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Material Record Writing - Salt Analysis2021-22

This document provides the procedure for qualitative analysis of an inorganic salt. It describes various preliminary tests like color, physical state, solubility and flame test. It then discusses the detection of acid and basic radicals through different confirmatory tests like silver nitrate test and Nessler's reagent test. The qualitative analysis indicates the presence of bromide (Br-) as the acid radical and ammonium (NH4+) as the basic radical in the given salt.

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Sekhar Raju
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
46 views68 pages

Material Record Writing - Salt Analysis2021-22

This document provides the procedure for qualitative analysis of an inorganic salt. It describes various preliminary tests like color, physical state, solubility and flame test. It then discusses the detection of acid and basic radicals through different confirmatory tests like silver nitrate test and Nessler's reagent test. The qualitative analysis indicates the presence of bromide (Br-) as the acid radical and ammonium (NH4+) as the basic radical in the given salt.

Uploaded by

Sekhar Raju
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 68

NO THE PAGE ON THE RIGHT TOP CORNER AND WRITE THE EXPERIMENT NO AS

1,2 ETC CONTINUOUSLY IRRESPECTIVE OF THE TYPE OF EXPERIMENT

VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

AIM (TO BE WRITTEN ON THE RULED SIDE)

To determine the molarity and strength of KMnO4 solution by titrating it against 1/20 M standard
solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate.

MOLECULAR EQUATION

Indicator

Kmno4 is a self indicator

End point

Colourless to pale pink colour.

PROCEDURE

A. Preparation of 0.05 M, standard solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate

(Molar mass of FeSO4 (NH4 ) 2 SO4 . 6H2O = 392 g mol–1).

(i) Weigh 1.96g of ferrous ammonium sulphate and transfer it into a 100 mL measuring flask through
a funnel. Transfer the solid sticking to the funnel with the help of distilled water into the flask and add
3 mL of Conc H2SO4 into the flask drop wise to get the clear solution. Shake the flask till the substance
dissolves and make the solution up to the mark.

B. Titration of ferrous ammonium sulphate against potassium permanganate solution

(i) Rinse and fill the clean burette with potassium permanganate solution. Remove air bubbles if any,
from the burette tip by releasing some solution through it.

(ii) Rinse the pipette with M/20 Mohr’ s salt and pipette out 10 mL of 0.05 M ferrous ammonium
sulphate solution in a conical flask and add half test tube (≈ 5 mL) full of (2.0 M) H2SO4 to it.
(iii) Titrate the above solution with potassium permanganate solution till the colour of the solution
changes to permanent pink. Swirl the content of the flask during the titration.

(iv) Repeat the titration, until three concordant readings are obtained.

RESULT(IN RULED PAGE)

1) Molarity of KMnO4 =
2) Strength of KMnO4 =

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION( To be done on the left page in pen only)

Sl NO Volume of FAS Burette Readings Volume of


pipetted in Ml KMnO4 Used in
mL

Initial Final

1 10

2 10

3 10

Concordant value = Y mL =

From the overall balanced chemical equation ., it is clear that 2 moles of KMnO4 react with 10 moles
of Mohr’s salt.

MKMnO4 x VKMnO4 = 2/10 = 1/5

MFAS X VFAS

Where

MKMnO4 = molarity of KMnO4

VKMnO4 = Volume of KMnO4 = y mL = mL

MFAS = molarity of ferrous ammonium sulphate

VFAS = volume of ferrous ammonium sulphate


MKMnO4 x = 1/5

0.05 x 10

MKmnO4 = 1 x 0.05 x 10 =

5 x _______

Strenghth of KMnO4 = Molarity x Molar mass =

= ______ X 158

__________ g/ L

Expt No ___________ Date : ______________

AIM

To determine the concentration/molarity of KMnO4 solution by titrating it against a 1/40 M standard


solution of oxalic acid.

CHEMICAL EQUATION

Molecular equation
2Kmno4+3H2SO4→K2SO4+2MnSO4+3H2O+5[O]

H2C2O4.2H2O+[O]→2CO2+3[H2O]×5

2KMnO4+3H2SO4+5H2C2O4.2H2O→K2SO4+2MnSO4+18H2O+10CO2

Ionic equation
MnO−4+8H++5e− →Mn2++4H2O] ×2

C2O4 2 →2CO2+2e−] ×5

2MnO−4+ 16H+ +5C2O2−4 →2Mn2 ++8H2O+ 10CO2

INDICATOR

KMnO4 IS A SELF INDICATOR

END POINT

Colourless to pale pink colour.


