>> M-Commerce, Attributes, Advantages & >> Characteristics of B2B, B2C, C2B, C2C models of >> What is a Search

els of >> What is a Search Engine?

DisAdvantages, Application Workflow, key drivers from e-commerce w/ examples. Search Engines are programs that search documents for specific
m-Commerce B2B (Business-to-Business): keywords and return a list of the documents where the keywords
B2B e-commerce involves transactions between businesses, where were found. A search engine is really a general class of
M-commerce, short for mobile commerce, refers to the process of one business sells products or services to another business. programs, however, the term is often used to specifically
conducting commercial activities, including buying and selling Characteristics: Large order volumes, long-term contracts, complex describe systems like Google, Bing and Yahoo! Search that
goods and services, through mobile devices such as smartphones negotiations, and customized pricing. enables users to search for documents on the World Wide Web.
and tablets. It involves using wireless technology and mobile Example: A manufacturer selling raw materials to a clothing Most search engines can be divided into two common
applications to facilitate various transactions, including online company for production. groups:
shopping, mobile banking, mobile payments, and more. 1. Spider- or Crawler-Based Search Engines - The search engine
B2C (Business-to-Consumer): sends out many 'crawlers' which trawl the Web randomly,
Attributes of M-commerce: B2C e-commerce involves transactions between businesses and following links and indexing page content as they go. Some
individual consumers, where businesses sell products or services common crawlers are the GoogleBot and MSNBot which power
> Mobility: M-commerce allows users to access and engage in directly to end consumers. Google and Bing.
commercial activities from anywhere and at any time, as long as Characteristics: Focus on mass marketing, branding, customer 2. Human-Edited Web Directories -Directories are
they have a mobile device with an internet connection. experience, and personalized offerings. human-maintained indexes of websites organized into a
> Convenience: Mobile devices are portable and readily available, Example: An online retailer selling electronics and gadgets to comprehensive hierarchy. To add your site to a directory you
enabling users to make purchases or transactions on the go. individual customers. must submit it to an editor who reviews it first. Many directories
M-commerce eliminates the need for users to be tied to a specific C2B (Consumer-to-Business): charge a fee for inclusion, but the Open Directory Project is a
location or rely on desktop computers. C2B e-commerce involves transactions where individual consumers popular free service.
> Personalization: Mobile apps and services can collect user data offer products or services to businesses.
Characteristics: Consumers act as sellers, providing goods or >> Cyber Crime, Different categories of Cyber Crime &
and preferences, allowing for personalized recommendations and
tailored shopping experiences. This personalized approach services that businesses need. related penalties under IT ACT 2000
enhances customer satisfaction and increases the likelihood of Example: Freelancers or independent contractors offering their Cybercrime is a crime that involves a computer and a network.
repeat purchases. services to businesses, such as a graphic designer creating a logo The computer may have been used in the commission of a crime,
for a company. or it may be the target.
> Location-based services: Mobile devices have built-in GPS Cybercrime may harm someone's security and financial health.
capabilities, which enable location-based services. M-commerce C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer):
Cybercrime, also called computer crime, the use of a computer
can leverage this feature to offer personalized promotions, targeted C2C e-commerce involves transactions between individual
as an instrument to further illegal ends, such
advertisements, and proximity-based services to users based on consumers, where consumers sell products or services to other
as committing fraud, trafficking in child pornography and
their current location. consumers.
intellectual property, stealing identities, or violating
Characteristics: Peer-to-peer transactions, online marketplaces,
privacy.
Advantages of M-commerce: and platforms facilitating exchanges between individuals.
Example: Online classified websites or auction platforms, where Cybercrimes in general can be classified into four categories:
> Accessibility: M-commerce enables businesses to reach a individuals sell used items to other individuals, like selling a used 1. Individual Cyber Crimes: This type is targeting individuals. It
broader customer base by making their products and services bicycle on an online marketplace. includes phishing, spoofing, spam, cyberstalking, and more.
accessible to users who primarily use mobile devices. 2. Organisation Cyber Crimes: The main target here is
> Increased sales potential: The convenience and accessibility of >> Transplanted real world business models. organizations. Usually, this type of crime is done by teams of
m-commerce can lead to increased sales and revenue for Transplanted real-world business models refer to the adaptation or criminals including malware attacks and denial of service attacks.
businesses, as customers can make purchases anytime and replication of existing business models from the physical world into 3. Property Cybercrimes: This type targets property like credit
anywhere. the digital realm. It involves taking a successful business model cards or even intellectual property rights.
that has proven effective in traditional brick-and-mortar settings 4. Society Cybercrimes: This is the most dangerous form of
> Improved customer engagement: Mobile apps and notifications and implementing it in an online or digital context. cybercrime as it includes cyber-terrorism.
provide businesses with direct and personalized communication Transplanting real-world business models into the digital domain Cyber crime leads to penalties for cyber crimes under I.T. Act 2000 i.e.
channels to engage with customers, offer promotions, and gather allows businesses to leverage the advantages of the online Imprisonment of 3 years or a fine of Rs. 2 lakhs or both. Offenses
feedback. environment, such as wider reach, cost efficiency, and convenience. related to computers or any act mentioned in Section 43.
