CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

ETHIOPIAN/EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN CODES

Adil Zekaria (Dr.-Ing.)

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 1

Building Codes for Seismic Design

 Presentation outline
 Ethiopian/European Building Codes
 ES EN 1998:2015 / EN 1998:2004 (EC 8:2004)
 EBCS 8:1995
 American Building Codes
 UBC 94
 UBC 97
 IBC 2006

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 2

Dr.-Ing. Adil Z. 1
CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

ES EN 1998:2015/EN 1998:2004
EBCS 8:1995 (for comparison)

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 3

Ethiopian Code: ES EN 1998:2015

 The Ethiopian Government has signed agreement with the
European Union’s (EU) European Standardization Committee
in 2011. (As a result Ethiopia can utilize the Eurocodes in the
same manner as the other Member States of EU)
 The major principles of the revised Ethiopian code (ES
EN1998:2015) are the same as in the Eurocode EN 1998:2004.
 During the development of the Eurocodes, there are
procedures, values, or classes recommendations, for which an
agreement could not be reached; these are the Nationally
Determined Parameters (NDPs).
 National Annexes may only contain information on those
NDPs which are left open for national choice.

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Scope of ES EN 1998:2015
 The purpose is to ensure that, in an event of an
earthquake:
 human lives are protected,
 damage is limited, and

 structures important for civil protection remain

operational.
 Note that the random nature of seismic events and the limited resource
available to counter their effects makes the attainment of these goals
partially possible and only measurable in probabilistic terms.
 Special structures, such as nuclear power plants, offshore
structures and large dams, are beyond the scope of ES EN
1998
Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 5

Parts of ES EN 1998:2015/EN 1998:2004

 EN 1998 - Design of structures for earthquake

resistance has six parts:
 EN1998-1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for
buildings (This is the only published document Ethiopia code
series as ES EN 1998-1:2015)
 EN1998-2: Bridges

 EN1998-3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildings

 EN1998-4: Silos, tanks and pipelines

 EN1998-5: Foundations, retaining structures and

geotechnical aspects
 EN1998-6: Towers, masts and chimneys

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 6

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Sections of ES EN 1998-1:2015

 ES EN1998-1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for

buildings is subdivided into the following 10 sections
1. General introduction
2. Performance requirements and compliance criteria
3. Ground conditions and seismic action, combinations
4. General design rules for buildings
5. Specific rules for Concrete buildings
6. Specific rules for Steel buildings
7. Specific rules for Composite Steel-Concrete buildings
8. Specific rules for Timber buildings
9. Specific rules for Masonry buildings
10. Base isolation
Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 7

ES EN 1998-1:2015 – Section 2
Fundamental Requirements
 Structures in seismic region shall be designed & constructed to
meet the following two requirements with adequate reliability:
 No collapse requirement

 Design ground acceleration 475 years return period (10%

probability in 50 years)
 Withstand the design seismic action without local or global collapse
 Retain structural integrity and residual load bearing capacity after the
seismic event
 Damage limitation requirement
 Design ground acceleration 95 years return period (10%
probability in 10 years)
 Withstand a more frequent seismic action without damage
 Avoid limitations of use with high costs
Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 8

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

ES EN 1998-1:2015 Compliance Criteria

 In order to satisfy the fundamental requirements the

following limit states shall be checked
 Ultimate limit states (ULS)

 ULS are those associated with collapse or with other forms of

structural failure which might endanger the safety of people.
 Damage limitation states (DLS)
 DLS are those associated with damages beyond which specified
service requirements are no longer met.
 Special measures
 In order to limit the uncertainties and promote good behavior of
structures for larger EQ, pertinent specific measures shall be taken.