PROCEDURE

B. Preparation of 0.025 M, standard solution of oxalic acid

(Molar mass of oxalic acid = 126g mol–1).

(i) Weigh 0.315 g of oxalic acid and transfer it into a 100 mL measuring flask through a funnel.
Transfer the solid sticking to the funnel with the help of distilled water into the flask. When the oxalic
acid in the flask is completely dissolved , add enough water and make the solution up to the mark.

(i) Rinse and fill a clean burette with potassium permanganate solution. Remove the air bubble, if any,
(ii) Take 10 mL of 0 .025 M oxalic acid solution in a conical flask and add half of the test tube full ( ≈
5 mL) of 2.0 M H2SO4 to it to prevent the formation of any precipitate of manganese dioxide during
the course of the titration.

(iii) Heat the oxalic acid solution upto 50°– 60°C before titrating it with potassium permanganate
solution taken in the burette.

(iv) Note the initial reading of the volume of permanganate solution in the burette and add it in small
volumes to the hot oxalic acid solution while swirling the contents of the flask gently. The end point is
indicated by the appearance of permanent light pink colour

(v) Repeat the titration till three concordant readings are obtained.

RESULT

1) Molarity of KMnO4 =
2) Strength of KMnO4 =

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION( To be done on the left page )

Sl NO Volume of oxalic Burette Readings Volume of


acid pipetted in KMnO4 Used in
mL mL

Initial Final

1 10

2 10
3 10

Concordant value = y = mL

From the overall balanced chemical equation., it is clear that 2 moles of KMnO4 react with 5 moles of
oxalic acid.

MKMnO4 x VKMnO4 = 2/5

M oxalic acid x Voxalic acid

Where

MKMnO4 = molaritiy of KMnO4

VKMnO4 = Volume of KMnO4 = y mL = mL

MFAS = molarity of oxalic acid

VFAS = volumes of oxalic acid

MKMnO4 X = 2/5

0.025 x 10

MKmnO4 = 2 x 0.025 x 10 =

5 x _______

Strenghth of KMnO4 = Molarity x Molar mass =

= ______ X 158

__________ g/ L

Instructions:
1) Write the procedure only in ruled pages.
2) Draw 3 columns neatly in ruled pages with pencil and scale and give the headings as
Experiment, Observation and Inference

3) Each procedure should have the main headings and subheadings as given in the
procedure.(Copy the procedure as it is in the record)

4) Use only blue pen for writing the record

5)Equations for confirmatory tests should be written in the corresponding


left hand page in pencil
6) All 12 salts should be written in the record but need not be in the same order.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALT No : 1


Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+,
Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may be
absent

2) Physical state Crystalline solid NH4+, Cl-, Br-, NO3- Al3+,Ba2+


may be present
Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-, NO3- may be
present

Flame Test:

Absence of Ba2+, Pb2+, Zn2+


Take a small amount of salt No characteristic colour to orMn2+, Ca2+ ,Sr2+
on a watch glass and make a the flame
paste with con. HCl. Heat the
mixture strongly in the flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a


dry test tube

i) Gas evolved Presence of Br-


Reddish brown gas which
turns starch paper orange
yellow.

Presence of NH4+
Sublimate formed White sublimate

Detection of acid radicals:


I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4

No Brisk effervescence Group I acid radical is

is absent
II) Analysis of group II acid radical:

Salt in a dry test tube + Conc. Reddish brown vapors with Group II acid radical Br-
H2SO4 pungent smell may be present

Confirmatory Test for Br-

2) Silver nitrate test: Pale yellow ppt is formed Presence of Br- is confirmed.
which is sparingly soluble
Salt solution + dil HNO3 , in ammonium hydroxide.
boil for some time , cool
and add silver nitrate
solution.

3) MnO2 Test: Heat a


small quantity of the salt
with MnO2 and conc. Yellowish brown vapors Presence of Br- is confirmed.
H2SO4 are evolved.

