. Figure shows a series L-C-R L=5H
2C. For the resonant frequency to remain unchanged, circuit, connected to a variable C=80 µF
the inductance should be change from L to frequency 200 V source. R
(a) 4L (b) 2L (c) L/ 2 (d) L/ 4 C = 80 µF and R = 40 Ω. The
93. In non-resonant circuit, what will be the nature of source frequency which drives
the circuit at resonance is V=200V
circuit for frequencies higher than the resonant
frequency? 25
(a) 25 Hz (b) Hz
(a) Resistive (b) Capacitive π
(c) Inductive (d) None of these 50
(c) 50 Hz (d) Hz
π
100. Calculate the wavelength of the radiowaves radiated 101. In a series resonant L-C-R circuit, the voltage across
out by a circuit containing 0.02 µF capacitor and 8 µH R is 100 V and R =1 kΩ with C = 2 µF. The resonant
inductance in series. freuency ω is 200 rads −1 . At resonance the voltage
(a) 703.8 m (b) 460 m across L is
(c) 398 m (d) 753.8 m (a) 2.5 × 10−2 V (b) 40 V (c) 250 V (d) 4 × 10−3 V

Topic 6
Power in AC Circuit
102. In an AC circuit, the average power dissipated depends 109. As in the case of inductor, the average power in
(a) on the voltage capacitor
(b) current imVm
(a) < sin ( 2ωt ) > (b) imVm < sin (ωt ) >
(c) cosine of the phase angle φ between them 2
(d) All of the above (c) imVm < sin ( 2ωt ) > (d) 0
103. In an AC circuit, the instantaneous values of emf and 110. Power dissipated in an L-C-R series circuit connected
current are e = 200 sin (314) t V and to an AC source of emf ε is
I = sin (314t + π / 3) A.The average power consumed is  1 
2

(a) 200 W (b) 100 W (c) 50 W (d) 25 W ε 2 R 2 +  Lω − 

ε R
2  Cω 
(a) (b)
104. The potential difference V and the current i flowing  2  1  
2 R
through an instruments in an AC circuit of frequency  R +  Lω −  
  Cω  
f are given by V = 5 cos ωt volts and i = 2 sin ωt 
amperes (where, ω = 2πf ).   1  
2
ε 2  R 2 +  Lω −  
The power dissipated in the instrument is   Cω   ε2 R
(c)  (d)
(a) zero (b) 10 W (c) 5 W (d) 2.5 W
R 2
 1 
105. In an AC circuit, V and I are given by R 2 +  Lω − 
 Cω 
 π
V =100 sin (100 t ) V, i = 100 sin 100t +  mA. The
 3 111. Which of the following components of a L-C-R
power dissipated in circuit is circuit, with AC supply, do not dissipatesel energy?
(a) 104 W (b) 10 W (c) 2.5 W (d) 5 W (a) L, C (b) R , C
(c) L, R (d) L, C , R
106. In an AC circuit, the current is given by
 π 112. Which of the following components of a L-C-R
i = 5 sin 100 t −  and the AC potential is
 2 circuit with AC supply, dissipates energy?
V = 200 sin (100) V. Then, the power consumption is (a) L (b) R
(a) 20 W (b) 40 W (c) C (d) All of these
(c) 1000 W (d) 0 W 113. A coil of self-inductance L is connected in series with
107. The average power supplied to an inductor over one a bulb B and an AC source. Brightness of the bulb
complete cycle is decreases when [NEET 2013]
(a) imVm / 2 (b) imVm (a) frequency of the AC source is decreased
(c) 3 imVm / 4 (d) zero (b) number of turns in the coil is reduced
(c) a capacitance of reactance X C − X L is included in the
108. If a current I is given by I 0 sin (ωt − π / 2) flows in an same circuit
AC circuit across which an AC potential of (d) an iron rod is inserted in the coil
E = E 0 sin ωt has been applied, then the power
consumption P in the circuit will be 114. A lamp consumes only 50% of peak power in an AC
E0 I 0 circuit. What is the phase difference between the
(a) P + (b) P = 2 E0 I 0 applied voltage and the circuit current?
2
π π π π
E I (a) (b) (c) (d)
(c) P = 0 0 (d) P = 0 6 3 4 2
2
115. A choke is preferred to a resistance for limiting 123. d 2 x / dt 2 + ω 20 x = 0, in the equation of SHM, ω 0 refers
current in AC circuit, because to
(a) choke is cheap (a) k / m (b) k/m
(b) there is no wastage of power
(c) 2 k/m (d) 2 k / m
(c) choke is compact in size
(d) choke is a good absorber of heat 124. ω 0 = k / m, angular frequency in SHM, k refers to
116. A value of ω for which the current amplitude is 1/ 2 (a) power constant (b) spring constant
times its maximum value. At this value, the power (c) quality factor (d) None of these
dissipated by the circuit becomes
125. An inductor 20 mH, a capacitor 50 µF and a resistor
(a) double (b) one-fourth
(c) one-third (d) half 40 Ω are connected in series across a source of emf
V =10 sin 340t. The power loss in AC circuit is
117. In an electrical circuit R , L, C and an AC voltage [NEET 2016]
source are all connected in series. When L is removed (a) 0.67 W (b) 0.76 W
from the circuit, the phase difference between the (c) 0.89 W (d) 0.51 W
voltage and the current in the circuit is π / 3. If
instead,C is removed from the circuit, the phase 126. A charged 30 µF capacitor is connected to a 27 mH
difference is again π /3. The power factor of the inductor. What is the angular frequency of free
circuit is oscillations of the circuit?
[CBSE AIPMT 2012] (a) 1.1 s (b) 1.1 × 103 s −1
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/ 2 (c) 1 (d) 3/2 (c) 2 × 103 s −1 (d) 2.5 × 103 s −1
118. In an AC circuit the power factor 127. Suppose the initial charge on the capacitor in above
(a) is zero when the circuit contains an ideal resistance question is 6 mC. What is the total energy stored in the
only
circuit initially? What is the total energy at later time?
(b) is unity when the circuit contains an ideal resistance
(a) 0.6 J, 0.6 J (b) 66.7 J, 67 J
only
(c) 5.75 J, 0.92 J (d) 14.4 J, 10.5 J
(c) is unity when the circuit contains a capacitance only
(d) is unity when the circuit contains an ideal inductance 128. A 10 µF capacitor is charged to 25 V of potential. The
only battery is then disconnected and a pure 10 mH coil is
119. Power factor is maximum in a L-C-R circuit when connected across the capacitor so that L-C oscillation
(a) X L = X C (b) R = 0 (c) X L = 0 (d) X C = 0 are set up. The maximum current in the coil is
(a) 0.25 A (b) 0.01A
120. A coil of inductive reactance 31 Ω has a resistance of
(c) 2.5 A (d) 1.6 A
8 Ω. It is placed in series with a condenser of
capacitive reactance 25 Ω. The combination is 129. A resonant AC circuit contains a capacitor of
connected to an AC source of 110 V. The power capacitance 10 − 6 F and an inductor of 10 − 4 H. The
factor of the circuit is frequency of electrical oscillations will be
(a) 0.56 (b) 0.64 (c) 0.80 (d) 0.33 (a) 105 Hz (b) 10 Hz
121. A voltage of peak value 283 V and varying frequency 105 10
(c) Hz (d) Hz
is applied to a series L-C-R combination in which 2π 2π
R = 3 Ω, L = 25 mH and C = 400 µF. The frequency
130. A charged 60 µF capacitor is connected to a 54 mH
(in Hz) of the source at which maximum power is
dissipated in the above circuit is inductor. What is the angular frequency of free
(a) 51.5 Hz (b) 50.7 Hz (c) 51.1 Hz (d) 50.3 Hz oscillations of the circuit?
(a) 5.5 s − 1
122. When a capacitor (initially charged) is connected
(b) 5.5 ×102 s − 1
to a inductor, the change on the capacitor and the
(c) 1.2 s − 1
current in the circuit exhibit the phenomenon of
(a) electrical oscillations (b) induction (d) 1.1 × 10− 3 s − 1
(c) power factor (d) All of these
Topic 7
Transformers
131. Which of the following device, use the principle of 137. How much current is drawn by the primary coil of a
mutual induction? transformer which steps down 220 V to 22 V to
(a) Dynamo (b) Transformer operate a device with an impedance of 220 Ω ?