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 9

ES EN 1998-1:2015 Compliance Criteria

 Reduced or simplified design procedures for well defined

categories of structures of low seismicity cases (ag < 0.08g)
 No application of ES EN 1998 for very low seismicity cases
(ag< 0.04g)

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 10

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

ES EN 1998-1:2015 Compliance Criteria

 Ultimate limit state

 Resistance and Energy dissipation capacity verification of
the structural system
 Appropriate Behavior factor values for the different
ductility classes
 Overturning and sliding stability check
 Resistance of foundation elements and foundation soil
without substantial permanent deformations
 Second order effects shall be taken in to account
 Non detrimental effect of non structural elements

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 11

ES EN 1998-1:2015 Compliance Criteria

 Damage limitation state

 Deformation limits (Maximum inter-story drift due to the
“frequent” earthquake):
 0.5 %for brittle non structural elements attached to the structure
 0.75 %for ductile non structural elements attached to the structure
 1.0 %for non structural elements not interfering with the structure
 Sufficient stiffness of the structure for the operationality of
vital services and equipment
 DLS may control the design in many cases

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

ES EN 1998-1:2015 Compliance Criteria

 Specific Measures
 Simple and regular forms (plan and elevation)
 Control the hierarchy of resistances and sequence of failure
modes(capacity design procedures)
 Avoid brittle failure modes
 Control the behavior of critical regions (detailing)
 Use adequate structural model (soil deformability and non structural
elements if appropriate)
 In zones of high seismicity and structures of special
importance, formal quality system plans for Design,
Construction and Use is recommended

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 13

ES EN 1998-1:2015 – Section 3
Ground Conditions and Seismic Action
 Ground Conditions
 Appropriate investigation shall be carried out to identify the
ground condition
 Depending on the importance class of the structure and
particular condition of the project, ground investigation
and/or geological studies to be performed to determine the
seismic action
 Ground types A, B, C, D and E given table 3.1 (next slide)
may be used to account for the influence of local ground
conditions on the seismic action.

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 15

Subsoil classification EBCS 8: 1995

Subsoil Site coeff.

Description
class S
Rock vs  800 m/s in the top 5m
A and stiff clay deposits vs  400 m/s at 1.0
10m depth
medium dense sand, gravel or medium
B 1.2
stiff clays vs  200 m/s at 10m depth
Loose cohesionless soil deposits with or
C without some soft cohesive layers 1.5
vs < 200 m/s in the uppermost 20m
where vs is shear wave velocity
Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 16

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

ES EN 1998-1:2015 - Section 3
Ground Conditions and Seismic Action
 Seismic Action
 National territories shall be subdivided into seismic zones
depending on the local hazard
 The hazard is described by the reference peak ground
acceleration (PGA) on type A ground, agR
 The design ground acceleration on type A ground ag is
equal to agR times the importance factor γI (ag = γI.agR)
 The seismic hazard map of the Ethiopia is shown in the
next slide

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Seismic Hazard Map of Ethiopia (2015)

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 18

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Seismic Hazard Map of Ethiopia (1995)

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 19

Seismic Hazard Zonation of selected

towns using ES EN 2015 & EBCS 1995
Town Longitude Latitude Zone PGA (ao/g) PGA (ao/g)
[N] [E] ES EN 2015 EBCS 1995
Addis Ababa 38.7645 8.9757 3 0.1 0.05
Adama 392682 8.5386 4 0.15 0.1
Ankober 39.7710 9.5573 5 0.2 0.1
Arba Minch 37.5474 6.0030 3 0.1 0.1
Assaita 41.4713 11.5849 5 0.2 0.1
Bishoftu 38.9883 8.7468 4 0.15 0.1
Dessie 39.6707 11.0474 3 0.1 0.1
Dire Dawa 41.8389 9.5034 3 0.1 0.05
Hawassa 38.4741 7.0080 4 0.15 0.1
Jigjiga 42.7537 9.2426 3 0.1 0.03
Mekele 39.5515 13.4056 4 0.15 0.1
Semera 41.1321 11.7297 5 0.2 0.1
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Dr.-Ing. Adil Z. 10
CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

ES EN 1998-1:2015 Representation of
Seismic Action
 Elastic response spectrum
 Horizontal elastic response spectrum
 Vertical response spectrum
 Design spectrum for elastic analysis
 Time-history representation
 Artificial accelerograms
 Recorded or simulated accelerograms
 Spatial model of the seismic action
 Combination of the seismic action with other actions

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 21

Horizontal Elastic response spectrum

ES EN 1998-1:2015 (HERS)
Shape of the elastic response Horizontal elastic response spectrum
spectrum

Damping   10 (5   )  0.55
correction factor

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

ES EN 1998-1:2015 (HERS Cont’d)

• If deep geology is not accounted for, the recommended choice

is to use two types of spectra: type 1 and type 2.