Silver nitrate test:

KBr + AgNO3 KNO3 + AgBr

( pale yellow ppt)

MnO2 Test:

2KBr + MnO2 + 3H2SO4 → 2KHSO4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Br2

Detection of Basic radical:


Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving about one spatula of it in


water

Identification of basic radicals


Salt + dil NaOH , boil Pungent smelling ammonia Group 0 is present (NH4+ )
gas is evolved.
Confirmatory test for Group 0

Nessler’s reagent test Reddish brown precipitate Presence of NH4+ is


is formed confirmed.
O.S + Nessler’s reagent +
NaOH

2[K2HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO.HgI 7KI + 2H2O

RESULT

Acid radical present is ______Br-___________

Basic radical present is _ NH4+_________________

The given salt is ___NH4Br____________________

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALT No 2


Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+,
Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may be
absent

2) Physical state Crystalline solid NH4+, Cl-, Br-, NO3- Al3+,Ba2+


may be present
Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-, NO3- may be
present

Absence of Ba2+, Pb2+, Zn2+


Flame Test: orMn2+, Ca2+ ,Sr2+
Take a small amount of salt No characteristic colour to
on a watch glass and make a the flame
paste with con. HCl small
amount of the mixture on a
platinum loop and heat the
mixture strongly in the
flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a


dry test tube

Gas evolved Absence of of CO32- ,Cl-


No gas evolved ,
CH3COO-, NH4+ ,NO3- , Br-

Sublimate formed
No sublimate formed Absence of NH4+

Residue
White residue glows on Presence of Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+,
heating Mg2+,Al3+

Detection of acid radicals:


I) Analysis of group I acid radical:
Salt + Dil H2SO4 No Brisk effervescence Group I acid radical is

is absent

II) Analysis of group II acid radical:

Salt in a dry test tube + Conc. No characteristic observation Group II acid radicals Cl-
H2SO4 Br- CH3COO- are absent

If no reaction in cold, add a No Reddish brown fumes Group II acid radical NO3-
piece of Cu or paper ball to are evolved is absent
the test tube containing salt
and heat.

III) Analysis of group III acid radical:

Test for SO42-

Barium chloride Test:

1) Salt solution + Barium White precipitate insoluble Presence of Group III acid
chloride in Dil HCl radical SO42- is confirmed

Confirmatory test for SO42-

Lead acetate Test

White precipitate is obtained Presence of Group III acid


which is soluble in hot radical SO42- is confirmed
Salt solution + Lead acetate ammonium acetate solution

Barium chloride Test

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2 NaCl

White
Lead acetate Test

Na2SO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbSO4 + 2CH3COONa

White ppt

Detection of Basic radical:


Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving it in water.

Identification of basic radicals


Salt + NaOH, boil

No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent


observed

Group I is absent
No white precipitate is
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl formed

No black precipitate is
Pass H2S gas through the formed Group II is absent
above solution

White gelatinous
O.S + Solid Ammonium precipitate is formed
chloride + Ammonium Group III is present (Al3+)
hydroxide in excess till the
solution become basic.

Confirmatory test for Al3+

1.Lake test :

Presence of

Dissolve white precipitate Blue precipitate floating in Al3+ confirmed


in Dil.HCl, add 2 drops of colourless solution
blue litmus solution. To this
add, NH4OH solution
dropwise

2.NaOH Test:

O.S + NaOH drop wise


Gelatinous precipitate is
formed.

Add excess of NaOH to the Gelatinous precipitate


precipitate dissolves.
Presence of

Add solid NH4Cl The precipitate reappears Al3+ confirmed

Lake test

Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O …… soluble

AlCl3 + 3NH4OH 3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3

Blue colour absorbs on this.

NaOH Test

Al2(SO4)3 + 3NaOH → 2Al(OH)3+ 3Na2SO4

2Al(OH)3 + NaOH(excess) →Na[Al(OH)4] soluble

RESULT

Acid radical present is ________SO4 2-

Basic radical present is ____Al3+

The given salt is _____Al2(SO4)3


Expt No _____________ Date : _________________

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALTNo 3


Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+,
Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may be
absent

2) Physical state Crystalline solid NH4+, Cl-, Br-, NO3- Al3+,Ba2+


may be present

Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-, NO3- may be


present

Flame Test:

Presence of Zn2+
Take a small amount of salt Green flashes
on a watch glass and make a
paste with con. HCl.Take the
mixture on a platinum loop
and heat the mixture strongly
in the flame
Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a


dry test tube

Gas evolved
No gas evolution Absence of of CO32- ,Cl-
,
CH3COO-, NH4+ ,NO3- , Br-