> Enhanced user experience: M-commerce applications can provide It involves transforming the core aspects of a physical business Imprisonment of 3 years or a fine that extends to Rs. 5 lakhs or both.
a seamless and user-friendly interface, making it easier for model to suit the unique characteristics of the digital landscape.
customers to browse products, compare prices, and make For example, a traditional retail store may transplant its business >> Different components in the online delivery of goods &
purchases. model by establishing an e-commerce website where customers services. Explain their role.
can browse and purchase products online. This involves replicating The four main components of a service are as follows:
Disadvantages of M-commerce: the key elements of the physical store, such as product assortment, 1. The Physical Product 2. The Service Product
pricing strategy, customer service, and fulfillment, into the digital 3. The Service Environment 4. The Service Delivery
> Security concerns: Mobile devices are susceptible to security
platform.
threats such as data breaches and unauthorized access. Protecting 1.The Physical Product: - The physical product is whatever the
sensitive information, such as payment details, is crucial in organization transfers to the customer that can be touched. It is
>> Native Internet Business models
m-commerce to ensure customer trust and confidence. tangible and physically real. Examples include houses,
Native internet business models refer to business models that are
automobiles, computers, books, hotel soap and shampoo, and
> Limited screen size: Mobile devices have smaller screens specifically designed and developed to take full advantage of the
food. As with the rest of the service offering, product design
compared to desktop computers, which can pose challenges in unique features and capabilities of the internet. Unlike transplanted
must be customer- oriented. There is a well-developed method
terms of displaying complex product information or conducting real-world business models, native internet business models are
for ensuring that product design matches customer needs, called
detailed transactions. created from scratch with the internet as their primary foundation.
Quality Function Deployment (QFD).
Native internet business models leverage the inherent
> Connectivity issues: M-commerce heavily relies on internet
characteristics of the internet, such as connectivity, vast 2.The Service Product:- The service product is the core
connectivity. Poor network coverage or unstable connections can
information access, and digital interactions, to deliver innovative performance purchased by the customer, the flow of events
disrupt the user experience and hinder transactions.
products, services, or experiences. These models often capitalize designed to provide a desired outcome. It refers to that part of
on the internet's ability to connect large numbers of users, enable the experience apart from the transfer of physical goods and
Applications workflow in M-commerce:
data-driven decision-making, and facilitate user-generated content. typically includes interactions with the firm’s personnel. For
> Mobile shopping apps: Users browse products, compare prices, Examples of native internet business models include: example, at some car dealer showrooms customers are allowed
read reviews, and make purchases directly through mobile Platform-based models: These models focus on creating digital to look at the cars in the showroom without being approached by
shopping applications. platforms that connect different parties and facilitate transactions sales representatives.
> Mobile banking and payments: Users can access their bank or interactions. For e.g. Amazon & eBay, Social Media Platforms 3.The Service Environment: - The service environment (Table 2.4)
accounts, perform transactions, transfer funds, pay bills, and make like Facebook & Instagram & ride-sharing platforms like Uber. etc. can also signal the intended market segment and position the
secure mobile payments using dedicated banking apps or mobile Freemium models: These models offer basic services products for organization. For example, a restaurant near a university campus
wallets. free charge users for additional features or premium versions. E.g. might signal that it is catering to college students by putting
Spotify & Dropbox utilize this model. college memorabilia and pictures of students on the walls. A car
> Mobile ticketing and reservations: Users can purchase tickets for
dealer might use its service environment to position it as upscale
various events, book flights, hotels, or restaurant reservations Subscription-based models: These models provide ongoing by decorating its showroom in the service environment: the
through mobile apps. services or content for a recurring fee. For e.g. Netflix, Spotify. ambient conditions, the spatial layout, and the signs and
Key drivers of M-commerce: Data-driven models: These models rely on collecting and analyzing symbols.
user data to deliver personalized experiences, targeted advertising, 4.The Service Delivery: - The service delivery refers to what
> Increasing smartphone penetration: The widespread adoption of or data-based insights. For e.g. Google, Facebook generates actually happens when customers buy the service. The service
smartphones has significantly contributed to the growth of revenue by leveraging user data for targeted advertising. product defines how the service works in theory, but the service
m-commerce, as more people have access to mobile devices
delivery is how the service works in actual practice. We often
capable of conducting transactions.
>> Digital Signature & its working hear the adage, “Plan your work, and work your plan”.
> Advancements in mobile technology: The constant advancements A digital signature is a cryptographic technique used to verify the
in mobile technology, such as faster internet speeds, improved authenticity and integrity of digital documents or messages. It >> EDI Standards & two EDI standards :
security measures, and enhanced user interfaces, have made provides assurance that the content has not been altered during EDI standards, which stands for Electronic Data Interchange standards,
m-commerce more seamless and user-friendly. transmission and that it originates from a specific sender. In are a set of rules and formats that facilitate the exchange of business
essence, a digital signature serves as a virtual equivalent of a documents electronically between trading partners. These standards
> Rise of mobile apps: The popularity of mobile applications has
handwritten signature. define the structure and syntax of the data exchanged, ensuring
created a convenient platform for businesses to offer their products
Here's a simplified explanation of how it works: consistency and compatibility across different systems and
and services directly to mobile users, driving the growth of
Creation: The sender uses a mathematical algorithm to generate a organizations. They play a crucial role in enabling seamless and
m-commerce.
unique digital signature for the document. This algorithm uses the efficient electronic communication between businesses.
> Shift in consumer behavior: Consumers are increasingly relying sender's private key, which is kept secure and known only to the
on their mobile devices for various activities, including shopping sender. Two popular EDI standards are:
and banking. This shift in behavior has prompted businesses to ANSI X12: ANSI X12, developed by the American National Standards
Hashing: The document is then transformed into a fixed-length Institute (ANSI), is widely used in North America for various industries
adapt and provide mobile-friendly solutions. "hash" or "digest" using a cryptographic hashing algorithm. This such as retail, healthcare, finance, and manufacturing. It defines a
hash is unique to the document and acts as a digital fingerprint. standardized format for electronic business transactions, including
>> Electronic Markets short note :
Electronic markets, also known as e-markets or online Encryption: The sender's private key encrypts the hash, creating the purchase orders, invoices, shipping notices, and more. ANSI X12
marketplaces, refer to digital platforms or websites where buyers digital signature. The encrypted signature is appended to the utilizes a hierarchical structure with segments, data elements, and
and sellers come together to engage in buying and selling document. delimiters to represent the data being exchanged. Each transaction set
activities. These markets provide a virtual space for participants to Verification: The recipient receives the document and the digital in ANSI X12 has a specific purpose and is identified by a unique code.