• Design spectrum parameters: Type 1

• High and moderate seismicity region Ms > 5.5

Ground type S Tb Tc Td
A (rock) 1.00 0.15 0.4 2.0
B (Very stiff soil) 1.20 0.15 0.5 2.0
C (medium stiff) 1.15 0.20 0.6 2.0
D (Soft soil) 1.35 0.20 0.8 2.0
E (thin Soft soil over rock) 1.40 0.15 0.5 2.0

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ES EN 1998-1:2015 (HERS Cont’d)

• Elastic response spectra for 5% damping for Type 1

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 24

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

ES EN 1998-1:2015 (HERS Cont’d)

• Design spectrum parameters: Type 2

• Low seismicity region (Ms ≤ 5.5); near field earthquakes

Ground type S Tb Tc Td
A (rock) 1.00 0.05 0.25 1.20
B (Very stiff soil) 1.35 0.05 0.25 1.20
C (medium stiff) 1.50 0.10 0.25 1.20
D (Soft soil) 1.80 0.10 0.30 1.20
E (thin Soft soil over rock) 1.60 0.05 0.25 1.20

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ES EN 1998-1:2015 (HERS Cont’d)

• Elastic response spectra for 5% damping for Type 2

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

ES EN 1998-1:2015 (Vertical ERS)

 Vertical elastic response spectrum

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 27

ES EN 1998-1:2015 (Design Spectrum)

• where the behavior factor q varies between 1.5 to 6

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Dr.-Ing. Adil Z. 14
CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Elastic Design Spectrum EBCS 8:1995

Normalized Elastic Response Spectra
3
Spectral acceleration / Ground acceleration:

2.5

soil class A
1.5
soil class B
bo

soil class C
1

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Period T (sec)

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ES EN 1998-1:2015 (TH representation)

 Alternative representations of the seismic action

 Time history representation (essentially for NL analysis
purposes)
 Three simultaneously acting accelerograms
 Artificial accelerograms
 Match the elastic response spectrum for 5% damping
 Duration compatible with Magnitude (Ts ≥10 s)
 Minimum number of accelerograms: 3
 Recorded or simulated accelerograms
 Scaled to ag S
 Match the elastic response spectrum for 5% damping

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 30

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

ES EN 1998-1:2015 - Section 4
Design of Buildings
 Characteristics of earthquake resistant buildings
 Basic principle of conceptual design
 Criteria for structural regularity

 Combination coefficients for variable action

 Importance classes and importance factors

 Structural Analysis
 Modelling
 Method of Analysis

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 31

Basic principles of conceptual design

 The guiding principle in conceptual design against

seismic hazard are:
 structural simplicity
 uniformity and symmetry

 bidirectional resistance and stiffness

 torsional resistance and stiffness

 diaphragmatic action at storey level

 adequate foundation

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 32

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Consequence of structural regularity on

seismic analysis and design ES EN 2015

REGULARITY SIMPLIFICATION
BEHAVIOR
FACTOR
PLAN ELEVATION MODEL ANALYSIS

Yes Yes Planar Lateral force* Reference

Yes No Planar Modal Decreased

No Yes Spatial** Lateral force* Reference
No No Spatial Modal Decreased

* Fundamental period < 2 s or 4 Tc

** Under specific condition, planar models in each direction may be used
Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 33

Consequence of structural regularity on

seismic design EBCS 8, 1995

REGULARITY SIMPLIFICATION
BEHAVIOR
FACTOR
PLAN ELEVATION MODEL ANALYSIS

Yes Yes Planar Static* Basic

Yes No Planar Static* Increased

No Yes Spatial Static* Basic
No No Spatial Dynamic Increased
* Fundamental period < 2 seconds
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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Regularity in Plan