Sublimate formed Absence of NH4+


No sublimate

ii) Residue Presence of Zn2+


Yellow when hot , white
when cold

Detection of acid radicals:


I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4 No Brisk effervescence Group I acid radical is

is absent

II) Analysis of group II acid radical:

Salt in a dry test tube + Conc. Group II acid radicals


- -
H2SO4 CH3COO ,Cl ,Br- are
No characteristic observation absent

If no reaction in cold, add a No Reddish brown fumes Group II acid radical NO3-
piece of Cu or paper ball to are evolved is absent
the test tube containing salt
and heat.
III) Analysis of group III acid radical:

Test for SO42-

Barium chloride Test:

1) Salt solution + Barium White precipitate insoluble Presence of Group III acid
chloride in Dil HCl radical SO42- is confirmed

Confirmatory test for SO42-


Lead acetate Test

Salt solution + Lead acetate


White precipitate is obtained Presence of Group III acid
which is soluble in hot radical SO42- is confirmed
ammonium acetate solution

Barium chloride Test

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2 NaCl

WhiteLead acetate Test

Na2SO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbSO4 + 2CH3COONa

White ppt

Detection of Basic radical:


Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving it in water.

Identification of basic radicals


Salt + NaOH, boil

No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent


observed
No white precipitate is Group I is absent
formed
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl

No black precipitate is
Pass H2S gas through the formed
above solution
Group II is absent t (Cu2+,
Pb2+)

No precipitate
O.S + Solid Ammonium Group III is absent
chloride + Ammonium
hydroxide in excess till the
solution become basic.

Pass H2S gas through the white precipitate is formed Group IV is present
above solution
White (Zn2+)
Confirmatory test for of Group IV Basic radical (Zn2+)

O.S + Dil. NaOH dropwise White precipitate soluble in


and add excess of NaOH excess of excess of dil
NaOH is formed. Presence of Zn2+ is
confirmed

White or bluish white


O.S + Potassium Ferro precipitate is formed
Cyanide
Presence of Zn2+ is
confirmed

1) NaOH TEST

ZnCl2 + 2NaOH Zn(OH)2 + 2NaCl


White ppt

Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O

Soluble
Potassium Ferro Cyanide Test

2 ZnCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] Zn2[Fe(CN)6] + 4KCl

RESULT

Acid radical present is ___SO4 2-

Basic radical present is _____ Zn 2+

The given salt is _______ZnSO4


Expt No _____________ Date : _________________

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALTNo 4


Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+,
Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may be
absent

2) Physical state Amorphous CO3 2- present

Solubility in water In soluble CO3 2- present

Flame Test:

Green flashes Presence of Zn2+ orMn2+

Take a small amount of salt


on sa watch glass and make a
paste with con. HCl.Take a
small amount of the mixture
on a platinum loop and heat
the mixture strongly in the
flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a


dry test tube presence of of CO32-

Colour less , odourless gas


turning lime water milky .
Gas evolved

No sublimate
Sublimate formed Absence of NH4 +

Yellow when hot , white


Residue when cold Presence of Zn2+

Detection of acid radicals:


I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4 Brisk effervescence with the Group I acid radical is
liberation of colorless
odorless gas is present (CO32-)
Confirmatory Test

1) Salt + Dil HCl , pass the Lime water turns milky Presence of CO32- is
gas through lime water. confirmed

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Ca(OH)2(aq)+ CO2(g)→ CaCO3(s)+ H2O(l)

Detection of Basic radical:


Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving it in dilute HCl

Identification of basic radicals


Salt + NaOH, boil

No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent


observed

Group I is absent
No white precipitate is
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl formed

Pass H2S gas through the No black precipitate is Group II is absent t (Cu2+,
above solution formed Pb2+)
O.S + Solid Ammonium Group III is absent
chloride + Ammonium
hydroxide in excess till the No precipitate
solution become basic.