(c) Capacitor (d) Voltmeter (a) 1 A (b) 0.25 A (c) 0.01 A (d) 1.50 A
132. The value of emf in the secondary coil depends on 138. A 60 W load is connected to the secondary of a
(a) the number of turns (b) material used transformer whose primary draws line voltage of 220 V.
(c) voltage (d) induced flux If a current of 0.54 A flows in the load, then what is
the current in the primary coil?
133. If the transformer is assumed to be 100% efficient(on
(a) 2.7 A (b) 0.27 A (c) 1.65 A (d) 2.85 A
energy losses), then
(a) the power input is equal to the power output 139. A transformer having efficiency of 90% is working on
(b) the power input is less than the power output 200 V and 3 kW power supply. If the current in the
(c) the power output is less than the power input secondary coil is 6 A, the voltage across the secondary
(d) All of the above coil and the current in the primary coil and the current
in the primary coil respectively are [CBSE AIPMT 2014]
134. The large scale transmission and distribution of
(a) 300 V, 15 A (b) 450 V, 15 A
electrical energy over long distances is done with the
(c) 450 V, 13.5 A (d) 600 V, 15 A
use of
(a) dynamo (b) transformers 140. A step-down transformer is used on a 1000 V line to
(c) generator (d) capacitor deliver 20 A at 120 V the secondary coil. If the
efficiency of the transformer is 80%, then the current
135. If the secondary coil has less turns than the primary, drawn from the line is
then it is called
(a) 3 A (b) 30 A (c) 0.3 A (d) 2.4 A
(a) step-up transformer (b) step-down transformer
(c) ideal transformer (d) Both (b) and (c) 141. The ratio of secondary to primary turns is 4 : 5. If
power input is P, then the ratio of power output to
136. A power transmission line feeds input power at
power input is
2300 V to a step-down transformer with its primary
(a) 4 : 9 (b) 9 : 4 (c) 5 : 4 (d) 1 : 1
windings having 4000 turns. What should be the
number of turns in the secondary in order to get 142. A 220 V input is supplied to a transformer. The
output power at 230 V? output circuit draws a current of 2.0 A at 440 V. If the
(a) 600 (b) 550 efficiency of the transformer is 80%, the current
(c) 400 (d) 375 drawn by the primary windings of the transformer is
(a) 5.0 A (b) 3.6 A (c) 2.8 A (d) 2.5 A

Special Format Questions

I. Assertion and Reason 143. Assertion Today, most of the electrical devices
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 143-151) In the following
use/require AC voltage.
questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a Reason Most of the electrical energy sold by power
corresponding statement of reason. Of the following companies is transmitted and distributed as
statements, choose the correct one. alternating current.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is
the correct explanation of Assertion. 144. Assertion Phasors V and I for the case of a resistor
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is are in the same direction.
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
Reason The phase angle between the voltage and the
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. current is zero.
145. Assertion When the capacitor is connected to an 152. Statement I The alternating current lags behind the
AC source, it limits or regulates the current, but does emf by a phase angle of π /2, when AC flows through
not completely prevent the flow of charge. an inductor.
Reason The capacitor is alternately charged and Statement II The inductive reactance increases as
discharged as the current reverses each half-cycle. the frequency of AC source decreases.
146. Assertion Capacitor serves as a barrier for DC and 153. Statement I The opposition offered by AC circuits to
offers an easy path to AC. the flow of AC through it is defined as impedance. It’s
Reason Capacitor reactance is inversely unit is ohm.
proportional to frequency. Statement II The opposition offered by inductor or
147. Assertion If X C > X L , φ is positive and the circuit capacitor or both to the flow of AC through it is defind
is predominantly capacitive. The current in the as reactance.
circuit leads the source voltage. 154. Statement I A capacitor of suitable capacitance can
Reason If X C < X L , φ is negative and the circuit is be used in an AC circuit in place of the choke coil.
predominantly inductive, the current in the circuit Statement II A capacitor blocks DC and allows AC
lags the source voltage. only.
148. Assertion In a series R-L-C circuit, the voltages 155. Statement I There is always some flux leakage;
across resistor, inductor and capacitor are 8V, 16V i. e., not all of the flux due to primary passes through
and 10V, respectively. The resultant emf in the the secondary due to poor design of the core or the air
circuit is 10 V. gaps in the core.
Reason Resultant emf of the circuit is given by the Statement II Flux leakage can be reduced by winding
relation. the primary and secondary coils one over the other.
E = VR2 + (VL − VC ) 2
149. Assertion Resonance phenomenon is exhibited by a Statement Based Questions Type II
circuit only if both L and C are present in the circuit. 156. Consider the statements.
Reason Voltage across L and C cancel each other I. Most of the electrical devices we use require AC voltage.
and the current amplitude isVm / R , the total source II. Most of the electrical energy sold by power
voltage appearing across R causes resonance. companies is transmitted and distributed as alternating
150. Assertion In series L-C-R circuit resonance can take current.
place. III. AC voltages can be easily and efficiently converted
from one voltage to the other by means of transformers.
Reason Resonance takes place if inductance and
(a) I is correct, II and III are incorrect
capacitive reactances are equal and opposite. (b) I, III are correct, II is incorrect
151. Assertion The wire used for the windings of (c) I, II are correct, III is incorrect
transformer has some resistance. (d) I,II and III are correct
Reason Energy is lost due to heat produced in the 157. V
wire ( I 2 R ). V I

Vm sin ωt1 I
ωt1
II. Statement Based Questions Type I 0 ωt1 π 2π
ωt
im sin ωt1
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 152-155) In the following
questions, a statement I is followed by a
corresponding statement II. Of the following
statements, choose the correct one. (a) (b)
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Consider the figure,
Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I. I. The vertical components of phasorsV and I represent the
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct but sinusoidally varying quantities V and i.
Statement II is not the correct explanation of
Statement I. II. The magnitudes of phasors V and I represent the
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect. amplitudes or the peak values Vm and i m of these
(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is incorrect. oscillating quantities.
 III. The projection of voltage and current phasors on A B C D A B C D
vertical axis, i. e. , Vm sin ωt and i m sin ωt, respectively (a) 1 2 4 3 (b) 4 1 3 2
represent the value of voltage and current at that instant. (c) 3 1 4 2 (d) 2 1 3 4
Which of the above statements is/are correct? Choose 162. Match the following Column I and Column II.
the correct option. When oscillations on spring are compared with L-C
(a) I and II (b) I and III oscillations.
(c) II and III (d) All of these
Column I Column II
158. I. When a capacitor is connected to a voltage source in a A. Mass m 1. Reciprocal of capacitance i.e., 1/C
DC circuit, current will flow for the short time
required to charge the capacitor. B. Force constant k 2. Current, i = dq / dt
II. As charge accumulates on the capacitor plates, the C. Displacement x 3. Inductance L
voltage across them increases, opposing the current. D. Velocity, v = dx/ dt 4. Electromagnetic energy
III. A capacitor in a DC circuit will limit or oppose the 5. U = 1 q2 /C + 1 Li 2
current as it charges. E. Mechanical energy
2 2
IV. When the capacitor is fully charged, the current in the 1 2 1
circuit falls to zero. F. E = kx + mv2 6. Charge q
2 2
Which of the above statements are incorrect? Choose
A B C D E F
the correct option.
(a) 1 5 4 3 2 6
(a) I, II and III (b) II, III and IV
(b) 6 4 2 3 1 5
(c) I and IV (d) None of these
(c) 3 1 6 2 4 5
(d) 2 4 5 6 3 1
III. Matching Types
159. Match the following. IV. Passage Based Questions
Column I Column II ■ Directions (Q. Nos. 163-166) Answer the following
A. VR 1. π/ 2 ahead of I questions based on given passage.
B. VC 2. Parallel to I A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 283 V and
C. VL 3. π/ 2 behind I frequency 50 Hz is applied to a series L-C-R circuit in
which R = 3 Ω, L = 25.48 mH and C = 796 µF.