exchange goods, services, or information electronically. signature. They use the sender's public key, which is freely EDIFACT: EDIFACT (Electronic Data Interchange for Administration,
Features and Functionality: Virtual Space, Wide Reach, Product and available, to decrypt the signature and obtain the hash. Commerce, and Transport) is an international EDI standard developed
Service Listings, Search and Discovery, Communication Tools, Hash Comparison: The recipient independently calculates the hash under the United Nations/Electronic Data Interchange for
Transaction Support, Feedback and Ratings. of the received document using the same hashing algorithm used Administration, Commerce, and Transport (UN/EDIFACT) framework. It
Examples: Amazon, Alibaba, eBay & Airbnb etc. by the sender. They compare this calculated hash with the is widely used in Europe and other regions globally. EDIFACT provides
Advantages : Expanded Reach, Convenience, Increased decrypted hash obtained from the signature. a standardized format for exchanging business documents across
Competition, Transparency. various industries, including transportation, logistics, customs, and
Authenticity Check: If the calculated hash matches the decrypted finance. It defines a hierarchical structure with segments, data
Challenges : Trust & Security, Quality Assurance, Platform Fees. hash, it means the document has not been tampered with during
Electronic markets have revolutionized the way commerce is elements, and separators to represent the data being transmitted.
transmission and the digital signature is valid. The recipient can EDIFACT supports a wide range of business transactions, such as
conducted, providing efficient & convenient platforms for people. verify the authenticity and integrity of the document. orders, invoices, shipping instructions, and more.
>> SSL Working & Diagram >> E-commerce Trade Cycle Role of Intermediary >> Benefits of M-commerce & E-commerce to organizations,
SSL stands for Secure Sockets Layer. It is a protocol used to establish The e-commerce trade cycle refers to the process and flow of customers and society at large.
a secure and encrypted connection between a web server and a client activities involved in conducting online transactions between buyers
(such as a web browser). The SSL protocol ensures that the data and sellers. It typically includes the following stages: [+] E-Commerce : –
transmitted between the server and the client remains private and Benefits of Electronic-Commerce to Organizations
1. Online Presence: Sellers establish their online presence by setting - Using e-commerce, organizations can expand their market to
cannot be intercepted or tampered with by unauthorized individuals. up an e-commerce website or joining an online marketplace. national minimum capital investment.
The working of SSL involves the following steps: 2. Product Listing: Sellers list their products or services on the online - An organization can easily locate more customers, best
platform, providing details such as descriptions, images, pricing, and suppliers, and suitable business partners across the globe.
availability. - E-commerce helps organizations to reduce the cost to process
the paper based information by digitizing the information.
3. Customer Search and Selection: Customers browse through the
- E-commerce improves the brand image of the company.
available products or use search functions to find items of interest.
- E-commerce helps organizations to provide better customer
They compare options, read reviews, and make selections based on
services.
their preferences.
- E-commerce helps to simplify the business processes and
4. Ordering and Payment: Customers add selected items to their makes them faster and ef
virtual shopping carts and proceed to the checkout process. They - E-commerce reduces the paperwork.
provide shipping and payment information and complete the - E-commerce increases the productivity of organizations.
transaction electronically. - It supports “pull type supply management. In “pull type supply
5. Order Fulfillment: Sellers receive the order details and prepare the management, a business process starts When a request comes
products for shipment. This involves packaging, labeling, and from a customer and it uses just-in-time manufacturing.
coordinating with shipping providers to deliver the products to the Benefits of Electronic-Commerce to Customers
customer's specified address. - It provides 24x7 support.
6. Shipment and Delivery: The products are shipped to the customer - Customers can enquire about a product or service and place
through various logistics services. Tracking information may be orders anytime, anywhere from any location.
1. Handshake: The client initiates a secure connection request to the provided to customers to monitor the delivery status. - E-commerce applications provide users with more options and
server. quicker delivery of products.
2. Server Authentication: The server sends its digital certificate to the 7. Customer Support: Online marketplaces and sellers provide
- E-commerce application provides users with more options to
client, which contains the server's public key and other identifying customer support for inquiries, order updates, returns, and other
compare and select the cheaper and better
information. related matters.
options.
3. Client Authentication (optional): If required, the client sends its 8. Feedback and Reviews: Customers have the opportunity to leave - A customer can put review comments about a product and can
digital certificate to the server for authentication. feedback and reviews based on their buying experience, which can see what others are buying, or see the review comments of other
4. Key Exchange: The client generates a random symmetric encryption influence future purchasing decisions for other customers. customers before making a final purchase.
key and encrypts it using the server's public key. The encrypted key is - E-commerce provides options for virtual auctions.
Intermediaries, such as online marketplaces, play a significant role in
sent to the server. - It provides readily available information.
adding value to e-commerce transactions. Here's how they contribute:
5. Encryption: Both the client and the server use the exchanged - A customer can see the relevant detailed information within
symmetric encryption key to encrypt and decrypt data transmitted 1. Increased Reach and Visibility: Online marketplaces provide a seconds, rather than waiting for days or weeks.
between them. centralized platform that attracts a large number of buyers, giving - E-Commerce increases the competition among organizations
6. Secure Data Transfer: The encrypted data is securely transmitted sellers greater exposure and access to a broader customer base. This and as a result, organizations provide substantial discounts to
over the established SSL connection. expands their reach beyond what they might achieve individually. customers.