Pass H2S gas through the


above solution
white precipitate is formed Group IV is present

White (Zn2+)

Confirmatory test for of Group IV Basic radical (Zn2+)

O.S + Dil. NaOH dropwise White precipitate soluble in


and add excess of NaOH excess of excess of dil
NaOH is formed. Presence of Zn2+ is
confirmed

White or bluish white


O.S + Potassium Ferro precipitate is formed Presence of Zn2+ is
Cyanide confirmed

1) NaOH TEST

ZnCl2 + 2NaOH Zn(OH)2 + 2NaCl


White ppt
2) Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O
Soluble
Potassiun ferrocyanide Test

2 ZnCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] Zn2[Fe(CN)6] + 4KCl

RESULT

Acid radical present is ___CO32-

Basic radical present is _____ Zn 2+

The given salt is _______Zn CO3

Expt No _____________ Date : _________________

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALT No 5


Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+,
Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may be
absent

2) Physical state Crystalline solid NH4+, Cl-, Br-, NO3- Al3+,Ba2+


may be present
Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-, NO3- may be
present

Flame Test:

Take a small amount of salt


on a watch glass and make a
paste with con. HCl. Take a
small quantity of the mixture characteristic colour to the Absence of Ba2+, Pb2+, Zn2+
on a platinum loop and heat flame orMn2+, Ca2+ ,Sr2+
the mixture strongly in the
flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a


dry test tube

iii) Gas evolved Absence of of CO32- ,Cl-


No gas is evolved ,
CH3COO-, NH4+ ,NO3- , Br-

Sublimate formed
No white sublimate formed Absence of NH4+
Residue Presence of Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+,
Mg2+,Al3+
White residue glows on
heating

Detection of acid radicals:


I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4

No Brisk effervescence Group I acid radical is

is absent

II) Analysis of group II acid radical:

Salt in a dry test tube + Conc. Group II acid radical


- -
H2SO4 CH3COO ,Cl ,Br- are
No characteristic observation absent

If no reaction in cold, add a No Reddish brown fumes Group II acid radical NO3-
piece of Cu or paper ball to are evolved may be present
the test tube containing salt
and heat.

III) Analysis of group III acid radical:

Test for SO42-


Barium chloride Test:

1) Salt solution + Barium White precipitate insoluble in Presence of Group III acid
chloride Dil HCl radical SO42- is confirmed

2) Lead acetate Test

White precipitate is obtained Presence of Group III acid


which is soluble in hit radical SO42- is confirmed
Salt solution + Lead acetate ammonium acetate solution.

Barium chloride Test

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2 NaCl

White

Lead acetate Test

Na2SO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbSO4 + 2CH3COONa

White ppt

Detection of Basic radical:


Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving the salt in water

Identification of basic radicals


Salt + NaOH, boil .

No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent


observed
No white precipitate is
formed
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl Group I is absent

Pass H2S gas through the


above solution No black precipitate is
formed Group II is absent

O.S + Solid Ammonium


chloride + Ammonium No precipitate Group III is absent
hydroxide in excess till the
solution become basic.

Group IV is absent
Pass H2S gas through the No precipitate
above solution

O.S + Solid NH4Cl +


NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3
No precipitate Group V is absent
Solution
O.S + Solid Ammonium
Chloride + Ammonium
Hydroxide + Ammonium White precipitate
Hydrogen Phosphate Group VI (Mg2+) is present

Confirmatory test for Mg2+

1) O.S + Solid Ammonium White precipitate is formed Presence of Mg2+


Chloride + Ammonium confirmed.
Hydroxide + Ammonium
Hydrogen Phosphate

2)NaOH Test O.S + NaOH


dropwise and then add
excess White precipitate is formed
which is insoluble in excess Presence of Mg2+
of NaOH confirmed.

MgCl2 + NH4OH + (NH4)2HPO4 Mg(NH4)PO4 + 2NH4Cl


+ H2 O white

MgCl2 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl

RESULT

Acid radical present is ___SO4 2-

Basic radical present is __Mg2+

The given salt is ______MgSO4


Expt No _____________ Date : _________________

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALT No


6
Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+,
Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may be
absent

2) Physical state Amorphous CO3 2- may be present

Solubility in water In soluble

CO3 2- may be present

Flame Test:

Take a small amount of salt No characteristic colour to Absence of Ba2+, Pb2+, Zn2+
on a watch glass and make a the flame Mn2+, Ca2+ ,Sr2+
paste with con. HCl.Take
the mixture on a platinum
loop and heat the mixture
strongly in the flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a


dry test tube
Colorless odorless gas Presence of CO3 2-
turning lime water milky
Gas evolved

Sublimate formed
No White sublimate
Absence of NH4+

White residue glows on


Residue heating Presence of Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+,
Mg2+,Al3+

Detection of acid radicals:


I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4 Brisk effervescence with the Group I acid radical is
liberation of colorless
odorless gas is present (CO32-)
Confirmatory Test

1) Salt + Dil HCl , pass the Lime water turns milky Presence of CO32- is
gas through lime water. confirmed

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Ca(OH)2(aq)+ CO2(g)→ CaCO3(s)+ H2O(l)

Detection of Basic radical:


Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving the salt in dilute HCl.