A B C A B C
(a) 1 2 3 (b) 2 3 1 163. The impedance of the circuit and the phase difference
(c) 3 2 1 (d) 1 3 2 between the voltage across the source and the current
will be
160. Match the following.
(a) 5 Ω , 53.1° (b) 3 Ω , 50.3°
Column I Column II (c) 4 Ω , − 50.3° (d) 5Ω , − 53.1°
A. VRm 1. im X L 164. The power dissipated in the circuit and the power
B. VCm 2. im R factor will be
C. VLm 3. im X C (a) 480 W, 6.7 (b) 13.35 W, 66.6
(c) 4800 W, 0.6 (d) 11.09 W, 0.89
A B C A B C
(a) 1 2 3 (b) 3 2 1 165. Let the frequency of the source can be varied. What is
(c) 1 3 2 (d) 2 3 1 the frequency of the source at which resonance
occurs?
161. Match the following.
(a) 13.35 Hz (b) 66.7 Hz
Column I Column II (c) 35.4 Hz (d) 25.5 Hz
A. Resistive circuit 1. No power is dissipation
166. Calculate the impedance, the current and the power
B. Purely inductive or 2. Maximum power dissipation
capacitive circuit because of X C = X L
dissipated at the resonant condition.
(a) 4 Ω , 13.35 A, 60 W
C. L-C-R series circuit 3. Power dissipated only in
the resistor (b) 2Ω , 65 A, 13 kW
D. Power dissipated at 4. Maximum power
(c) 8 Ω , 66.7 A, 13.35 kW
resonance in L-C-R circuit dissipation (d) 3 Ω , 66.7 A, 13.35 kW
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 167-171) Read the following V. More than One Option Correct
paragraph and answer the following questions given
below. 172. Choose the correct options.
(a) Phasor diagram say nothing about the initial condition.
A transformer is based on the principle of mutual
(b) Any arbitrary value of t, draw different phasors which
induction. Input is supplied to primary coil and show the relative angle between different phasors. The
output is taken across the secondary coil of solution, so obtained is called the steady-state solution.
transformers. It is found that Es / E p = i p / i s when (c) We do have a transient solution which exists even for
there is no energy loss, the efficiency of a V = 0. The general solution is the sum of transient solution
transformer is given by and the steady-state solution.
Poutput E i (d) None of the above
η= = s s
Pinput E pi p 173. Choose the correct options.
(a) The antenna of a radio accepts signals from many
167. How much current is drawn by the primary coil of a broadcasting stations.
transformer which steps down 220 V to 44 V to (b) To hear one particular radio station, tune the radio.
operate a device with an impedance of 880 Ω? (c) The signals picked up in the antenna acts as a source in
(a) 1 A (b) 0.1 A the tuning circuit of the radio, so the circuit can be driven
(c) 0.01 A (d) 0.02 A at many frequencies.
(d) In tuning, we vary the capacitance of a capacitor in the
168. A 110 V AC is connected to a transformer of ratio tuning circuit such that the resonant frequency of the circuit
10. If resistance of secondary coil is 550 Ω, current becomes nearly equal to the frequency of the radio signal
through secondary coil will be received.
(a) 10 A (b) 2 A
(c) zero (d) 55 A 174. Choose the correct options.
(a) If the resonance is less sharp, not only is the maximum
169. A battery of 10 V is connected to primary of a current less, the circuit is close to resonance for a larger
transformer of ratio is 20. The output across range ∆ω of frequencies and the tuning of the circuit will
secondary coil is not be good.
(a) 20 V (b) 5 V (b) Less sharp the resonance, less is the selectivity of the
(c) 10 V (d) zero circuit or vice-versa.
170. A transformer is having 2100 turns in primary and (c) If quality factor is large, i. e., R is low or L is large, the
circuit is more selective.
4200 turns in secondary. An AC source of 120 V,
10 A is connected to its primary. The secondary (d) None of the above
voltage and current are 175. L-C oscillations is not realistic for the following
(a) 240 V, 5 A reasons. Which of the following reasons is (are) correct?
(b) 120 V, 10 A (a) Every inductor has some resistance.
(c) 240 V, 10 A (b) The effect of resistance is to introduce a damping effect
(d) 120 V, 20 A on the charge and current in the circuit and the oscillations
171. A transformer is used to light 140 W, 24 V lamp finally die away.
from 240 V AC mains. The current in the mains is (c) Even if the resistance is zero, the total energy of the
0.7 A. The efficiency of transformer is nearer to system would not remain constant. It is radiated away
from the system in the form of electromagnetic waves.
(a) 90% (b) 80%
(c) 70% (d) 60% (d) None of the above
 NCERT & NCERT Exemplar Questions
NCERT 185. A 100 µF capacitor in series with a 40 Ω resistance is
176. A 100 Ω resistor is connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz AC connected to a 110 V, 60 Hz supply. What is the
supply, then the rms value of current in the circuit is maximum current in the circuit?
(a) 2.2 A (b) 4.2 A (c) 3.2 A (d) 2.4 A (a) 3.00 A (b) 3.24 A (c) 4.24 A (d) 2.24 A
177. The peak voltage of an AC supply is 300 V, then the 186. A power transmission line feeds input power at
rms voltage will be 2300 V to a step-down transformer with its primary
(a) 212.1 V (b) 312.1 V windings having 4000 turns. What should be the
(c) 84.2 V (d) 85.2 V number of turns in the secondary in order to get
output power at 230 V?
178. A 44 mH inductor is connected to 220 V, 50 Hz AC
(a) 400 (b) 450 (c) 800 (d) 230
supply. Determine the rms value of the current in the
circuit. 187. At a hydroelectric power plant, the water pressure
(a) 20.4 A (b) 15.9 A (c) 21.4 A (d) 22.4 A head is at a height of 300 m and the water flow
available is 100 m 3 /s. If the turbine generator
179. A 60 µF capacitor is connected to a 110 V, 60 Hz AC
efficiency is 60%, the electric power available from
supply. The rms value of the current in the circuit will the plant will be
be (a) 184.4 MW (b) 176.4 MW
(a) 4.49 A (b) 2.29 A (c) 190.4 MW (d) 290.4 MW
(c) 2.49 A (d) 3.49 A
180. Obtain the resonant frequency ω of a series L-C-R NCERT Exemplar
circuit with L = 2.0 H, C = 32 µF and R = 10 Ω. What
188. If the rms current in a 50 Hz AC circuit is 5 A, the
is the Q-value of this circuit?
value of the current 1/300 s after its value becomes
(a) 36 (b) 27 (c) 24 (d) 25
zero is
181. A charged 30 µF capacitor is connected to a 27 mH (a) 5 2 A (b) 5 3 / 2 A (c) 5 / 6 A (d) 5 / 2 A
inductor. What is the angular frequency of free
oscillations of the circuit? 189. An alternating current generator has an internal
(a) 1.1 × 104 rads −1 (b) 1.1 × 103 rads −1 resistance R g and an internal reactance X g . It is used
(c) 1.1 × 10 rads
2 −1
(d) 1.1 × 10 rads −1 to supply power to a passive load consisting of a
resistance R g and a reactance X L . For maximum
182. A series L-C-R circuit with R = 20 Ω, L = 1.5 H and power to be delivered from the generator to the load,
C = 35 µF is connected to a variable frequency 200 V the value of X L is equal to
AC supply. When the frequency of the supply equals (a) zero (b) X g (c) − X g (d) Rg
the natural frequency of the circuit, what is the
average power transferred to the circuit in one 190. When a voltage measuring device is connected to AC
complete cycle? mains, the meter shows the steady input voltage of
(a) 2 kW (b) 3 kW 220 V. This means
(c) 4 kW (d) 5 kW (a) input voltage cannot be AC voltage, but a DC voltage
(b) maximum input voltage is 220 V
183. A radio can tune over the frequency range of a portion
(c) the meter reads not v but < v2 > and is calibrated to read
of MW broadcast band: (800 kHz to 1200 kHz). If its
L-C circuit has an effective inductance of 200 µH, < v2 >
what must be the range of its variable capacitor? (d) the pointer of the meter is stuck by some mechanical
(a) 49 to 79 (b) 88 to 198 defect
(c) 100 to 200 (d) 110 to 200 191. To reduce the resonant frequency in an L-C-R series
184. A coil of inductance 0.50 H and resistance 100 Ω is circuit with a generator.
connected to a 240 V, 50 Hz AC supply. What is the (a) The generator frequency should be reduced
maximum current in the coil? (b) Another capacitor should be added in parallel to the first
(a) 1.824 A (b) 2.824 A (c) The iron core of the inductor should be removed
(c) 3.824 A (d) 4.824 A (d) Dielectric in the capacitor should be removed
192. Which of the following combinations should be 197. Electrical energy is transmitted over large distances at
selected for better tuning of an L-C-R circuit used high alternating voltages. Which of the following
for communication? statements is (are) correct?