7. Session Termination: Once the data transfer is complete, the SSL 2. Trust and Credibility: Established online marketplaces often have Benefits of Electronic-Commerce
connection can be terminated. built-in trust and credibility among consumers. Buyers feel more - Customers need not travel to shop a product, thus less traffic
In summary, SSL ensures secure communication by verifying the confident purchasing from these platforms due to their reputation, on the road and low air pollution.
identity of the server, encrypting the data transmitted between the secure payment systems, and buyer protection policies. - E-commerce helps in reducing the cost of products, so less
server and the client, and establishing a secure connection using affluent people can also afford the products.
3. Streamlined Infrastructure: Online marketplaces offer a pre-existing
symmetric encryption. - E-commerce has enabled rural areas to access services and
infrastructure that handles critical functions such as product listing,
products, which are otherwise not available to them.
shopping cart management, and payment processing. Sellers can
>> E-commerce Workflow Adv & DisAdv over m-Commerce - E-commerce helps the government to deliver public services
leverage this infrastructure rather than building their own, reducing
such as healthcare, education, social services at a reduced cost
E-commerce, short for electronic commerce, refers to the buying and costs and time-to-market.
and in an improved manner.
selling of goods and services over the internet. It involves online 4. Marketing and Promotion: Online marketplaces invest in marketing
transactions, electronic funds transfer, online shopping, and other and promotion activities to attract customers, driving traffic to the [+] M-Commerce :
activities related to conducting business online. platform. This benefits sellers by increasing the visibility and > Benefits for Organizations:
The workflow of e-commerce typically involves the following steps: discoverability of their products. 1. Increased Reach: M-commerce enables organizations to reach a
wider audience as mobile devices are becoming increasingly prevalent
5. Customer Acquisition and Retention: By being part of an online worldwide.
marketplace, sellers can tap into the marketplace's existing customer 2. Enhanced Customer Engagement: Mobile apps and platforms allow
base and benefit from their marketing efforts. Additionally, organizations to interact with customers in real-time, offering
marketplaces often implement loyalty programs and personalized personalized recommendations, push notifications, and loyalty
recommendations to enhance customer retention and repeat programs.
purchases. 3. Improved Sales and Conversions: M-commerce provides a
6. Seller Tools and Analytics: Online marketplaces typically provide convenient and seamless shopping experience, which can lead to
sellers with tools and analytics to manage their inventory, monitor increased sales and higher conversion rates.
sales performance, and gain insights into customer behavior. These 4. Data Collection and Analysis: Mobile commerce generates valuable
features help sellers optimize their operations and make data-driven data that organizations can collect and analyze to gain insights into
decisions. customer behavior, preferences, and market trends.
> Benefits for Customers:
1. Online Store Setup: A business creates a website or an online >> Diff b/w portals of m-commerce & e-commerce from user 1. Convenience: M-commerce allows customers to shop anytime,
platform to showcase and sell its products or services. perspective. anywhere, eliminating the need to visit physical stores or be tied to a
2. Product Display: The business presents its products or services with From a user perspective, m-commerce (mobile commerce) and desktop computer.
descriptions, images, and pricing details on the online store. e-commerce (electronic commerce) portals differ in several ways. 2. Personalized Experience: Mobile apps can offer personalized
Here are some key differences: recommendations based on customer preferences, browsing history,
3. Customer Browsing and Selection: Customers visit the online store,
Device Accessibility: The primary difference is the device used for and location, enhancing the shopping experience.
browse through the available products or services, and select the
accessing the portals. M-commerce portals are specifically designed 3. Seamless Transactions: Mobile payment options, such as digital
items they wish to purchase.
and optimized for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, wallets, enable quick and secure transactions, reducing the need for
4. Shopping Cart: Customers add selected items to a virtual shopping while e-commerce portals are typically accessed through desktop or physical cash or card payments.
cart for temporary storage while they continue browsing. laptop computers. M-commerce portals provide a more convenient 4. Easy Product Research: Customers can quickly access product
5. Checkout Process: Customers proceed to the checkout page, where and mobile-friendly experience, allowing users to make purchases on information, reviews, and comparisons on their mobile devices, aiding
they provide shipping and payment information. the go. informed purchasing decisions.
User Interface: The user interface of m-commerce portals is tailored to > Benefits for Society at Large:
6. Payment Processing: The customer's payment details are securely
the smaller screens of mobile devices. They often feature simplified 1. Accessibility: M-commerce enables people with limited access to
transmitted, and the payment is processed electronically.
layouts, larger buttons, and touch-friendly navigation to enhance the physical stores, such as those in remote areas, to access a wide range
7. Order Confirmation: Once the payment is successfully processed, user experience on mobile screens. On the other hand, e-commerce of products and services.
the customer receives an order confirmation, and the business is portals can take advantage of larger screens to display more 2. Financial Inclusion: Mobile banking and payment options promote
notified of the purchase. information and provide a wider range of features. financial inclusion, allowing individuals without traditional bank
8. Order Fulfillment: The business prepares the order for shipping and User Experience: M-commerce portals aim to provide a seamless and accounts to participate in the digital economy.
delivers it to the customer's specified address. intuitive user experience on mobile devices. They leverage 3. Employment Opportunities: M-commerce creates job opportunities
mobile-specific features such as location-based services, push in areas such as app development, digital marketing, logistics, and
Advantages of e-commerce include: notifications, and mobile payment options (e.g., Apple Pay, Google customer support.
1. Global Reach: Businesses can reach customers worldwide, Pay) to enhance convenience and engagement. E-commerce portals, 4. Sustainability: M-commerce reduces the need for physical
expanding their market reach. while still striving for user-friendly experiences, may not have the transportation and infrastructure associated with traditional retail,
same level of mobile-specific features. contributing to environmental sustainability.
