Modals

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 Modals
Use of Modal Auxiliary Verbs
A. Use of Can
Rule (1): Can power ability capacity express

Ex:- He can lift the box.

I can swim across the river.
You can speak English.
She can solve the problem.
I can defeat my opponent.
We can climb Mount Abu.

Rule (2): Can permission express

Ex:- You can go now.
You can buy pens from the shop.
Can I go to the cinema tonight?
Can I see your diary?
Stop! You can’t do that.

B. Use of Could
Rule (1): Could can Past Tense form Indirect speech
Ex: He said, “I can beat you in the race.” Direct
He said that he could beat me in the race. Indirect
I said, “I can solve this sum.” Direct
I said that I could solve that sum. Indirect

Rule (2): could Past ability / power / capacity

express
Ex: My brother could drive a car at the age of sixteen.
He could pass the Board examination.
When I was young, I could outrun him.

Rule (3): Could Polite request / permission express

Interrogative sentence
Ex:- Could you help her, please?
Could I smoke here?
Could I borrow your notebook for two days?
Could you, please, post the letter?

C. Use of May
Rule (1): May To take or give permission express

Q. May I use your mobile?

A. Yes, you may.
Q. May I come in, sir?
A. No, you may not.
Q. May I go out madam?
A. Yes, you may.

Rule (2): May Possibility / uncertainty express

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 Modals
Ex:- It may rain today.
Your uncle may come today.
She may come late today.
I may buy a colour T.V. this year.
It may be true.

Rule (3): May wish / pray / bless / curse

express optative sentence
Ex:- May you live long!
May God bless you!
May you have a happy and long life!
May you succeed in life!
May our publisher live long!

D. Use of ‘Might’
Rule (1): Might may Past Tense from Indirect speech
Ex:- He said, “You may go now” Direct
He said that I might go then. Indirect

Rule (2): Might polite request / permission express

Ex: Might I ask a question?

You might make a little less noise.

E. Use of ‘Shall’
Rule (1): Shall first person Subjects I/we future
express
Ex: I shall go to Muzaffarpur tomorrow.
We shall go there tonight.
Note: Shall second person Subject- you third person Subject- He, she, it,
they, S. N. or P. N. command promise threatened
determination compulsion express

(a) Command
You shall sit outside the office.
He shall go there at once.

(b) Promise
You shall have a holiday tomorrow.
He shall be awarded.

(c) Threatened
If you do this, you shall be dismissed.
He shall be punished if he does that again.

(d) Determination
You shall go there.
He shall obey me.

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 Modals
(e) Compulsion
You shall come to school at ten.
Students shall pay their fees by the 8th of every month.

F. Use of ‘Will’
Rule (1): Will Second Third Person subjects (you/he, she, it, S.N, they, P.N)
future express
Ex: You will go to Jamshedpur tomorrow.
He will help her.
They will come back soon.
She will marry Rakesh next month.
The Super Fast Express will leave at 10:30 a.m.

Note: Will First Person Subjects I/we determination

promise threatening willingness express

(a) Determination
I will not surrender before the judge.
We will not allow her to come in.

(b) Promise
I will do everything for my son.
We will try to help you in this examination.

(c) Threatening.
I will kill him.
We will spoil you.

(d) Willingness
I will go to Rajgir with my wife.
We will request him to help you.
G. Use of ‘Would’
Rule (1): Would will Past Tense form Indirect speech
Ex: He said, “He will go there.” Direct
He said that he would go there. Indirect

Rule (2): Would Past habit express

Ex: He would talk upon the subject for hours together.
She would sit for hours in her garden and knit.
Gandhijee would spin every morning.
He would go for a walk every morning.

Rule (3): Would Polite request express Interrogative sentence

Ex: Would you please lend me your book?

Would you like to have a cup of coffee?
Would you please listen to me?

Rule (4): Would Preference or choice express

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 Modals
He would rather die than tell a lie.
She would rather go than stay.
He would as soon die as beg.

Rule (5): Would Present or Past unreal conditions express

sentences principal clause
Ex: If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.
If I were the P.M. of India, I would solve the problem of Kashmir.
I would go there, if I were allowed.

H. Use of ‘Should’
Rule (1): Should shall Past Tense form Indirect speech
Ex: I said, “I shall not do this work.” Direct
I said that I should not do that work. Indirect

Rule (2): Should advice express

Ex: You should not laugh at his mistakes.
We should not give the child a knife to play with.

I. Use of ‘Ought To’

Rule (1): Ought to moral obligation desirability or duty express

Ex: We ought to love our country.

We ought to help those who are in need.
You ought to help your poor friends.
One ought not to make a noise in the class.

J. Use of ‘Must’
Rule (1): Must compulsion or strong moral obligation
express
Ex: Candidates must answer at least five out of the ten questions.
Cars must not be parked in front of the gate.
One must keep one’s promises.
You must do as you are told.
Soldiers must obey orders without questions.

K. Use of ‘Used To’

Rule (1): Used to Past habit/situation express

Ex: He used to walk in the morning.

Gandhijee used to spin in the afternoon.
My grandmother used to go to temple every morning.
She used to play ludo before her marriage.

L. Use of ‘Need’
Rule (1): Need (require/to be necessary) main
verb singular plural form
Ex: He needs my help.
S.V.

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 Modals

He needs to go there.
S.V.

They need to do their homework.

P.V.

I need a book.
P.V.