Identification of basic radicals


Salt + NaOH, boil .

No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent


observed

No white precipitate is
formed
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl Group I is absent
Pass H2S gas through the No black precipitate is
above solution formed
Group II is absent

O.S + Solid Ammonium No precipitate


chloride + Ammonium Group III is absent
hydroxide in excess till the
solution become basic.

Group IV is absent
Pass H2S gas through the No precipitate
above solution

O.S + Solid NH4Cl + Group V is absent


NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 No precipitate
Solution

O.S + Solid Ammonium


White precipitate
Chloride + Ammonium Group VI (Mg2+) is present
Hydroxide + Ammonium
Hydrogen Phosphate
Confirmatory test for Mg2+

1) O.S + Solid Ammonium White precipitate is formed Presence of Mg2+


Chloride + Ammonium confirmed.
Hydroxide + Ammonium
Hydrogen Phosphate

2)NaOH Test O.S + NaOH


dropwise and then add
excess White precipitate is formed
which is insoluble in excess Presence of Mg2+
of NaOH confirmed.

MgCl2 + NH4OH + (NH4)2HPO4 Mg(NH4)PO4 + 2NH4Cl + H2O


white

MgCl2 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl

RESULT

Acid radical present is ___CO32-______________

Basic radical present is _____Mg2+_____________

The given salt is ______MgCO3____________

Expt No _____________ Date : _________________

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALT No : 7


Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+,
Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may be
absent

2) Physical state Crystalline solid NH4+, Cl-, Br-, NO3- Al3+,Ba2+


may be absent

Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-, NO3- may be


present

Take a small amount of salt


on a watch glass and make a Presence of Presence of Ba2+
paste with con. HCl.Take the Grassy green color
mixture on a platinum loop
and heat the mixture strongly
in the flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a


dry test tube

Presence of Cl-
Pungent smelling gas which
iv) Gas evolved gives white fumes with
Ammonium
hydroxide./Greenish yellow
gas

Sublimate formed No White sublimate Abesence of NH4+

v) Residue White residue glows on Presence of Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+,


heating Mg2+,Al3+

Detection of acid radicals:


I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4

Group I acid radical is

No Brisk effervescence is absent

II) Analysis of group II acid radical:

Salt in a dry test tube + Conc. A colorless pungent smelling Group II acid radical Cl-
H2SO4 gas which gives a dense may be present
white fumes with glass rod
dipped in ammonium
hydroxide is exposed to the
mouth of the test tube
Confirmatory Test for Cl-

1) Chromyl chloride Test:

Salt + solid potassium


dichromate in a test tube +
Conc. H2SO4 . Orange red vapors are Presence of Cl- is confirmed.
evolved

Pass the vapours through


NaOH solution taken in olution turns yellow.
another test tube.

To the above yellow


solution, add acetic acid and
lead acetate solution. Yellow ppt is obtained.

2) Silver nitrate test: White ppt is formed which is


soluble in NH4OH Presence of Cl- is confirmed.

Salt solution + dil HNO3 ,


boil for some time , cool and
add silver nitrate solution.

Chromyl chloride Test:


4NaCl + K2Cr2O7 + 3 H2SO4 Na2SO4 + K2SO4 + CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O
(chromyl chloride)

CrO2Cl2 + 4 NaOH Na2CrO4 + NaCl + 2H2O

Sodium chromate

Na2CrO4 + CH3COO)2Pb PbCrO4 + 2 CH3COONa

Leadchromate

Silver nitrate test

NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3

AgCl + 2NH4OH [AgNH3)2]Cl + 2H2O

Soluble complex

Detection of Basic radical:


Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving the salt in water.