2. Convenience: Customers can shop anytime and anywhere, without
Contextual Factors: M-commerce portals can leverage contextual
the constraints of physical store hours.
factors unique to mobile devices, such as GPS location, accelerometer, >> Cyber Laws Short Note :
3. Cost Savings: Online businesses can save on expenses related to and camera, to offer personalized experiences. For example, an Cyber laws, also known as information technology laws or internet
physical stores, such as rent and staffing. m-commerce app can provide location-based recommendations or laws, encompass a set of legal principles and regulations governing
4. Personalization: E-commerce allows businesses to personalize the allow users to scan QR codes for quick access to product details. the use of digital technology, computer networks, and the internet.
shopping experience for individual customers based on their E-commerce portals may not have access to these contextual factors With the rapid growth of technology and the increasing reliance on
preferences and buying history. and rely more on user input. digital platforms, cyber laws play a crucial role in maintaining order,
Connectivity: M-commerce portals need to consider intermittent or protecting individuals and organizations, and fostering a secure digital
Disadvantages of e-commerce compared to m-commerce (mobile limited connectivity, as users may be accessing them on the move or environment.
commerce) include: in areas with weak network coverage. They may provide offline
> Importance of Cyber Laws : –
1. Limited Accessibility: E-commerce requires an internet connection capabilities, such as saving shopping carts or displaying cached
1. Protection of Personal Information
and a compatible device, which may limit access for individuals content, to ensure users can continue browsing or making purchases
2. Combating Cybercrimes
without internet access or smartphones. even when network connectivity is temporarily unavailable.
3. Safeguarding Intellectual Property
E-commerce portals typically assume a more stable and consistent
2. User Experience: Mobile devices have smaller screens, making it 4. Regulating Online Activities
internet connection.
potentially more challenging to navigate and view product details 5. Ensuring Cybersecurity
App vs. Website: M-commerce often involves dedicated mobile
compared to larger desktop screens. > Key Aspects of Cyber Laws : –
applications that users can download and install on their devices,
3. Mobile Payment Challenges: Mobile payment options may have 1. Jurisdiction
providing a more integrated and customized experience. These apps
limitations or compatibility issues with certain devices or regions. 2. Digital Rights and Freedoms
can leverage device capabilities and offer offline functionalities.
3. Liability and Responsibility
4. Security Concerns: Mobile devices may be more susceptible to E-commerce portals, on the other hand, primarily rely on websites,
4. Incident Response and Investigation
security risks, such as malware or unauthorized access, compared to which are accessible through web browsers on desktop and mobile
more secure desktop environments. devices.
>> Procedure of Online Auction. Adv & DisAdv >> Procedure to buy a book from a mobile-based & >> Emerging trends in m-Commerce
> Here are the procedure to holding an online auction: web-based shop Advantages & Disadvantages → Following are some of the emerging trends in the space of
- Choose a vendor m-commerce :
- Solicit goods > Procedure to Buy a Book from a Mobile-Based Shop: - M-Wallet : Using mobile devices for various range of financial
- Decide when enough is enough 1. Install the Mobile App: Download and install the mobile app of the transactions.
- Collect or take photos desired mobile-based shop from your device's app store. - Near Field Communications (NFC): enable radio communication b/w
- Determine fair market values smart phones and other similar devices which are in proximity
2. Sign Up or Log In: Open the app and create a new account if you're a
- Set starting bid amounts (normally not more than a few inches) or when they touch each other.
first-time user. Alternatively, log in to your existing account.
- Let people know about the auction - Mobile coupons : are expected to become popular at retail stores.
- Present goods in an attractive light to bidders 3. Search for the Book: Use the search function within the app to find - Mobile shopping : is going to play a major role in the shopping space.
> Advantages of Online Auctions: the book you wish to purchase. You can search by title, author, genre, - In-store personalization : based on mobile app which indicates the
- Devoid of Geographical Restrictions or use other filters to narrow down the options. available sales & acts as a smart store guide.
- Attracting the Buyers to Value 4. Product Selection: Select the book from the search results to view
- Acceptance of Universal Products >> 5 Strategies to increase the visibility of e-comm website
its details, including the price, availability, and any reviews or ratings.
- Getting Quick Feedback with Online Auctions Here are five strategies to increase the visibility of an e-commerce
5. Add to Cart: If you decide to buy the book, click on the "Add to Cart" website:
- Time Doesn't Play a Detriment
or similar button. The book will be added to your virtual shopping cart.
- A lot of Repetitive Buyers and Sellers 1. Search Engine Optimization (SEO): Implement SEO techniques to
- Irresistible Deals All Around 6. Review Cart: Access your cart to review the items you have added. improve your website's ranking in search engine results.
> Disadvantages of Online Auctions : You can modify quantities, remove items, or continue shopping.
2. Pay-Per-Click Advertising (PPC): Utilize PPC advertising platforms,
- There is no guarantee your property will sell successfully at 7. Proceed to Checkout: Once you are satisfied with your cart, proceed such as Google Ads, to display targeted ads on search engines and
auction to the checkout process. This typically involves providing your other websites.
- The market value of your property is decided on the spot shipping address, contact details, and preferred payment method.
- Marketing costs tend to be higher 3. Content Marketing: Develop and share valuable and engaging
- Auctions concentrate the buying process into a short period of 8. Payment: Choose a payment method offered by the mobile-based content related to your products or industry.
Time shop, such as credit/debit card, mobile wallet, or other available
4. Social Media Marketing: Leverage social media platforms like
options. Enter the required payment details securely.
Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and LinkedIn to promote your
>> 5 Mobile Payment Systems & Server 9. Confirm Order: Review your order summary, including the book, e-commerce website.
Here are five popular online payment systems quantity, total cost, and shipping details. Confirm the order to proceed.