 Symmetric in plan w.r.t. 2 orthogonal directions

 Plan configuration shall be compact (i.e floor area
delimited by a polygonal convex line). Set-backs ≤ 5%
of the floor area.
 In-plane stiffness of floors sufficiently large compared
to stiffness of vertical elements. L, C, H, I and X plan
shapes should be carefully examined.
 Slenderness of plan dimensions l = Lmax/Lmin ≤ 4
where Lmax and Lmin are larger and smaller plan dimensions,
measured in orthogonal directions
Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 35

Regularity in Plan (Cont’d)

 At each level and for each direction of analysis x and y
eox  0.30  rx
rx  ls
Where
eox = distance between center of stiffness and center of mass
rx = torsional radius
rx  rotational stiffness lateral stiffness
ls = radius of gyration of the floor mass

ls  polar moment of inertia mass

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 36

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Regularity in elevation

 All lateral load resisting systems run without

interruption from foundation to top
 Both lateral stiffness & mass of story's remain constant
or reduce gradually without abrupt changes
 ratio of actual storey resistance to required resistance
should not vary disproportionately between adjacent
storys.

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Regularity in elevation (contd.)

when setbacks
are present:

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 38

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Combination coefficients for variable

action
 The combination coefficients ψ2i (for the quasi-permanent
value of variable action qi) for the design of buildings shall
be those given in ES EN 1900:2015, Annex A1
 The combination coefficients ψEi shall be computed from
the following expression
 𝜓 = 𝜑𝜓

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 39

Importance classes and importance

factors
Importance Importance
Buildings
class factor

Bldgs of minor importance for public

I 0.8
safety, e.g. agricultural bldgs., etc.

ordinary buildings not belonging to other

II 1.0
categories
Bldgs whose collapse results in serious
III 1.2
consequence, e.g. schools, assembly halls,
Bldgs whose integrity during EQ is of
IV vital importance, e.g. hospitals, fire 1.4
stations, power plants, etc
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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Modelling in ES EN 1998-1:2015
• The model shall adequately represent the distribution of stiffness
and mass
• The model should account for:
 The contribution of joint region to the deformability of the bldg.
 The deformability of the foundation
 The effect of cracking on the stiffness of concrete, composite and
masonry buildings.
 Unless a more accurate analysis of the cracked element is performed, the
flexural and shear stiffness properties may be taken one-half of the
corresponding stiffness of the cracked elements.

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 41

Methods of Analysis in ES EN 1998-1:2015

• Depending on the structural characteristic of the

building one the following two methods may be used
 Lateral force method of analysis
 For buildings meeting the regularity criteria & T1 ≤ 4TC and ≤ 2 s
 Modal response spectrum analysis
 Applicable to all type of buildings
 As an alternative a non linear methods may be used
 Non-linear static (pushover) analysis
 Non-linear time history (dynamic) analysis

 When a non-linear method is used, the seismic input, the

constitutive model used and result shall be properly substantiated
Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 42

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Lateral Force Method of Analysis

 Base Shear Fb = Sd(T1) m λ

 Fundamental period T1  Ct H 3 / 4 or T1  2  d
 For height of the building < 40 m

si mi zi mi
 Lateral force distribution: Fi  Fb . or Fi  Fb .
 where
 s j .m j  z j .m j
 Fi is the horizontal force acting on story i
 si, sj are displacements of masses mi, mj in fundamental mode
 zi, zj are heights of masses mi, mj above the base

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 43

Lateral Force Method of Analysis (Cont’d)

 Torsional effects
 Spatial (3D) model, accidental torsional effects
Mai = eai Fi
where Mai torsional moment at story i
eai accidental eccentricity of story mass i (eai = ± 0.05 Li)
Fi horizontal force acting at story i
 Planar (2D) models
 amplify the action effects in individual load resisting elements with a
factor d=1+0.6 x/Le
 If the analysis is performed using two planar models, one for each
main horizontal direction, torsional effects may be determined by
doubling the accidental eccentricity eai and for planar model by
amplifying by the factor d=1+1.2 x/Le
Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 44

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Equivalent Static Analysis, EBCS 8, 1995