Identification of basic radicals


Salt + NaOH, boil

No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent


observed

Group I is absent
No white precipitate is
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl formed
Pass H2S gas through the No black precipitate is Group II is absent
above solution formed

O.S + Solid Ammonium No precipitate


chloride + Ammonium Group III is absent
hydroxide in excess till the
solution become basic.

Group IV is absent
Pass H2S gas through the No precipitate
above solution

White precipitate is formed


O.S + Solid NH4Cl + Group V is present (Ba2+,
NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 Sr2+, Ca2+)
Solution
Confirmatory test for Group V

Dissolve the precipitate in hot


dil acetic acid. Divide it in to
three parts.

Part I + potassium chromate Presence of


solution Yellow precipitate. Ba2+ confirmed
Flame Test:

Take a small amount of salt on


a watch glass and make a
paste with con. HCl. Take the
mixture on a platinum loop
Glassy green colour Presence of
and heat the mixture strongly
in the flame Ba2+ confirmed

BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH CH3COO)2Ba + CO2 + H2O

CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 2CH3COOK + BaCrO4

RESULT
Acid radical present is ______Cl-

Basic radical present is ___Ba2+

The given salt is __________BaCl2

Expt No _____________ Date : _________________

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALT No : 8


Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+,
Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may be
absent
2) Physical state Crystalline solid NH4+, Cl-, Br-, NO3- Al3+,Ba2+
may be absent

Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-, NO3- may be


present

4) Flame Test:
Presence of Presence of Ba2+

Take a small amount of salt Grassy green color


on a watch glass and make a
paste with con. HCl. Take
the mixture on a platinum
loop and heat the mixture
strongly in the flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a


dry test tube

Gas evolved
Pungent smelling gas which
gives white fumes with Presence of Cl-
Ammonium
hydroxide./Greenish yellow
gas

Sublimate formed
No White sublimate Abesence of NH4+
Residue White residue glows on Presence of Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+,
heating Mg2+,Al3+

Detection of acid radicals:


I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4

Group I acid radical is

No Brisk effervescence is absent

II) Analysis of group II acid radical:

Salt in a dry test tube + Conc. A colorless pungent smelling Group II acid radical Cl-
H2SO4 gas which gives a dense may be present
white fumes with glass rod
dipped in ammonium
hydroxide is exposed to the
mouth of the test tube
Confirmatory Test for Cl-

1) Chromyl chloride Test:

Salt + solid potassium


dichromate in a test tube +
Conc. H2SO4 . Orange red vapors are
evolved

Pass the vapours through Presence of Cl- is confirmed.


NaOH solution taken in Solution turns yellow.
another test tube.

To the above yellow solution,


add acetic acid and lead
acetate solution. Yellow ppt is obtained.

2) Silver nitrate test:

Salt solution + dil HNO3 , White ppt is formed which is


boil for some time , cool and soluble in NH4OH
add silvernitrate solution. Presence of Cl- is confirmed.

Chromyl chloride Test:


4NaCl + K2Cr2O7 + 3 H2SO4 Na2SO4 + K2SO4 + CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O
(chromyl chloride)

CrO2Cl2 + 4 NaOH Na2CrO4 + NaCl + 2H2O

Sodium chromate

Na2CrO4 + CH3COO)2Pb PbCrO4 + 2 CH3COONa

Leadchromate

Silver nitrate test

NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3

AgCl + 2NH4OH [AgNH3)2]Cl + 2H2O

Soluble complex

Detection of Basic radical:


Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving it in water.

Identification of basic radicals


Salt + NaOH, boil

No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent


observed

Group I is absent
No white precipitate is
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl formed
Pass H2S gas through the No black precipitate is Group II is absent
above solution formed

Group III is absent


O.S + Solid Ammonium No precipitate
chloride + Ammonium
hydroxide in excess till the
solution become basic.

Pass H2S gas through the No precipitate


above solution Group IV is absent

White precipitate is formed


O.S + Solid NH4Cl +
NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3
Group V is present (Ba2+,
Solution
Sr2+, Ca2+)
Confirmatory test for Group V

Dissolve the precipitate in hot


dil acetic acid. Divide it in to
three parts.

Part I + potassium chromate No Yellow precipitate. Ba2+ is absent


solution

Part II+Ammonium sulphate White precipitate. Presence of Sr2+ is confirmed


solution.