(a) R = 20 Ω, L = 15
. H, C = 35µ F (a) For a given power level, there is a lower current
(b) R = 25 Ω, L = 2.5 H, C = 45µF (b) Lower current implies less power loss
(c) R = 15 Ω, L = 3.5 H, C = 30µF (c) Transmission lines can be made thinner
(d) R = 25 Ω, L = 15
. H, C = 45µF (d) It is easy to reduce the voltage at the receiving end using
step-down transformers
193. An inductor of reactance 1Ω and a resistor of 2Ω are
connected in series to the terminals of a 6V (rms) 198. For a L-C-R circuit, the power transferred from the
AC source. The power dissipated in the circuit is driving source to the driven oscillator is P = I 2 Z cos φ.
(a) 8 W (b) 12 W (c) 14.4 W (d) 18 W (a) Here, the power factor cos φ ≥ 0, P ≥ 0
194. The output of a step-down transformer is measured (b) The driving force can give no energy to the oscillator
( P = 0 ) in some cases
to be 24 V when connected to a 12 W light bulb.
(c) The driving force cannot syphon out ( P < 0 ) the energy
The value of the peak current is out of oscillator
(a) 1 / 2 A (b) 2 A (c) 2 A (d) 2 2 A (d) The driving force can take away energy out of the
195. As the frequency of an AC circuit increases, the oscillator
current first increases and then decreases. What 199. When an AC voltage of 220 V is applied to the
combination of circuit elements is most likely to capacitor C
comprise the circuit? (a) the maximum voltage between plates is 220 V
(a) Inductor and capacitor (b) the current is in phase with the applied voltage
(b) Resistor and inductor (c) the charge on the plates is in phase with the applied voltage
(c) Resistor and capacitor (d) power delivered to the capacitor is zero
(d) Resistor, inductor and capacitor
200. The line that draws power supply to your house from
196. In an alternating current circuit consisting of street has
elements in series, the current increases on increasing (a) zero average current
the frequency of supply. Which of the following (b) 220 V average voltage
elements are likely to constitute the circuit? (c) voltage and current out of phase by 90°
(a) Only resistor (b) Resistor and an inductor (d) voltage and current possibly differing in phase φ such that
(c) Resistor and a capacitor (d) Only a capacitor φ < π/ 2

Answers
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (a)
16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (a) 21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24 (d) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (c) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (d) 41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (a)
46. (d) 47. (a) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (b) 51. (a) 52. (b) 53. (d) 54. (d) 55. (a) 56. (c) 57. (d) 58. (c) 59. (c) 60. (d)
61. (b) 62. (a) 63. (c) 64. (b) 65. (a) 66. (c) 67. (c) 68. (a) 69. (a,c) 70. (d) 71. (d) 72. (b) 73. (a) 74. (a) 75. (d)
76. (c) 77. (b) 78. (d,a) 79. (a) 80. (a) 81. (a) 82. (b) 83. (a) 84. (a) 85. (c) 86. (c) 87. (b) 88. (b) 89. (a) 90. (b)
91. (a) 92. (c) 93. (c) 94. (b) 95. (a) 96. (c) 97. (c) 98. (a) 99. (b) 100. (d) 101. (c) 102. (d) 103. (c) 104. (a) 105. (c)
106. (d) 107. (d) 108. (d) 109. (d) 110. (a) 111. (b) 112. (b) 113. (d) 114. (b) 115. (b) 116. (d) 117. (c) 118. (b) 119. (a) 120. (c)
121. (d) 122. (a) 123. (b) 124. (b) 125. (d) 126. (b) 127. (a) 128. (a) 129. (c) 130. (b) 131. (b) 132. (a) 133. (a) 134. (b) 135. (b)
136. (c) 137. (c) 138. (b) 139. (b) 140. (a) 141. (d) 142. (a) 143. (a) 144. (a) 145. (a) 146. (a) 147. (b) 148. (a) 149. (a) 150. (a)
151. (b) 152. (c) 153. (b) 154. (b) 155. (b) 156. (d) 157. (d) 158. (d) 159. (b) 160. (a) 161. (b) 162. (c) 163. (d) 164. (c) 165. (c)
166. (d) 167. (c) 168. (b) 169. (d) 170. (a) 171. (b) 172. (a,b, 173. (a,b,c 174. (a,b, 175. (a,b, 176. (a) 177. (a) 178. (b) 179. (c) 180. (d)
c) ,d) c) c)
 Hints and Explanations
6. (b) 15. (a) As, i = i0 (t / τ )
Vm V τ τ 2
im i ∫0 i 2 dt
∫ i0 (t / τ )
2
dt
2π i =
2
= 0
O π ωt τ τ
i2 τ 2 i 02 τ 3 i 02
= 03
τ ∫0 t dt =
τ3
×
3
=
3
In a pure resistor, the voltage and current are in phase. The
minima zero and maxima occur at the same respective times. i 02 i
Thus, i rms = i 2 = = 0
3 3
8. (d) Joule heating is given by i 2 R and depends on i 2 (which is
always positive whether i is positive or negative) and not on i. 17. (b) The rms value of voltage i.e.,
V 120
Thus, there is joule heating and dissipation of electrical energy Vrms = 0 = = 84.8 V
when an AC current passes through a resistor. 2 1.414
10. (c)
im
I 22. (c) Phase difference ∆φ = φ 2 − φ 1 = π / 6 − (− π / 6) = π / 3
I T
24. (d) The current takes seconds to reach the peak value. In the
O
4
π 2π ωt 2π 1
given question, = 200 π ⇒ T = s
T 100
–im
1
∴ Time to reach the peak value = s.
The rms current I is related to the peak current im by 400
I = im / 2 = 0.707 im. 25. (c) Frequency of a generator i.e.,
11. (b) Vm = 2 V = (1.414) (220 V) = 311 V ω 120 × 7 240
ν= = = 19 Hz ⇒ ν rms = = 120 2 ≈ 170 V
2π 2 × 22 2
12. (b) We are given P = 100 W and 220 V. The resistance of the
bulb is 26. (c) Let i1 = A sin φ ; i2 = A sin φ
V 2 (220 V)2 i = A sin(ωt + φ ), where A = i12 + i22
R= = = 484 Ω
P 100 W
i0 i12 + i22
13. (c) The general equation for the AC voltage is So, i = i12 + i22 sin (ωt + φ ) ; irms = =
2 2
ε = ε 0 sin (ωt + θ ).
Comparing it with the given equation, we find that 27. (c) Hot wire ammeter reads rms value of current. Hence, its
ε = V , ε 0 = 169 V, ω = 314 , θ = 60° peak value i 0 = irms × 2 = 10 × 1.414 = 14.14 A.
Let ε rms and I rms represent the rms value of AC voltage and 28. (d) Current in at peak value so its equation is
current, respectively. Clearly, i = i0 (100πt + π / 2)
ε 169
ε rms = 0 = V = 119.5 V Peak value to rms value means current becomes 1/ 2 times.
2 2
So, from i = i0 sin (100 πt + π / 2)
V2 i0
P= = i0 sin(100πt + π / 2)
R 2
V 2 (220)2 1
⇒ R= = sin 3π / 4 = sin(100πt + π / 2) ⇒ t = s
P 600 400
119.5 × 600 Time taken by current to change from its peak value to rms
i rms = = 1.48 A (Q Vrms = I rms R ) value,
(220)2 1
i.e., t= s = 2.5 × 10− 3 s
14. (c) We are given that, ε rms = 220 V, ν = 50 Hz 400
ε 2 2 2 2
As, ε rms = 0 , ε 0 = ε rms 2 29. (a) Vav = V0 = × (Vrms × 2 ) = Vrms
2 π π π
(220 V) (1.414) = 311.1 V =
2 2
× 220 = 198 V
Further, ω = 2πν = 2π × 50 = 100 π rads−1 π
Thus, the equation for the instantaneous voltage is given as 30. (c) Here, E = 141 sin (628 t )
ε = ε 0 sin ωt = 311.1 V sin (100 π ) t E 141
Erms = 0 = = 100 V
2 1.41
 Angular displacement i.e., ω = 628 and 2πf = 628 At t = 0, i = 0 ⇒ dU / dt = 0
∴ f =
628
= 100 Hz At t = ∞ , i = i0 (constant)
2 × 314
. di dU
∴ =0 ⇒ =0
dt dt
32. (a) Using the Kirchhoff’s loop rule, Σε ( t ) = 0 and since there
is no resistor in the circuit. 50. (b) Current I across the capacitor is im sin (ωt + π / 2).