5. Influencer Marketing: Collaborate with influential individuals or
1. PayPal: PayPal is one of the most widely used online payment 10. Order Confirmation: After placing the order, you will receive an bloggers in your industry who have a large following and a strong
platforms globally. It enables users to make payments, send and order confirmation on your mobile device, along with an estimated online presence.
receive money, and shop securely online. It supports various payment delivery date.
methods and offers buyer and seller protection. >> E-paper, Feature, Advantages & Disadvantages :
> Procedure to Buy a Book from a Web-Based Shop : - E-paper, short for electronic paper, is a display technology that mimics
2. Google Pay: Google Pay, developed by Google, is another widely
used mobile payment system. It is available on both Android and iOS 1. Open the Website: Launch a web browser on your mobile device or the appearance of traditional ink on paper. It is designed to provide a
devices. Users can add their credit or debit cards to the Google Pay computer and navigate to the website of the desired web-based shop. paper-like reading experience with low power consumption. Here are
app and make payments in physical stores, online, and within apps. some key features, advantages, and disadvantages of e-paper:
2. Account Creation or Login: If you are a new user, sign up for an
Google Pay supports various payment methods, including NFC account on the website. Existing users can log in using their
payments, online payments, and peer-to-peer transfers. Features of E-paper:
credentials.
1. Reflective Display: E-paper displays use ambient light to illuminate
3. Apple Pay: Apple Pay is a digital wallet service designed for Apple 3. Search for the Book: Use the search bar on the website to find the the screen, making them readable in various lighting conditions,
devices. It enables users to make secure payments using their book you want to purchase. You can enter the book title, author, ISBN, including bright sunlight.
iPhones, iPads, or Apple Watches both online and in physical stores. It or any other relevant details. 2. High Contrast: E-paper offers high contrast, similar to ink on paper,
supports contactless payments and offers added security through resulting in clear and sharp text and images.
tokenization. 4. Book Details and Selection: Click on the book from the search
results to access its dedicated page. Read the book description, 3. Wide Viewing Angle: E-paper displays have a wide viewing angle,
4. Stripe: Stripe is a popular payment gateway that allows businesses reviews, and check the price and availability. allowing users to view the content comfortably from different
to accept online payments easily. It provides a developer-friendly positions without color distortion.
platform with robust APIs, making it seamless to integrate payment 5. Add to Cart: If you decide to buy the book, click on the "Add to Cart" 4. Low Power Consumption: One of the main advantages of e-paper is
functionality into websites and applications. or similar button. The book will be added to your virtual shopping cart. its low power consumption. It only requires power during page
6. Review Cart: Access your cart to review the books you have added. updates, consuming minimal energy while displaying static content.
5. Square: Square is a versatile payment system known for its
You can modify quantities, remove items, or continue shopping. 5. Bi-stability: E-paper is bi-stable, meaning it can hold an image
point-of-sale (POS) solutions. It offers a range of payment options,
without requiring a continuous power source. Once an image is
including card readers, online invoicing, and virtual terminal, making it 7. Proceed to Checkout: Once you are ready to proceed, click on the
displayed, it remains visible even after power is removed.
suitable for both brick-and-mortar stores and online businesses. "Checkout" or similar button to initiate the checkout process.
6. Flexible and Lightweight: E-paper can be manufactured on flexible
Online trading & Procedure w/ Diagram Advanrtages & 8. Shipping and Billing Details: Provide your shipping address, contact substrates, making it suitable for applications that require flexible and
information, and billing details, as required. Ensure that all the lightweight displays.
DisAdvantages : – information is accurate.
Online trading refers to buying and selling financial instruments such
9. Select Payment Method: Choose your preferred payment method, Advantages of E-paper:
as stocks, bonds, currencies, or commodities through internet-based
such as credit/debit card, net banking, or other available options. 1. Readability: E-paper provides a reading experience similar to printed
platforms provided by brokerage firms.
paper, reducing eye strain and allowing for comfortable reading for
→ Here's a step-by-step explanation of the online trading procedure: 10. Place Order: Review the order summary, including the book, extended periods.
quantity, total cost, and shipping details. Confirm the order to place it. 2. Energy Efficiency: E-paper's low power consumption extends the
1. Account Setup: The first step is to open an account with an online
11. Order Confirmation: After placing the order, you will receive an battery life of devices that use this technology, such as e-readers and
brokerage firm. This typically involves providing personal information,
order confirmation on the website, along with an estimated delivery smartwatches.
completing a registration form, and agreeing to the terms and
date. 3. Outdoor Visibility: E-paper displays are highly visible in outdoor
conditions.
environments, as they reflect ambient light instead of relying on
2. Fund Your Account: Once your account is set up, you'll need to > Advantages and Disadvantages: backlighting.
deposit funds into it. This can be done through various methods like [+] Mobile-based Shop: 4. Easy on the Environment: E-paper reduces paper consumption by
bank transfers, credit/debit card payments, or online payment providing a digital alternative for reading materials, contributing to
systems. → Advantages: environmental sustainability.