 Base shear force, Fb = Sd(T1) W

 Fundamental period, T1 = C1 H3/4 ; T1 = 2 d

m j u 2j Rayleigh coefficient
T1  2
F j u j
 Sd (T1) = abg Not explicitly shown
 Distribution of lateral force
( Fb  Ft ) Wi hi
Fi  and Ft  0.07T1 Fb
W j h j
 Accidental torsion, eai = ±0.05 Li
 Torsional effects in individual elements, d=1+0.6 x/Le
Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 45

Design spectrum coefficients EBCS8:1995

a= aoI bedrock acceleration

ao=0.1, 0.07, 0.05, 0.03 acceleration ratio
(100 yrs return period)
I = 1.4, 1.2, 1.0, 0.8 importance factor

1 .2 S response factor
 2/3
 2.5
T1
S = 1.0, 1.2, 1.5 site coefficient

g= gokD kR kW  0.70 behavior factor

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Comparing acceleration coefficients

EBCS 8:1995
Comparison of response factor ordinates for class C soil
3

2.5

2
Response factor

1.5 Design Spectra

Response factor

0.5

 in ESA and A/g in design spectrum are not identical

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Peroid T (sec)
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Modal response spectrum Analysis

 The response of all modes contributing significantly to the

global response shall be considered
 Those modes shall be considered for which:
 The sum of the modal masses is at least 90% of the total building
mass, i.e. ∑𝑚 ≥ 0.9 𝑚
 The modal mass is larger than 5% of the total building mass
𝑚 ≥ 0.05 𝑚
 If the above two requirements can not be fulfilled
k  3  n and Tk  0.20 s
 The number of k modes to be taken for n story building
where Tk is the period of vibration of mode k.

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 48

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Modal response spectrum Analysis (Contd)

 Combination of modal responses

 The response in two vibration modes i and j are independent
of each other if their periods satisfy Tj ≤ 0.9 Ti condition
 The maximum action effect from modes independent of each
other is obtained from
i.e. using SRSS combination rule E E  E Ei2
 If the Tj ≤ 0.9 Ti condition is not satisfied more accurate
modal combination methods such as Complete Quadratic
Combination, CQC shall be adopted

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 49

Modal response spectrum Analysis (Contd)

 Combination of the effects of seismic action components

 Horizontal components of the seismic action considered to
act simultaneously
 The maximum value of each action effect due two horizontal
components of the seismic action is
2
EDx  E Dy
2
or alternatively
E Dx  0.3E Dy and 0.3E Dx  E Dy
 The sign of each component in the above combination shall be
taken as being the most unfavorable of each action effect

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Modal response spectrum Analysis (Contd)

 Vertical component of the seismic action

 If avg > 0.25g, the vertical component of the seismic
action shall be taken in the cases:
 horizontal (or nearly) members spanning  20 m
 horizontal (or nearly) cantilever components
 horizontal (or nearly) prestressed components
 beam supporting columns
 Base isolated structures
 analysis is made on a partial model consisting of the element
under consideration and adjacent elements

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Displacement Analysis

 If linear analysis is performed the displacements

induced by the design seismic action:
d s = d e qd
where
ds = displacement due to design seismic action
de = displacement from linear analysis based on design
spectrum (shall also include torsional effects)
qd = displacement behavior factor

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Safety Verifications
1. Ultimate limit states
safety against collapse (ULS) is ensured if resistance, ductility,
equilibrium, foundation stability and seismic joint conditions
are met
a. Resistance condition
 Design action effects  design resistance; Ed  Rd
 Second order effects:
P d
Inter-story drift sensitivity coeff.   tot r
Vtot h
if   0.10  no need to consider
0.1 <   0.2  consider 2nd order effects by amplifying
results by a factor 1/(1- )
 shall not exceed 0.3

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Safety Verifications (contd.)

b. Global and local ductility condition
 check that the structural elements and the structure as a whole
posses adequate ductility
 specific material related requirements defined in section 5 to 9
shall be satisfied
 In multi-story buildings formation of a soft story plastic
mechanism shall be prevented
• At all beam column joints ∑𝑀 ≥ 1.3 ∑𝑀
c. Equilibrium condition
 bldg. should be stable against overturning and sliding
 In special cases the equilibrium may be verified by means of
energy balance or geometrically non-linear methods