An AC source connected to an inductor 51. (a) The amplitude of the oscillating current is
V − L (di / dt ) = 0 I m = Vm / X C = ωCVm.
36. (c) Inductive reactance X L = ωL = 2πfL 57. (d) The current reaches its maximum value earlier than the
volage by one-fourth of a period.
39. (c) The inductive reactance,
X L = 2πνL = 2 × 3.14 × 50 × 25 × 10− 3 = 7.85 Ω 58. (c) The capacitive reactance is
1 1
40. (d) The rms current in the circuit is XC = = = 212 Ω
2πνC 2π (50 Hz) (15.0 × 10− 6 F)
V 220 V
I= = = 28 A V 220 V
X L 7.85 Ω 59. (c) The rms current is i = = = 1.04 A
X C 212 Ω
41. (b) Inductive reactance, X L = ωL ⇒ XL ∝ ω
The peak current is im = 2 i = (1.41) (1.04 A) = 1.47 A
Hence, inductive reactance increases linearly with angular V V
frequency. 60. (d) For the first circuit, i = =
Z ωL
42. (b) The inductive reactance, So, increase in ω will cause a decrease in i.
. × (50 s− 1 ) × (30.0 × 10− 3 H) = 9.42 Ω
X L = 2πνL = 2 × 314 V
For the second circuit, i =
1/ ωC
43. (a) The reactance ( X L ) of the inductance at 200 Hz is 120 Ω .
Hence, increase in ω will cause an increase in i.
As, X L = ωL = 2πν × L V V ωC  1 
X 120 Ω 3 61. (b) Reading of ammeter = irms = rms = 0 Q X C = 
L= L = = H XC 2  ω C
2πν 2π × 200 s− 1 10π
200 2 × 100 × (1 × 10− 6 )
If X ′L denotes the reactance of the same inductance at 60 Hz, =
2
X L′ = ω′L = 2πν′ L
 3H  = 2 × 10− 2A = 20 mA
or X L′ = (2π × 60 s− 1 )   = 36 Ω
 10π 
62. (a) If the frequency is doubled, the capacitive reactance is
If I rms is the current that flows through the inductance when halved and the current is doubled.
connected to 240 V and 60 Hz power line, then 1 1 1
63. (c) Capacitive reactance, X C = = πfC ⇒ X C ∝
ε 240 V ωC 2 f
I rms = rms = = 6.66 A
X L′ 36 Ω With increase in frequency, X C decreases.
46. (d) V = − L (di / dt ), V is proportional to the slope of the Hence, option (c) represents the correct graph.
i - t graph, which is constant and positive for the first half (0 to 1 1
T /2) and negative and constant for the second half (T / 2 to T ). 64. (b) X C = = = 44.2 Ω
2πνC 2 (3.14) (60 s− 1 ) (60 × 10− 6 F)
Note : | V | = L (di / dt ) in this case.
ε 110 V
For first half V is –ve and for the second half it is + ve. I rms = rms = = 2.49 A
X C 44.2 Ω
47. (a) Phase angle,
ωL 2πνL 2π × 200 1 4 65. (a) Let the applied voltage be V volt.
tan φ = = = × = ⇒ φ = tan − 1 4 / 3
R R 300 π 3
Here, VR = 12 V, VC = 5 V
48. (c) When t = 0 due to large impedance of two inductor current
V = VR2 + VC2 = (12)2 + (5)2
will flow only in 12Ω.
∴ I min = 5/12. = 144 + 25 = 169 = 13 V
After sometime current become is steady then R = 12 Ω will go 66. (c) Impedance of the circuit
out of circuit only r1 and r2 will be effective route of current flow.
5 I Z = R 2 + X C2 = R 2 + (2πνC )− 2
reff = 2 Ω ⇒ I max = ⇒ max = 6
2 I min = (200 Ω )2 + (2 × 3.14 × 50 × 15 × 10− 6 F)− 2
49. (c) Energy stored in an inductor L carrying current i is = (200 Ω )2 + (212 Ω )2 = 291.5 Ω
U = (1/ 2) Li 2
Therefore, the current in the circuit is
dU 1  di   di  220 V
Rate at which energy is stored = = L 2i   = Li   i = V /Z = = 0.755 A
dt 2  dt   dt  291.5 Ω
69. (a,c) 100 µF
Since L,C and R are connected in series combination, then
100 Ω potential difference across R is
I1 Z1 VR = i X R = 2 × 3 = 6V
Z2 Across L, VL = i X L = 2 × 15 = 30 V
I1 0.5H 50 Ω
Across C , VC = i X C = 2 × 11 = 22 V
I So, potential difference across series combination of L and C
= VL − VC = 30 − 22 = 8 V
XC − X L
Circuit 1 74. (a) tan φ =
R
1
XC = = 100 Ω ⇒ Z1 = (100)2 + (100)2 = 100 2 Ω 1
ωC − 2πfL
2πfC 1
R  ⇒ tan 45° = ⇒ C =
φ 1 = cos−1  1  = 45° R 2πf (2πf L + R )
 Z1 
In this circuit current leads the voltage. 75. (d) Net voltage across L-C combination = VL − VC = 0 V.

i1 =
V
=
20
=
1
A ⇒ V100 Ω = (100)i1 = (100)
1 76. (c) As V = (VL − VC )2 + VR2 , 220 = (300 − 300)2 + VR2
Z1 100 2 5 2 5 2 VR 220 V
V or VR = 220 V, i = = = 2.2 A
R 100 Ω
= 10 2 V
Circuit 2 77. (b) The impedance of the circuit is
X L = ωL = (100)(0.5) = 50 Ω Z = R 2 + ( X L − X C )2
Z2 = (50)2 + (50)2 = 50 2 Ω X L = ωL = 400 × 20 × 10−3 = 8 H
R  ⇒ XC =
1
=
1
=4F
φ 2 = cos−1  2  = 45°
 Z2  ωC 400 × 625 × 10−6
E 300
In this circuit voltage leads the current. ⇒ Z = (3)2 + (8 − 4 )2 = 5 ⇒ i = = = 60 A
Z 5
V 20 2
i2 = = = A 79. (a) In L-C-R series circuit
Z2 50 2 5
 2 V = VR2 + (VL − VC )2 = (40)2 + (60 − 30)2
V50 Ω = (50)i2 = 50   = 10 2 V
 5 = 1600 + 900 = 2500 = 50 V
Further, i1 and i2 have a mutual phase difference of 90°. 80. (a) At angular frequency ω, the current in R-C circuit is given
1 4 1 by
∴ i= i12 + i22 = + = A ≈ 0.3 A Vrms
50 50 10 I rms = …(i)
2
70. (d) φ  1 
R +
2

V  ωC 
I I
φ V
I rms Vrms Vrms
ωt1 Also, = = …(ii)
O π ωt
ωt1 2π 2  1 
2 9
R +
2 R2 +
 ω 2C 2
 ωC / 3 
(a) (b) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
5 1 3 XC 3
For X C > X L , peak of i comes before peak of V . 3R 2 = 2 2 ⇒ = ⇒ =
ωC ωC 5 R 5
72. (b) VCR = VC2 + VR2 = (50)2 + (50)2 R
1
= 2500 + 2500 = 5000 = 10 50 = 50 2 V 84. (a) ω 0 = = 1.00 × 103 rad / s.
LC
73. (a) Given, R = 3 Ω , X L = 15 Ω , X C = 11 Ω ⇒ Vrms = 10 V 86. (c) At resonance, current in the circuit is maximum.
∴Current through the circuit 87. (b) Bandwidth of the resonant R-L-C circuit is ∆ω =
R
.
Vrms 10 2L
i= =
R + ( X L − X C )2
2
(3) + (15 − 11)2
2 88. (b) The quantity (ω 0 / 2∆ ω ) is regarded as measure of the
sharpness of resonance. The smaller the ∆ω, the sharper is the
10 10
= = =2A resonance.