3. Research and Analysis: Before placing trades, it's essential to Convenience: Mobile apps offer a user-friendly and streamlined 5. Image Persistence: E-paper displays retain the image even without
conduct thorough research and analysis to make informed decisions. shopping experience on mobile devices, allowing you to browse, power, making it ideal for applications where power is intermittent or
Traders often analyze market trends, study financial statements, and search, and purchase books on the go. not readily available.
use technical analysis tools to identify potential investment Personalization: Some mobile-based shops provide personalized book
opportunities. recommendations based on your interests, reading history, or previous Disadvantages of E-paper:
purchases. 1. Limited Color Reproduction: E-paper displays typically offer limited
4. Placing Orders: Once you've identified a trade opportunity, you can
Notifications and Offers: Mobile apps often send push notifications color capabilities compared to traditional LCD or OLED displays,
place an order through the online trading platform. There are two
about new releases, discounts, and special offers, helping you stay restricting the range of vibrant colors.
primary types of orders:
updated and save money. 2. Slower Refresh Rates: E-paper technology is not suitable for
a. Market Order: This is an order to buy or sell a security at the
→ Disadvantages: displaying fast-moving content or videos due to slower refresh rates
current market price.
compared to other display technologies.
b. Limit Order: This is an order to buy or sell a security at a specified Limited Screen Space: Mobile screens are relatively smaller than 3. Cost: E-paper displays can be more expensive to manufacture
price or better. computer screens, which may affect the browsing experience, compared to traditional display technologies, limiting their adoption in
5. Order Execution: After placing the order, the online trading platform especially when reading book descriptions or reviews. some applications.
sends the order to the exchange or market where the security is listed. App Dependency: Accessing a mobile-based shop requires installing 4. Lack of Backlighting: E-paper displays rely on ambient light, which
The order is matched with a suitable counterparty, and the trade is and updating the app, which may consume storage space on your can result in reduced visibility in low-light conditions or complete
executed. device. darkness.
6. Confirmation: Once the trade is executed, you'll receive a trade [+] Web-based Shop: 5. Limited Application Compatibility: E-paper displays may not be
confirmation that provides details such as the security name, quantity, – Advantages: suitable for all types of content or interactive applications that require
price, and transaction fees. This confirms that the trade has been high-speed updates or advanced graphical capabilities.
Wide Accessibility: Web-based shops can be accessed from any
successfully executed. device with a web browser, including desktop computers, laptops, >> Impact of E-commerce in Marketing & Finance :
7. Monitoring and Managing: After the trade is executed, you can tablets, and smartphones.
monitor your portfolio and track the performance of your investments Larger Screen: Using a web browser on a computer or tablet offers a → Marketing : E-commerce has revolutionized marketing by providing
using the online trading platform. You can also set up alerts or larger screen space, making it easier to browse, read book businesses with new avenues to reach and engage customers. It has
stop-loss orders to manage risk. descriptions, and compare options. expanded the reach of marketing efforts beyond geographical
Multitasking: While shopping on a web-based shop, you can open boundaries, enabled personalized and targeted advertising, facilitated
8. Settlement: The settlement process involves the transfer of funds
multiple tabs or windows, allowing you to research and compare data-driven decision-making, and transformed the customer shopping
and securities between the buyer and seller. It usually takes a few days
different books or prices. experience. E-commerce has created opportunities for businesses to
for the funds to be transferred and the ownership of securities to be
– Disadvantages: scale rapidly, optimize marketing strategies, and drive sales growth in
updated in your account.
Less Mobility: Compared to mobile apps, accessing web-based shops the digital landscape.
→Here's a simplified diagram illustrating the online trading procedure: on a computer or laptop may limit mobility as you need to be near your → Finance : E-commerce has had a significant impact on finance and
device. accounting processes. It has streamlined transactions, enabling faster
Limited Offline Functionality: Web-based shops usually require an and more secure online payments, reducing paperwork and manual
active internet connection to browse and make purchases, unlike some processes. E-commerce platforms integrate with accounting software,
mobile apps that offer offline access to downloaded books. automating financial data entry and reconciliation. Real-time financial
Potential Distractions: When shopping on the web, you may encounter reporting and analytics provide valuable insights for decision-making.
distractions from other open tabs, advertisements, or notifications Additionally, e-commerce has facilitated global trade, expanding
from unrelated websites. market reach and enabling businesses to operate internationally,
leading to increased financial opportunities and complexities that
require efficient financial management.
>> Security concerns in E-commerce w.r.t to client, >> Diff. b/w M-commerce & E-commerce. Technology
communication channel & server. components that help to perform the commerce
→ Client-side Security Concerns: transactions using mobile devices.
Client-side security concerns refer to the vulnerabilities and risks that
exist on the user's end, typically on their devices (e.g., computer, → M-commerce:
mobile device). Some key concerns include: - Conducted exclusively through mobile devices.
- Malware and Viruses: Users' devices can be infected with malware or - Capitalizes on the mobility and convenience offered by smartphones
viruses that can compromise the security of their personal and and tablets.
financial information. - Utilizes mobile-specific features like location-based services, push
- Weak Authentication: Weak passwords or the use of the same notifications, and mobile wallets.
password across multiple platforms can make user accounts - Enables on-the-go shopping, mobile payments, and targeted
vulnerable to unauthorized access. marketing based on user location and preferences.
- Phishing Attacks: Users may be targeted by phishing attacks, where - Provides a personalized and seamless shopping experience through
malicious actors impersonate legitimate entities to trick users into mobile apps or mobile-optimized websites.
revealing sensitive information. → E-commerce:
- Device Theft: If a user's device is stolen, unauthorized individuals
may gain access to personal data stored on the device. - Includes all forms of electronic transactions, irrespective of the
device used.
→ Communication Channel Security Concerns: - Involves online shopping through desktop computers, laptops, and
The communication channel refers to the transfer of data between the mobile devices.
client and the server over the internet. Security concerns related to the - Offers a broader range of features and functionality due to larger
communication channel include: screen sizes and computing power.
- Provides a variety of online payment options, such as credit cards,
- Man-in-the-Middle Attacks: Attackers intercept and alter data
digital wallets, and bank transfers.
transmitted between the client and the server, potentially gaining
- Supports extensive product catalogs, advanced search capabilities,
access to sensitive information.
and sophisticated marketing tools.