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Safety Verifications (contd.)

d. Resistance of horizontal diaphragms

 Horizontal diaphragms & bracings shall have sufficient over-
strength in transmitting lateral loads
 The above requirements are satisfied if the diaphragms can
resist 1.3 times forces obtained from analysis
e. Resistance of foundation
 Verification of foundations according to ES EN 7.
 Action effects based on capacity design consideration, but shall
not exceed that of linear behavior with q =1.
 If the action effects are determined using q applicable to DC
“L” structures, no capacity design consideration is needed
Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 55

Safety Verifications (contd.)

e. Resistance of foundation (cont’d)
 For foundation of walls and columns, the design value of the
action effects EFd are derived as
𝐸 = 𝐸 , + 𝛾 Ω𝐸 ,
gRd is overstrength factor and W is the value Rdi/Edi
Rdi is the design resistance and Edi is design action effect
f. Seismic joint condition
 To check that there is no collision with adjacent structures
 Distance between potential points of impact < max. ds
 When floor elevations of adjacent buildings are the same the max.
separation distance referred above can be reduced by a factor of 0.7

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Safety Verifications (contd.)

 Geometric Imperfections
 Uncertainties in geometry and position of axial loads shall be
taken into account as additional first order effects based on
geometric imperfections
 The unfavorable effects of possible deviations in the
geometry of the structure and the position of loads shall be
taken into account in the analysis of members and structures.
 Imperfections shall be taken into account in ultimate limit
states in persistent and accidental design situations.

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 57

Safety Verifications

2. Damage limitation limit states

limitation of damage requirement (DLS) is satisfied if, under
the design seismic action, the inter-story drifts dr are limited to:
a. For buildings having non-structural elements of brittle (ductile)
materials attached to the structure
dr v ≤ 0.005 h (0.0075 h)
b. For buildings having non-structural elements fixed in a way not
to interfere with structural deformations
dr v ≤ 0.010 h
where h is the story height
v is the reduction factor to consider lower return period of EQs
dr = de * qd design inter-story drift

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 58

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

ES EN 1998-1:2015 - Section 5
Specific rules for concrete buildings
 Design concepts
 Energy dissipation capacity and ductility classes
 Structural types and behavior factors

 Design for DCL, DCM and DCH

 Provision for anchorage and splices
 Design and detailing of secondary elements
 Concrete foundation elements
 Local effects due to masonry or concrete infills
 Provision for concrete diaphragms
 Precast concrete structures
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Ductility Classes
 Depending on the required hysteretic dissipation capacity
 DC”L” (low ductility)
 structures designed and dimensioned according to ES EN 2
 recommended only in low seismicity cases
 steel class B or C
 DC”M” (medium ductility)

 specific provisions for design and detailing to ensure inelastic

behavior of the structure without brittle failure
 concrete class  C 16/20, steel class B or C
 DC”H” (high ductility)

 special provisions for design and detailing to ensure stable

mechanisms with large dissipation of hysteretic energy
 concrete class  C 20/25 steel class C

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Structural Types
 Concrete buildings shall be classified in to one of the
following types
 Frame system
 Dual system (frame or wall equivalent)

 Ductile wall system (coupled or uncoupled)

 System of large lightly reinforced walls

 Inverted pendulum systems

 Torsionally flexible system

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Behavior factors
 The upper limit value of the behavior factor q to account for
energy dissipation capacity, shall be derived as
q = qo kw ≥ 1.5
 Basic value of the behavior factor qo for buildings regular in
elevation

 a1 is the value by which the seismic action is multiplied in order to

first reach the flexural resistance in any member
 au is the value by which the seismic action is multiplied in order to
form plastic hinge in a number section leading to instability.
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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Detailing rules - columns

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 63

Detailing rules – columns (cont’d)

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Detailing rules – columns (cont’d)

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 65

Detailing rules – columns (cont’d)

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

ES EN 1998-1:2015 - Section 6
Specific rules for steel buildings
 Materials
 Structural types and behavior factors
 Structural analysis
 Design criteria and detailing rules for
 Moment Resisting Frames
 Concentric Braced Frames