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 Modals

Directions (1-30): Fill in the blank with (c) ought to (d) will be
the correct option.
12. I asked whether I ______ sit there.
1. I ______ fly when I was 5 years old. (a) could (b) must
(a) can (b) could (c) need (d) dare
(c) might (d) would
13. It’s late you ______ go home.
2. I ______ not take these sweets as I have (a) might (b) could
already eaten them. (c) ought to (d) used to
(a) need (b) can
(c) will (d) must 14. My neighbour’s son _____ swim at the
age of five.
3. _______ you live long. (a) should (b) can be
(a) Can (b) Must (c) could (d) must have
(c) Will (d) May
15. ____ you like to have another scoop of
4. All bills must _______ promptly. ice-cream.
(a) Settled (b) Be settled (a) Would (b) Must
(c) Had been settled (c) Should (d) Mustn’t
(d) Would have been settled
16. My trainer says I _____ win the race if I
5. I don’t know what to say. You _____ a really work hard.
lawyer for an expert advice. (a) must be (b) can
(a) are able to ask (b) could ask (c) ought to (d) might
(c) must ask (d) have to ask
17. You should _________ in yourself if you
6. You _______ present at the wedding of want to achieve something.
your younger sister last year. (a) Doubt (b) Believe
(a) must (b) must be (c) Think (d) Slander
(c) must have been (d) must have
18. ______ you like to join the Drama Club?
7. Mohini expects that her daughter _____. (a) Can (b) Will
(a) should returned (b) must be return (c) won’t (d) Would
(c) many return (d) can be return
19. The government ________ provide
8. _______ I borrow your copy of Julius health care for everybody.
Caesar? (a) Must (b) Could
(a) Shall (b) May (c) Can (d) need
(c) Will (d) Should
20. _______ you tell me the way to the
9. He ______ go to Delhi tomorrow. station please?
(a) should have (b) ought to have (a) Should (b) Must
(c) must be (d) might (c) Might (d) Could

10. He _______ over fifty, he was born in 21. I ______ get into these trousers any
1960. more. They’re far too small for me.
(a) can (b) ought to (a) ought to (b) must
(c) shall be (d) must be (c) can’t (d) can

11. You _______ stop smoking. 22. You _______ leave your bike in front of
(a) can be (b) would the fire exit.

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 Modals
(a) must not (b) cannot (c) ought to (d) ought not to
(c) might not (d) may not 33. We ______ locked the gate. Then the
dog wouldn’t have got out.
23. You _______ look after your old and sick (a) can have (b) need not have
parents. (c) ought to have (d) could not have
(a) ought to (b) can
(c) might (d) may 34. I brought him some sandwiches
because I thought he ______ be hungry.
24. Candidates ______ answer two (a) can (b) might
questions from each paper. (c) need (d) should
(a) Shouldn’t (b) need
(c) could (d) must 35. Even when you win a match you always
feel you ______ have played better.
25. Each individual _______ help to stop (a) must not (b) can
pollution of the environment. (c) could (d) ought to
(a) must (b) may
(c) dare (d) might 36. The President ______ come to visit our
offices tomorrow if the meeting finishes
26. You ________ introduce yourself; he before 5 pm.
might not remember you. (a) must (b) need
(a) should (b) can (c) should (d) may
(c) could (d) may
37. In theory, women ______ still have
27. The lock is broken. Someone ______ children at the age of 50.
broken into the house. (a) can (b) must
(a) ought not to have(b) ought to (c) dare (d) need
(c) should have (d) must have
38. I’m busy at the moment ______ you call
28. Everyone _______ save the natural back leter?
resources of the earth. (a) can (b) must
(a) must (b) might (c) might (d) should
(c) could (d) dare
39. ______ you turn that music down a little,
29. _______ you tell me the way to the please?
station please? (a) Could (b) Must
(a) Might (b) Must (c) Might (d) Should
(c) May (d) Could
40. Gorge didn’t play well. He ______ feeling
30. I often think that I ________ studied tired.
medicine not pharmacy. (a) can have been
(a) cannot have (b) ought to have (b) cannot have been
(c) could not have (d) may not have (c) shall not have been
(d) might have been
31. I _______ speak both English and
Chinese fluently. 41. We ______ serve our motherland.
(a) can (b) could (a) could (b) can
(c) may (d) must (c) ought to (d) might

32. Children ______ look after their parents 42. Netaji, the hero of Modern India,……
in old age. remmebred.
(a) can (b) could (a) ought to be (b) ought not to be

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 Modals
(c) might be (d) shall have

43. If I had enough money, I _____ buy a

car.
(a) would (b) must
(c) must not (d) dare not

44. I _____ written to her but I didn’t get

time.
(a) cannot have (b) should not
(c) should have (d) should

45. People who suffer a heart stroke ______

experience a loss of speech.
(a) may (b) ought to have
(c) could have (d) must be

46. You ______ ashamed of yourselves.

(a) should be (b) should not have
(c) should have (d) should

47. The one who has uprooted that tree

_______ ashamed of himself.
(a) ought to (b) ought to be
(c) ought not to (d) can

48. Computers ______ perform millions of

calculations every second.
(a) can (b) ought to have
(c) could have (d) dare

49. I am really quite lost in this maze of

lanes. ________ you mind showing me
how two get out of here?
(a) Must (b) Would
(c) Shall (d) Could

50. We’ve finished our work for today.

_____ we leave now?
(a) Must (b) May
(c) Needn’t (d) Should

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 Modals

Answer

1. A 2. C 3. B

4. B 5. D 6. A

7. B 8. D 9 C

10. C 11. C 12. B

13. C 14. C 15. B

16. B 17. A 18. C

19. C 20. D 21. D

22. D 23. A 24. A

25. B 26. D 27. C

28. A 29. C 30. B

31. A 32. C 33. D

34. B 35. C 36. D

37. A 38. A 39. A

40. D 41. C 42. A

43. A 44. C 45. A

46. A 47. B 48. A

49. B 50. B

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