- Data Interception: Sensitive information transmitted over unsecured
or compromised networks can be intercepted by unauthorized
→ Technology components that facilitate commerce transactions
individuals.
using mobile devices include:
- Data Integrity: The integrity of data can be compromised if it is
modified during transmission, leading to potential errors or - Mobile Applications: Dedicated mobile apps provide a customized
unauthorized changes. interface for shopping, account management, and secure mobile
- Lack of Encryption: Without proper encryption, data transmitted payments.
between the client and server can be intercepted and read by
- Mobile Websites: Websites optimized for mobile devices ensure a
attackers.
seamless shopping experience with responsive design and intuitive
→ Server-side Security Concerns: navigation.
Server-side security concerns involve vulnerabilities and risks that - Mobile Payment Systems: Mobile payment technologies, including
exist on the e-commerce website's server and related infrastructure. mobile wallets (e.g., Apple Pay, Google Pay) and mobile banking apps,
These concerns include: enable secure and convenient transactions.
- Unauthorized Access: If the server is not properly secured, attackers - Near Field Communication (NFC): NFC technology allows contactless
may gain unauthorized access to sensitive customer information, payments by simply tapping or waving the mobile device near a
payment details, or the website's backend. compatible payment terminal.
- SQL Injection: Attackers exploit vulnerabilities in the website's
- QR Codes: Quick Response (QR) codes are used for various
database to execute malicious SQL commands, potentially gaining
purposes, such as product information, discounts, and seamless
access to sensitive data or compromising the website's functionality.
checkout by scanning codes with a mobile device's camera.
- Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks: Attackers overwhelm
the server with a massive volume of requests, rendering the website - Location-Based Services (LBS): LBS technologies use GPS and
unavailable to legitimate users. geolocation data to offer personalized marketing, targeted
- Insecure Payment Processing: If the server's payment processing advertisements, and location-specific offers to mobile users.
system is not properly secured, sensitive payment information can be - Push Notifications: Mobile apps use push notifications to deliver
exposed to unauthorized individuals. real-time updates, offers, and reminders to users, enhancing customer
engagement and communication.
>> Compare & Contrast : Conventional processing of a
- Mobile Analytics: Analytics tools track user behavior, preferences,
purchase order with that of an EDI. and purchase patterns on mobile devices, enabling businesses to
Conventional Processing of a Purchase Order: optimize their mobile commerce strategies.
- Manual process involving the creation of purchase orders using
physical documents or email. >> How m-commerce portals make shopping secure :
- Communication is typically done through phone calls, fax, or email. M-commerce portals can implement several measures to enhance
- Paper-based documents require manual data entry and handling. shopping security and protect customers' sensitive information. Here
- Higher likelihood of errors, delays, and miscommunication due to are some key steps they can take:
manual processes. - Secure Mobile Apps: Develop and maintain secure mobile
- Limited visibility and tracking capabilities, making it challenging to applications with robust encryption, secure data storage, and
monitor the order status in real-time. authentication mechanisms to prevent unauthorized access.
- Involves more time and effort to process and reconcile purchase
orders. - Two-Factor Authentication: Integrate two-factor authentication
methods, such as SMS verification or biometric authentication, to add
EDI: an extra layer of security during login and payment processes.
- Automated process using standardized electronic formats for - Secure Payment Gateways: Partner with trusted and PCI-DSS
purchase orders. compliant payment gateways to ensure secure and encrypted payment
- Computer-to-computer communication, eliminating the need for processing, minimizing the risk of payment fraud.
manual intervention.
- Regular Security Audits: Conduct frequent security audits and
- Information is exchanged in a structured format, reducing errors and
penetration testing to identify and address vulnerabilities, ensuring the
improving data accuracy.
ongoing protection of customer data.
- Real-time exchange and faster processing of purchase orders,
leading to reduced lead times and improved efficiency. - Strong Privacy Policies: Clearly communicate privacy policies and
- Enhanced visibility and tracking capabilities, enabling real-time obtain user consent for data collection and usage, maintaining
monitoring of order status. transparency and building customer trust.
- Enables seamless integration with backend systems, such as - Fraud Detection and Prevention: Implement fraud detection and
inventory management and accounting systems. prevention mechanisms, such as anomaly detection, behavior analysis,
and real-time transaction monitoring, to identify and mitigate
>> Precautions while making payments online fraudulent activities.
→ Before making an online payment, take these precautions:
- Secure Network Infrastructure: Maintain a secure network
1. Secure Connection: Ensure the website has a secure connection
infrastructure with firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and regular
(https://) and a padlock symbol in the address bar.
security patches to prevent unauthorized access and data breaches.
2. Trusted Websites: Use reputable and trusted websites for online
transactions to avoid scams or fraud. >> Architecture of m-commerce portal that sells books.
3. Strong Passwords: Create strong, unique passwords for your Here's an architecture diagram and an explanation of an online
accounts and change them regularly. shopping m-commerce portal that sells books.
→ Assumptions:
4. Updated Software: Keep your device and antivirus software up to
date to protect against vulnerabilities. - The online shopping m-commerce portal is built as a web application
accessible through mobile devices.
5. Two-Factor Authentication: Enable two-factor authentication for
added security. - The portal focuses on selling physical books rather than e-books.
- Users can browse, search, view book details, make purchases, and
6. Use Secure Networks: Avoid making payments on public Wi-Fi
track their orders.
networks; use secure and private networks.
- Payment processing and order fulfillment are outsourced to
7. Verified Sellers: Verify the legitimacy of the seller or online third-party services.
marketplace before making a purchase. - The architecture assumes a client-server model with a centralized
8. Research and Reviews: Read reviews, check ratings, and research server.
the seller's reputation before buying.
9. Check Payment Security: Look for secure payment options such as
encryption and trusted payment gateways.
10. Review Policies: Understand the seller's refund, return, and privacy
policies before making a payment.
By following these precautions, you can help safeguard your financial
information and minimize the risks associated with online payments.