 Eccentric Braced frames

 Design rule for inverted pendulum structure

 Design rules for steel structure with concrete core
 Control of design and construction
Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 67

ES EN 1998-1:2015 - Section 7
Specific rules for Composite buildings
 Materials
 Structural types and behavior factors
 Structural analysis
 Design criteria and detailing rules for
 Moment Resisting Frames
 Concentric Braced Frames
 Eccentric Braced frames
 Design and detailing rules for structure made of RC shear wall
composite with structural steel elements
 Design and detailing rules for composite steel plate shear walls
 Control of design and construction

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 68

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

ES EN 1998-1:2015 - Section 8
Specific rules for timber buildings
 Materials and properties of dissipative zones
 Ductility classes and behavior factors
 Structural analysis
 Design criteria and detailing rules for
 Connections
 Horizontal diaphragms

 Control of design and construction

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 69

ES EN 1998-1:2015 - Section 9
Specific rules for masonry buildings
 Materials and bonding patterns
 Types of construction and behavior factors
 Structural analysis
 Design criteria and construction rules for
 Unreinforced masonry
 Confined masonry

 Reinforced masonry

 Safety verification
 Rules for “simple masonry buildings”

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

ES EN 1998-1:2015 - Section 10
Base Isolation
 Fundamental requirements
 Compliance criteria
 General design provisions
 Seismic action
 Behavior factor
 Properties of the isolation system
 Structural analysis
 Safety verification at ultimate limit states

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 71

ES EN 1998-1:2015 - Annexes

A. Elastic displacement response spectrum

B. Determination of the target displacement for non linear
static analysis
C. Design of the slab of steel-concrete composite beams at
beam column joints in moment resisting frames
D. Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of the horn of
Africa region for 10% probability of exceedance in 50
years.

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 73

UBC 94 permits static analysis for:

 structures in zone 1 & 2 with standard occupancy category
IV (regular and irregular)
 regular structures under 73 m
 irregular structures  5 storeys or 20 m.
 structures (regular & irregular) having Tn < 0.7 and not
located on soil profile S4
 structures with flexible upper portion (e.g. towers)
supported on rigid lower portion, provided that:
 both portions are regular
 avg. stiffness of lower portion is at least 10 times that of the upper
portion
 period of entire structure  1.1 times period upper portion

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Irregularities according to UBC 94

 Buildings with irregular shape, change in mass from
floor to floor, variable stiffness with height, and unusual
setbacks, although aesthetically appealing unfortunately
do not perform well in during EQs. UBC requires all
irregular buildings with few exceptions use dynamic
analysis.
 If a static analysis shows that the storey drifts are
substantially linear, then the building can be categorized
as vertically regular. Thus it is the drift that determines
vertical irregularity, not the plan view.

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 75

Irregularities according to UBC 94 (cont’d.)

 Vertical irregularities
 a soft storey has stiffness < 70% of the story immediately
above, or < 80% avg stiffness of 3 storeys above
 a storey has mass irregularity when its mass is > 150% of the
mass of a storey above or below (excluding roofs)
 a storey has vertical geometric irregularity when the horizontal
dimension of a storey’s lateral force-resisting system is >
130% of that in an adjacent storey
 an in-plane discontinuity exists at a storey when there is an in-
plane offset of the load resisting element > the length of
those elements
 a weak storey is a storey with storey strength < 80% of the
storey above

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Irregularities according to UBC 94 (contd.)

 Plan irregularities
 torsional irregularity exists when the max. storey at one end is
> 1.2 times avg. storey drifts from both ends
 a bldg has re-entrant corner irregularity when one or more
parts of the structure projects > 15% of the plan dimension
 diaphragm discontinuity occurs with diaphragms having
abrupt discontinuity or variation of stiffness, including cutout
or open areas > 50% of the gross diaphragm area, or when
stiffness of diaphragm changes > 50% between adj. storeys
 an out-of-plane offset is a discontinuity in the lateral force
path, an out-of-plane offset of vertical elements
 a non-parallel system is one for which the vertical load-
carrying elements are not parallel to or symmetrical about the
major orthogonal axes of the lateral force resisting systems

