Conditional Statements

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Agenda
● Conditional statements:
○ If statement
○ If-else statement
○ If elif else statement
○ Nested if-else

○ Loops
○ For Loop
○ While Loop

○ List Comprehension

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Let’s explore conditional statements

● Conditional statements are handled by ‘if’ statements in python

● Conditional statement perform computations or actions depending on the boolean

constraint is evaluated as true or false

● If the constraint is ‘True’, the statements in the body are executed, and if it is ‘False’,
the statements in body are skipped

● Conditional statements:
○ If statement
○ If-else statement
○ If elif else statement
○ Nested if-else
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If Statement

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If statement

● The syntax of the if-statement is:

● Python logical conditions supported are

○ Equivalence `==`
○ Inequivalence `!=`
○ Less than `<`
○ Greater than `>`
○ Less than or equal to `<=`
○ Greater than or equal to `>=`
● If statement can be nested
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If statement

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The if...else Statement

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If-else statement

● The syntax of the if-statement is:

● The statement(s) under ‘else:’ are executed when the condition in ‘if ’ is not
satisfies, ie., the boolean output is ‘False’

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If-else statement

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If-else statement

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If elif else Statement

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If elif else statement

● Elif statement is used to control multiple conditions only if the given if condition false

● It's similar to an if-else statement and the only exception is that in else we are not
checking the condition but in elif, we check the condition

● The syntax of the if elif else is

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If elif else statement

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If elif else statement

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Nested if and if...else Statement

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Nested If-else statement

The syntax of the if-statement is

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Nested If-else statement

● Note that the ‘if’ statements are within the body of another if statement

● The statements in this manner are called ‘nested if- statements’

● If the first ‘if’ condition is satisfied then the program executes the
commands within that ‘if’

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Nested If-else statement

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Nested If-else statement

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Nested If statement

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Loops

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Python Iterables

• Iterable is a Python object that is capable of returning its elements (or members)
one by one

• Sequence type Python objects like lists, tupes, dictionaries, strings and sets are
iterable type of objects

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Iteration through the Iterables

Iteration is a general term for taking each item from a sequence one after another

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For Loop

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The for loop

● The ‘for loop’ is used to iterate over the elements of a

sequence (list, dictionary, tuple, string) or other iterable
objects.

● Iterating over a sequence type object is also known as

traversal.

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The for loop code example

Enter loop to print each

element
A list - sequence type object

A variable to hold a value from the list at each

Last Yes iteration
Element
Reached?

No

Print the element

Statement after the loop

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Read each element of a string

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While Loop

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The while loop

● The ‘while loop’ in Python is used to iterate over a block

of code as long as the test condition is True.

● We generally use this loop when the number of times to

iterate is not known to us beforehand.

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The while loop code example

The while statement checks the

condition if x < 10
Enter loop with a pre condition
as x < 10

Is the N0
conditio
n met?

Yes
Print the element,
increment the value,
pass control to while Increment x by 1 and pass the control to the
statement while statement

End loop

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Print each element of a list using while loop

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Break, Continue

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Exiting a loop

● Loops in Python allows us to automate and repeat tasks.

● But at times, due to certain factors, we may want to:

○ Exit a loop completely when a certain condition is met

○ Skip part of a loop before moving to next

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Exit a loop with break statement

● The ‘break’ statement ends the current loop and resumes

execution at the next statement.

● The break statement can be used in both ‘while’ loop and

‘for’ loop.

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Exit a while loop with break statement

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Exit a for loop with break statement

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Skip part of the loop with continue statement

● The ‘continue’ statement in Python ignores all the

remaining statements in the iteration of the current
loop and moves the control back to the beginning of
the loop.

● The continue statement can be used in both ‘while’

loop and the ‘for’ loop.

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Skip part of the loop with continue statement using
while loop

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Skip part of the loop with continue statement using for
loop
The for...loop iterates through
the string character by
character

The if condition checks for the condition, x =

“i”

The continue statement, when meets the

condition, it ignores that character and moves
the control to the beginning of the loop

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More on Loops

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Read each element of a tuple

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Read through a list of list

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Loop through a range

A range() function takes 3 parameters. Start, stop and step. If step

is not provided a default step of 1 is considered.

Here the step is set to 2.

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Loop through a range (negative step)

A range() function takes 3 parameters. Start, stop and step. If

step is not provided a default step of 1 is considered.

In this example we have a negative step of -10. The range starts

from 10. Goes backward to 0 by step 10

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Computation using for…loop

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Read through a dictionary object

The dict.items() returns all key-value pair

The dict.keys() returns all

keys

The dict.values() return all values

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Read through the values in a dictionary to create a list

Create a blank list

Append new value to the list

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Replace values in a dictionary with computed values

A dictionary object

Applies a 10% discount and returns the

price after discount.

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The for loop with conditional statements

For loop

Conditional statement to check if the

remainder of a number divided by 3 is zero

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Nested for loop

1st level loop or outer loop

for [first iterating variable] in [outer loop]:

[code line 1]
[code line 2]
for [second iterating variable] in [nested loop]:
[code line 1]

1st indentation
Nested loop 2nd indentation
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Nested for loop

Outer loop

Inner loop

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Nested for loop with list of lists

Outer loop

Inner loop

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Example: Calculating sum of numbers

Take the input from

the user

Using the while loop update the

sum and counter

Print the the output for each iteration

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While loop with else statement

The else part is executed if the condition in the while loop evaluates to False

Initialize the counter

Using the while loop update the

counter

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Exit a while loop with continue statement

n ranges from 5 to 1. It reduces by unity in each

iteration

The print() is executed if the condition is true

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List Comprehension

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What is a list comprehension?

● A list comprehension provides a concise way to create another list

● Using list comprehensions reduces the number of code lines making it it look more
elegant

● It is possible to use conditions in a list comprehension

● The list comprehension always returns a list

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What is a list comprehension?

It consists of [ ] containing:
● an input sequence

● a variable representing numbers of the input

sequence

● a conditional expression (optional)

output input
● an output expression producing a list expression sequence

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List comprehension vs loops

Create an empty list and append values one by one using

for loop

Create a list using list comprehension

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For loop using list comprehension

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Read the first letter of each word using list
comprehension

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Read the first three letter of each word using list
comprehension

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Iteration over more than one iterable in a list using list
comprehension

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List comprehension using conditional logic

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List comprehension using conditional logic with custom
function

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Extract all the digits from the string using list
comprehension

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Extract all the numbers from the string using list
comprehension

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Extract all the vowels from the string using list
comprehension

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Nested condition within a list comprehension

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Find strings in a list that are longer than 9 character
using list comprehension

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A list comprehension helps reduce three lines of code
into a single line of code.

Python allocates the list’s memory before appending

the elements to the list. This helps avoid resize of the
memory at runtime. This makes a list comprehension
faster.

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 Thank You

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