9 + 16 5
90. (b) The Q-factor of series resonant circuit is given as Since, resonant frequency remains unchanged,
voltage across L or C So, LC = constant
Q= L
applied voltage (= voltage across R ) ⇒ L1C 1 = L2C 2 ⇒ L × C = L2 × 16C ⇒ L2 =
16
(ω L)i ω r L
= r = 97. (c) This is a parallel resonant circuit in which current becomes
Ri R
zero at resonance.
Here, L = 81
. mH, C = 12.5 µF, R = 10 Ω, f = 500 Hz 1
ω L 2πfL 2 × π × 500 × 81 . × 10−3 99. (b) Resonant frequency ν =
∴ Q= r = = = 2.5434 2π LC
R R 10 1
∴ ν=
91. (a) Resonance frequency 2 × 3.14 × 5 × 80 × 10− 6
1 1
ω= = = 2500 rads−1 1 1
LC 8 × 10 × 20 × 10− 6
−3 = = −2
2 × 3.14 (400 × 10 ) 2 × 3.14 × 2 × 10
−6

220 2
Resonant current = Vm / R = =5 2A 100 25 25
44 = = = Hz
3.14 × 4 3.14 π
1
92. (c) Resonance X L = X C ⇒ ωL = 100. (d) C = 0.2 µF = 0.02 × 10− 6 F, L = 8µH = 8 × 10− 6 H
ωC
Since, resonant frequency remains unchanged 1
Thus, frequency of a circuit i.e., ν =
LC = constant 2π LC
L1C 1 = L2C 2 ⇒ LC = L2 (2C ) ⇒ K 2 = L /2. 1
= Hz
93. (c) In non-resonant circuits, 2 × 3.14 (8 × 10− 6 ) (0.02 × 10− 6 )
1
 1 
2
= × 106 Hz = 3.98 × 105 Hz
Impedance, Z = R 2 + ωL −  , with rise in frequency Z 2 × 3.14 × 0.4
 ωC 
Wavelength of electromagnetic wave,
increases i. e., current decrease, so circuit behaves as inductive
c 3 × 108
circuit. λ= = = 753.8 m
1 ν 3.98 × 105
At lower frequency > ωL the circuit becomes capacitative. At
ωL 101. (c) At resonance, ωL =
1
higher frequency, the circuit is inductive. ωC
1 Current flowing through the circuit,
94. (b) At resonance, X L = X C or ωL =
ωC V 100
1 1 I = R = = 01
. A
or L= 2 = = 12.5 H R 1000
ω C (200)2 × 2 × 10−6 So, voltage across L is given by
V 100 V VL = IX L = IωL
As, I0 = R = = 0.1 A
R 1000 Ω 1 .
01
but ωL = ⇒ VL = VC = = 250 V
. A) (200 s− 1 ) (12.5 H) = 250 V
VL = i0 X L = i0ωL = ( 01 ωC 200 × 2 × 10−6
200 1
95. (a) Angular velocity, ω 0 = 2πn = 2π × 100 103. (c) Vrms = , irms =
2 2
ω 0 = 2 × 3 × 100 = 600 rads −1 (Q π = 3)
∴ Average power consumed i.e., A
1
Further ω0 = …(i) 200 1
LC P = Vrms irms cos φ = cos π / 3 = 50 W
2 2
1
Also XC = = 60 Ω  π
Cω 0 104. (a) Given, V = 5 cos ωt = 5 sin ωt +  and i = 2 sin ωt
 2
1 1 1
⇒ C = = ⇒ C = F Power dissipated in the instrument i.e.,
ω 0 × 60 600 × 60 36 × 103
= Vrms × irms × cos φ = 0
So, put values in Eq. (i), we get π π
1 (since, φ = , therefore cos φ = cos = 0)
600 = 2 2
 1 
L  105. (c) Power dissipated in the circuit
 36 × 103 
100 100 × 10− 3 π
36 × 103 36 × 103 1 P = Vrms × irms × cos φ = × × cos
⇒ 36 × 104 = ⇒ L= = = 01
. H 2 2 3
L 36 × 104
10
104 × 10− 3 1 10
96. (c) In the condition of resonance, = × = = 2.5 W
2 2 4
X L = X C ⇒ ωL = 1/ωC
106. (d) Power consumption i.e., P = Vi cos φ ∴ Power factor cos φ = 1
It is the condition of resonance therefore phase difference
Phase difference, φ = π /2 ⇒ P = Vi cos π / 2 = Vi × 0 = 0
between voltage and current is zero and power factor is
107. (d) The average power over a complete cycle is cos φ = 1.
 iV  iV 119. (a) In L-C-R circuit, in the condition of resonance X L = X C i. e.,
PL = − m m sin (2ωt ) = − m m sin (2ωt ) = 0
 2  2 circuit behaves as resistive circuit. In resistive circuit power
Since, the average of sin(2ωt ) over a complete cycle is zero. factor is maximum.
Thus, the average power supplied to an inductor over one
complete cycle is zero. 120. (c) Power factor of AC circuit is given by
R
108. (d) Phase angle φ = 90° , so power P = VI cos φ = 0 or the cos φ = …(i)
Z
given circuit is a pure inductive circuit, hence power dissipate is where, R is resistance employed and Z the impedance of the
zero. circuit.
109. (d) As in the case of an inductor, the average power in capacitor Z = R 2 + ( X L − X C )2 …(ii)
iV iV
PC = m m sin (2ωt ) = m m sin (2ωt ) = 0 Eqs. (i) and (ii) meet to give
2 2 R
cos φ =
Since, < sin (2ωt ) > = 0 over a complete cycle. R 2 + ( X L − X C )2
111. (b) The resistor dissipates energy in the circuit. The inductor Given, dc R = 8 Ω, X L = 31 Ω , X C = 25 Ω
and capacitor both store energy but they eventually return it to 8 8
the circuit without dissipation. ∴ cos φ = =
(8)2 + (31 − 25)2 64 + 36
113. (d) As Z = R 2 + X L2 = R 2 + (2πfνL)2
Hence, cos φ = 0.80
V
As i= , P = i 2R 121. (d) A series resonance circuit admits maximum current, as
Z
P = i 2R
i.e., V ↑ , L ↑ ⇒ Z ↑ , i ↓ and P ↓
So, power dissipated is maximum at resonance.
114. (b) Power consumed by lamp So, frequency of the source at which maximum power is
i.e., P = (1/ 2) V0 i0 cos φ ⇒ P = Ppeak ⋅ cos φ dissipated in the circuit is
1 1 1
⇒ (Ppeak ) = Ppeak cos φ ν= =
2 2π LC 2 × 3.14 25 × 10− 3 × 400 × 10− 6
1 1 π
⇒ cos φ = ⇒ cos φ = ⇒ φ = =
1
= 50.3 Hz
2 2 3
2 × 3.14 10− 5
116. (d) The amplitude of the current in the series L-C-R circuit is
given by 123. (b) As, we know that angular displacement in equation of SHM,
Vm V 1 we get
im = ⇒ imax = m now imax = im k k
 1 
2 R 2 ω2 = ⇒ ω=
R +  ωL −
2
 m m
 ωC 
where, k is the spring constant and m is a mass of the block.
1 Vm2 Vm2
126. (b) Here, C = 30 µF = 30 × 10− 6 F, L = 27 mH = 27 × 10− 3 H
⇒ = ⇒ R 2 = (ωL – 1 / ωC )2
2 R 2 R 2 + (ωL – 1 / ωC )2
Angular frequency of oscillating circuit i.e.,
(ωL – 1/ωC 2 ) 1 1 104
⇒ R = (ωL – 1 / ωC ) ⇒ tan φ = = 1 ⇒ φ = 45° = 1.1 × 103 s−1
2
ω= = =
R LC (54 × 10− 3 ) (15 × 10− 6 ) 9
I rms I2 1 I P
P= = rms × = rms = max 127. (a) Here, C = 30µF = 30 × 10− 6 F, Q0 = 6 mC = 6 × 10− 3 C
R + (ωL – 1 / ωC )
2 2 2R 2 2R 2 Total energy stored in the circuit
Q2 (6 × 10− 3 C)2
117. (c) Here, phase difference i.e., U = 0 = = 0.6 J
X − XC π X − XC 2C 2 (30 × 10− 6 F)
tan φ = L ⇒ tan = L At a later time, the total energy is the same, i. e., 0.6 J and is
R 3 R
When L is removed shared between C and L.