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 77

ESA according UBC 94

 Base shear V = (ZIC/Rw)W
 Seismic Zone factor
 Z = 0.075, 0.15, 0.20, 0.30, or 0.40

(475 yrs return period or 10% probability in 50 yrs)

 Importance factor

 I = 1.25 for essential and hazardous facilities

 I = 1.0 for all other structures

 Site coefficient C = 1.25 S/T2/3 ≤ 2.75

 S = 1.0, 1.2, 1.5 or 2.0

 T = C1H3/4 or Rayleigh’s formula

 Structural system coefficient

 Rw = between 4 to12
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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

ESA according UBC 94 (cont’d)

 Distribution of lateral force

( Fb  Ft ) Wi hi
Fi  where
W j h j
Ft  0 T  0.7 sec .
Ft  0.07T Fb  0.25 Fb T  0.7 sec .
 Accidental torsion , eai = ±0.05 Li
 If torsional irregularity exists, increase eai by
2
  
A   max   3 .0
 1.2 
 avg 

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 79

ESA according UBC 94 (cont’d)

 P-∆ Effects
Px 
 Not considered if   0.10
Vx h
 In Zone 3 and 4 ∆/h ≤ 0.02/Rw

 Story drift
 For hn < 20 m: ∆ ≤ 0.04h/Rw and ∆ ≤ 0.005h
 For hn > 20 m: ∆ ≤ 0.03h/Rw and ∆ ≤ 0.004h

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

ESA according UBC 97

 Design Base shear

 The total design base shear in a given direction I
V  Cv W
shall be determined from: R T

 The total design base shear need not exceed: 2.5 C a I

V W
 R
 The total design base shear shall not be less V  0.11Ca I W
than:
 In addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base 0.8ZCv I
shear shall also not be less than: V W
R
 Cv and Ca (velocity and acceleration related
coefficients) account for both seismicity of the
site and soil effect of 6 soil types. R ranges from 2.2 to 8.5

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 81

ESA according UBC 97 (cont’d)

 Major differences between UBC 94 and UBC 97

 R values reduced from 4 – 12 to 2.2 – 8.5
 Site coefficient C = 1.25 S/T ≤ 2.5
 Site coefficient formula 1/T2/3 changed to 1/T
 Upper bound of spectra reduced from 2.75 to 2.5
 Soil classes from 4 soil types to 6 soil types
 Story drift limitation

 For hn < 20 m: ∆ ≤ 0.04h/Rw and ∆ ≤ 0.005h

 For hn > 20 m: ∆ ≤ 0.03h/Rw and ∆ ≤ 0.004h

 Changed to

 For T < 0.7 s: ∆m ≤ 0.025h

 For T ≥ 0.7 s: ∆m < 0.020h

Where ∆m = 0.7R ∆s
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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 83

International Building Code, IBC 2006

 Base Shear: Vb  C sW

S D1
 Seismic Coefficient CS 
( R / I e )T
S DS
0 . 044 S DS I E  C s 
(R / IE )

 where SD1 & SDS are spectral acceleration at one second &
short period (2500 yrs return period or 2% probability in 50 yrs)
 R ranges between 1.25 and 8.

 Importance factor, IE=1.0, 1.25 (public) or 1.5 (essential)

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

International Building Code, IBC 2006

 Fundamental period estimation

T1  C t hnx

Where Ct and x are defined as:

Structure type Ct x
Steel moment resisting frames 0.075 0.8
Concrete moment resisting frames 0.05 0.9
Eccentrically braced frames 0.075 0.75
All other structural systems 0.05 0.75

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 85

International Building Code, IBC 2006

 Lateral force distribution

w j h kj
F j  Vb

N
w i h ik  1 T1  0 . 5
i 1

where k   (T1  1 .5 ) / 2 0 . 5  T1  2 . 5
 2 T1  2 .5

 Story overturning moment
Mx = τ Σ Fi(hi – hx)
where τ reduction factor for bldgs taller than 10 storeys.

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering; Lecture Notes

Addis Ababa University, AAiT. SCEE 87

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