3 = X C / R ⇒ X C = 3R 128. (a) For L-C oscillations
1 2 1
When C is removed Li0 = CV02
π X 2 2
tan = 3 = L ⇒ X L = R 3 C 10− 5 F
3 R or i 0 = V0 =
Hence in resonant circuit L 10− 1 H
3R − 3R = 25 × 10− 2 A = 0.25 A
tan φ = =0 ⇒ φ=0
R
129. (c) Frequency of electrical oscillator i.e., 148. (a) The resultant emf in the L - C - R circuit is given by
1 1 105
ν= = = Hz E = VR2 + (VL − VC )2 ⇒ E = (8)2 + (16 − 10)2
2π LC 2π 10− 6 × 10− 4 2π
⇒ E = 64 + 36 ⇒ E = 10 V
130. (b) Angular frequency of free oscillations of the circuit i.e.,
1 1 149. (a) It is important to note that resonance phenomenon is
ω= = exhibited by a circuit only if both L and C are present in the
LC (54 × 10 ) (60 × 10− 6 ) s− 1
−3
circuit. Only then do the voltage across L and C cancel each
104 − 1 other (both being out of phase) and the current amplitude is
= s = 0.55 × 10 3 s − 1 Vm / R , the total source voltage appearing across R. This means
18
that we cannot have resonance in a R-L or R-C circuit.
136. (c) Here, ε p = 2300 V, N p = 4000, ε s = 230 V
154. (b) Capacitance or inductor can be used in AC in place chock
Let N s be the required number of turns in the secondary coil as they have high reactance but uses no energy unlike high
ε N ε   230 V  resistance.
As, s = s , N s = N p  s  = 4000   = 400
εp N p  εp   2300 V 158. (d) When a capacitor is connected to a voltage source in a DC
circuit, current will flow for the short time required to charge
137. (c) Here, ε p = 220 V, ε s = 22 V and Z = 220 Ω the capacitor.
If i s is the current through the secondary, then As charge accumulates on the capacitor plates, the voltage
ε 22 V across them increases, opposing the current. That is, a capacitor
is = s = = 0.1A
Z 220 Ω in a DC circuit will limit or oppose the current as it charges.
We know that, ε p ip = ε s is When the capacitor is fully charged, the current in the circuit
falls to zero.
where, i p is the current drawn by the primary coil
Thus, 220 × ip = 22 × 0.1 A ⇒ i p = 0.01 A 161. (b) Case I Resistive circuit If the circuit contains only pure R,
it is called resistive. In that case φ = 0, cos φ = 1. There is
138. (b) P = 60 W, ε p = 220 V, is = 0.54 A
maximum power dissipation.
60 W Case II Purely inductive or capacitive circuit. If the circuit
As, P = εsi ⇒ εs = = 110 V
0.54 A contains only an inductor or capacitor, we know that, the phase
ε s 110 V 1 difference between voltage and current is π /2.
Since, = = Therefore, cos φ = 0 and no power is dissipated even though a
ε p 220 V 2
current is flowing in the circuit. This current is sometimes
As, ε p ip = ε s is referred to as wattless current.
ε   110 V Case III L -C - R series circuit In an L-C-R series circuit,
i p =  s  is =   (0.54 A) = 0.27 A
 εp   220 V power dissipated is given by equation P = I 2 cos φ, where
φ = tan − 1 ( X C − X L )/ R.
139. (b) Initial power = 3000 W So, φ may be non-zero in a R-L or R-C or L-C-R circuit. Even in
90
As efficiency is 90% then final power = 3000 × = 2700 W such cases, power is dissipated only in the resistor.
100
Case IV Power dissipated at resonance in L-C-R circuit At
V1i1 = 3000 W  resonance X C − X L = 0, and φ = 0. Therefore, cos φ = 1and
⇒ …(i)
V1i1 = 2700 W  P = I 2Z = I 2R. That is maximum power is dissipated in a
2700 900 3000 circuit (through R) at resonance.
So, V2 = = = 450 V and i1 = = 15 A
6 2 2000 162. (c) Analogies between mechanical and electrical quantities,
140. (a) Here, ε p = 1000 V, is = 20 A and ε s = 120 V, η = 80%, ip = ?
Mechanical system Electrical system
ε i 80 120 × 20
As η= s s ⇒ = Mass m Inductance L
ε p ip 100 1000 ip Force constant k Reciprocal capacitance 1/C
2.4 × 10 Displacement x Charge q
Current drawn by primary coil i.e., i p = =3A
8 Velocity v = dx/ dt Current i = dq / dt
141. (d) In an ideal transformer, there is no energy loss and flux is Mechanical energy Electromagnetic energy
completely confined with the magnetic core i.e., perfectly coupled 1 1 1 q2 1 2
E = kx2 + mv2 U = + Li
Pout
=1 2 2 2 C 2
Pin
As mass resists force to create acceleration (known as inertia) L
142. (a) The current drawn by the primary winding of the
resists to build up current in a circuit. It also resists to reduce
transformer i.e.,
current in a circuit.
 1  ε   100  440 V (1/ 2) kx 2 ≈ (1/ 2) q2 / c
i p =    s  is =     (2A) = 5 A
 η  ε p   80   220 V
So, x ≈ q and k ≈ 1/ c.
163. (d) To find the impedance of the circuit, we first calculate 170. (a) Secondary voltage
X L and X C . X L = 2πνL N 4200
i.e., Es = s Ep = × 120 = 240 V
= 2 × 3.14 × 50 × 25.48 × 10− 3 Ω = 8 Ω Np 2100
1 1
XC = = =4Ω Secondary current
2πνC 2 × 3.14 × 50 × 796 × 10− 6 Np 2100
i.e., is = ip = × 10 = 5 A
Ns 4200
Therefore, impedance, Z = R 2 + ( X L − X C )2
171. (b) Pi = 240 × 0.7 = 168 W, PO = 140 W
= 32 + (8 − 4 )2 = 5 Ω
Efficiency of transformer
 X − XC  P 140
Phase difference, φ = tan − 1  L  i.e., η = O × 100 = × 100 ≈ 80%
 R  Pi 168
 8 − 4
= tan − 1   = 53.1° 172. (a,b,c) When one has obtained the amplitude and phase of
 3  current for an L -C - R series circuit using the technique of
Since, φ is negative, the current in the circuit lags the voltage phasors. But this method of analysing AC circuits suffers from
across the source. certain disadvantages. First, the phasor diagram say nothing
164. (c) The power dissipated in the circuit is, P = i 2R about the initial condition. One can take any arbitrary value of t
(say, t1) and draw different phasors which show the relative
i 1  283
Now, im = o =   = 40 A angle between different phasors.
2 2  3  The solution so obtained is called the steady-state solution. This
Therefore, P = (40 A)2 × 3 Ω = 4800 W is not a general solution. Additionally, we do have a transient
Power factor = cos φ = cos 53.1° = 0.6 solution which exists even for V = 0. The general solution is the
165. (c) The frequency at which the resonance occurs is sum of the transient solution and the steady-state solution.
1 1 After a sufficiently long time, the effects of the transient
ω0 = = solution die out and the behaviour of the circuit is described by
LC 25.48 × 10 3 × 796 × 10− 6
−
the steady-state solution.
= 222.1 rads−1 175. (a,b,c) L - C oscillation is not realistic for two reasons.
ω 221.1 (i) Every inductor has some resistance. The effect of this
νr = 0 = = 35.4 Hz
2π 2 × 3.14 resistance is to introduce a damping effect on the charge
166. (d) The impedance Z at resonant condition is equal to the and current in the circuit and the oscillations finally die
resistance Z = R = 3 Ω away.
V V  283 1 (ii) Even, if the resistance in L-C circuit were zero, the total
The rms current at resonance is = = =   = 66.7 A
Z R  2 3 energy of the system would not remain constant. It is
radiated away from the system in the form of
The power dissipated at resonance is
electromagnetic waves. In fact during the process of
P = I 2 × R = (66.7)2 × 3 = 13.35 kW. charging and discharging of capacitor, electrons travel
167. (c) Here, ip = ?, Ep = 220 V, Es = 44 V, Rs = 880 Ω between plates with acceleration. Their accelerated
movement causes radiation of energy by EM waves.
Current in secondary coil,
E 44 1 176. (a) Current in the circuit
i.e., is = s = = A V 220
Rs 880 20 irms = rms = = 2.2 A
R 100
As, Ep ip = Es is
Current drawn by primary coil i.e., 177. (a) The rms value of voltage
V 300
∴
Ei
ip = s s =
44
×
1
= 0.01 A Vrms = 0 = = 212.1 V
Ep 220 20 2 2

Ns 178. (b) Inductive reactance X L = 2πfL

168. (b) Here, Ep = 110 V, k = = 10, Rs = 550 Ω, is = ?
Np = 2 × 3.14 × 50 × 44 × 10− 3 = 13.83 Ω
Ns The rms value of current in the circuit
Es = Ep × = 110 × 10 = 1100 V
Np V 220
irms = rms = = 15.9 A
Current through secondary coil X L 13.83
E 1100
i.e., is = s = = 2A 179. (c) Capacitive reactance
Rs 550 1 1
XC = = = 44.23 Ω
2πfC 2 × 3.14 × 60 × 60 × 10− 6
169. (d) As, we know k = N s / N p = 2. As a transformer does not
The rms value of the current in the circuit
work on battery, output voltage across secondary is zero.
V 110
Battery produce direct steady current no induction occurs. irms = rms = = 2.49 A
X C 44.23
 Vrms 110
180. (d) Resonant angular frequency The rms value of current, irms = =
1 1 Z 48
ωr = = = 125 rad/s
The maximum current in the circuit
LC 2 × 32 × 10− 6
110
Q-factor of this circuit, I 0 = 2irms = 1.414 × = 3.24 A
48
1 L 1 2 103
Q= = = = 25 V
186. (a) As, S = S ⇒
N 230
=
NS
⇒ N S = 400
R C 10 32 × 10− 5 40 VP N P 2300 4000
181. (b) Resonant angular frequency of oscillation of the circuit Thus, the number of turns in secondary are 400.
104 m × g × h Volume × Density × g × h
ωr =
1
=
1
= 187. (b) Power = =
t t
LC 27 × 10− 3 × 30 × 10− 6 9
Pin = 100 × 1000 × 9.8 × 300 = 2.94 × 108 W
= 1.1 × 103 rad/s
(Q volume/second = 100 m 3/s, density = 1000 kg/m 3)
182. (a) At the condition of resonance impedance Z = R = 20 Ω
Suppose, the power output is P out , which is equal to the power
The rms value of current in the circuit
available from the plant.
V 200
irms = rms = = 10 A ⇒ φ = 0° (for resonance) The efficiency of generator
Z 20 P 60 Pout
Power transferred to the circuit in one complete cycle η = out ⇒ =
Pin 100 2.94 × 108
P = irms.Vrms cos φ = 10 × 200 × cos 0° = 2000 W = 2 kW
60
183. (b) For tuning, the natural frequency is equal to the frequency of Pout = × 2.94 × 108 = 1764 × 105 W
100
oscillations that means it is the case of resonance.
= 176.4 MW
1
Frequency of oscillations f =
2π LC 188. (b) i rms = 5A
1 i 0 = Peak value = 2, i rms = 2 × 5 = 5 2 A
For capacitance C 1, f1 =
2π LC 1 i = i 0 sin ωt = 5 2 sin 2π νt
1 1 1
C1 = = = 5 2 sin 2π × 50 ×
4π 2 f12L 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 × (8 × 105 )2 × 2 × 10− 4 300
= 197.7 × 10− 12 F = 197.7 pF π 3
= 5 2 sin = 5 2 × = 5 3/ 2 A
1 3 2
For capacitance C 2, f2 =
2π LC 2 189. (c) For delivering maximum power from the generator to the
load, total internal reactance must be equal to conjugate of total
1 1
C2 = = external reactance.
4π f2 L 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 × (12 × 105 )2 × 2 × 10− 4
2 2
Hence, X int = * X ext
= 87.8 × 10− 12 F = 87.8 pF
⇒ X g = ( X L )* = − X L
Thus, the range of capacitor is 87.8 pF to 197.7 pF.
⇒ XL = −Xg
184. (a) The rms value of voltage Vrms = 240 V, f = 50 Hz
190. (c) The voltmeter connected to AC mains reads mean value
Impedance of circuit Z = R 2 + X L2 = R 2 + (2πfL)2 (<v 2>) and is calibrated in such a way that it gives value of
<v 2>, which is multiplied by form factor to give rms value.
= (100)2 + (2 × 3.14 × 50 × 0.50)2
191. (b) We know that resonant frequency in an L-C-R circuit is
= 186.14 Ω given by
V 240
The rms value of current irms = rms = = 1.29 A ν0 =
1
Z 186.14 2π LC
The maximum value of current in the circuit
Now to reduce ν 0 either we can increase L or we can increase C.
i0 = 2 irms = 1.414 × 1.29 = 1.824 A
To increase capacitance, we must connect another capacitor
2 parallel to the first.
 1 
185. (b) Impedance Z = R 2 + X C2 = R 2 +   192. (c) Quality factor (Q) of an L-C-R circuit is given by,
 2πfC 
1 L
2 Q=
 1  R C
= (40)2 +  
 2 × 3.14 × 60 × 10− 6 × 100 where, R is resistance, L is inductance and C is capacitance of
the circuit. To make Q high, R should be low, L should be high
= 1600 + 704.33 = 48 Ω and C should be low.
193. (c) Average power dissipated in the circuit Clearly when frequency increases, X C decreases.
Pav = Erms i rms cos φ ...(i)  1 
2
For R-C circuit, X = R2 +  
i E  ωC 
i rms = 0 = rms
2 Z when frequency increases, X decreases.
Z = R 2 + X L2 = 4 + 1 = 5 197. (a,b,d) We have to transmit energy (power) over large distances
6 R 2 at high alternating voltages, so current flowing through the
i rms = A ⇒ cos φ = = wires will be low because for a given power (P).
5 Z 5
6 2 + –
Pav = 6 × × [from Eq. (i)] + –
5 5 + –
+ –
72 72 + –
= = = 14.4 W
5 5 5
194. (a) Secondary voltage VS = 24V + –
Power associated with secondary PS = 12 W (AC)

P 12 1 P = Erms irms , i rms is low, when Erms is high.

iS = S = = A = 0.5 A
VS 24 2 Power loss = i 2rms R = low (Q i rms is low)
Peak value of the current in the secondary Now at the receiving end high voltage is reduced by using
1 step-down transformers.
i 0 = iS 2 = (0.5) (1 .414 ) = 0.707 = A
2 198. (a,b,c) According to question power transferred,
195. (a,d) Reactance of an inductor of inductance L is, X L = 2πνL P = i 2Z cos φ
where, v is frequency of the AC circuit. R
As power factor, cos φ =
1 Z
X C = Reactance of the capacitive circuit =
2πfC where R > 0 and Z > 0 ⇒ cos φ > 0 ⇒ P > 0
On increasing frequency ν, clearly X Lincreases and X C 199. (c,d) When the AC voltage is applied to the capacitor, the plate
decreases. connected to the positive terminal will be at higher potential
For an L-C-R circuit, and the plate connected to the negative terminal will be at lower
Z = Impedance of the circuit potential.
= R 2 + ( X L − X C )2 The plate with positive charge will be at higher potential and
the plate with negative charge will be at lower potential. So, we
 1 
2 can say that the charge is in phase with the applied voltage.
= R 2 +  2πνL − 
 2πνC  Power applied to a circuit is
Pav = Vrms i rms cos φ
As frequency (ν) increases, Z decreases and at certain value of
frequency known as resonant frequency (ν 0), impedance Z is For capacitive circuit, φ = 90° ⇒ cos φ = 0
minimum that is Zmin = R current varies inversely with ⇒ Pav = Power delivered = 0
impedance and at Zmin current is maximum. 200. (a, d) For house hold supplies, AC currents are used which are
196. (c,d) According to the question, the current increases on having zero average value over a cycle.
increasing the frequency of supply. Hence, the reactance of the The line is having some resistance so power factor
circuit must be decreases as increasing frequency. cos φ = R / Z ≠ 0
For a capacitive circuit, so, φ ≠ π / 2 ⇒ φ ,< π / 2
1 1 i.e., phase lies between 0 and π / 2.
XC = =
ωC 2πfC