Flame Test:

Take a small amount of salt on


a watch glass and make a Crimson red colour is
paste with con. HCl. Take the imparted to the flame.
Presence of Sr2+ is confirmed
mixture on a platinum loop
and heat the mixture strongly
in the flame

SrCO3 + 2 CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Sr + CO2 + H2O

(CH3COO)2Sr + (NH4)2SO4 CH3COONH4 + SrSO4

RESULT

Acid radical present is _____Cl-

Basic radical present is ____Sr2+


The given salt is __________SrCl2

Expt No _____________ Date : _________________

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALT No 9


Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+,
Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may be
absent

2) Physical state Amorphous CO3 2- may be present

Solubility in water In soluble CO3 2- may be present

4) Flame Test:

Take a small amount of salt


on a watch glass and make a
paste with con. HCl.Take the No characteristic colour to Absence of Ba2+, Pb2+, Zn2+
mixture on a platinum wire the flame orMn2+, Ca2+ ,Sr2+
loop and heat the mixture
strongly in the flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a


dry test tube

i) Gas evolved Colorless odorless gas Presence of CO3 2-


turning lime water milky

Absence of NH4+
Sublimate formed
No White sublimate

ii) Residue
White residue glows on
heating Presence of Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+,
Mg2+,Al3+

Detection of acid radicals:


I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4 Brisk effervescence with the Group I acid radical is
liberation of colorless
odorless gas is present (CO32-)
Confirmatory Test

1) Salt + Dil HCl , pass the Lime water turns milky Presence of CO32- is
gas through lime water. confirmed

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Ca(OH)2(aq)+ CO2(g)→ CaCO3(s)+ H2O(l)

Detection of Basic radical:


Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving it in dil HCl.

Identification of basic radicals


Salt + NaOH, boil

No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent


observed

Group I is absent
No white precipitate is
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl formed
Pass H2S gas through the No black precipitate is
above solution formed

Group II is absent

O.S + Solid Ammonium No precipitate


chloride + Ammonium Group III is absent
hydroxide in excess till the
solution become basic.

Pass H2S gas through the No precipitate


above solution Group IV is absent

White precipitate is formed


O.S + Solid NH4Cl + Group V is present (Ba2+,
NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 Sr2+, Ca2+)
Solution
Confirmatory test for Group V

Dissolve the precipitate in hot


dil acetic acid. Divide it in to
three parts.

Part I + potassium chromate


solution Yellow precipitate. Presence of Ba2+ confirmed

Flame Test:

.
Take a small amount of salt on
a watch glass and make a
paste with con. HCl.Take the Grassy green colour Presence of Ba2+ confirmed
mixture on a platinum wire
loop and heat the mixture
strongly in the flame

BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH CH3COO)2Ba + CO2 + H2O

CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 2CH3COOK + BaCrO4

RESULT
Acid radical present is ________CO3 2-__________

Basic radical present is _____Ba2+ _____________

The given salt is __________BaCO3____________

Expt No _____________ Date : _________________

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANICSALT No 10


Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+,
Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may be
absent
2) Physical state Amorphous CO3 2- may be present

Solubility in water In soluble

CO3 2- may be present

Flame Test:

Presence of Ca2+

Take a small amount of salt Crimson red colour is


on a watch glass and make a imparted to the flame.
paste with con. HCl.Take the
mixture on a platinum wire
loop and heat the mixture
strongly in the flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a


dry test tube

Presence of CO3 2-
iii) Gas evolved Colorless odorless gas
turning lime water milky

Sublimate formed

No White sublimate Absence of NH4+


Presence of Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+,
Mg2+,Al3+
iv) Residue White residue glows on
heating

Detection of acid radicals:


I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4 Brisk effervescence with the Group I acid radical is
liberation of colorless
odorless gas is present (CO32-)

Confirmatory Test

1) Salt + Dil HCl , pass the Lime water turns milky Presence of CO32- is
gas through lime water. confirmed

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Ca(OH)2(aq)+ CO2(g)→ CaCO3(s)+ H2O(l)

Detection of Basic radical:


Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving it in dilute HCl.

Identification of basic radicals


Salt + NaOH, boil

No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent


observed

Group I is absent
No white precipitate is
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl formed

Pass H2S gas through the No black precipitate is


above solution formed

Group II is absent

O.S + Solid Ammonium No precipitate


chloride + Ammonium Group III is absent
hydroxide in excess till the
solution become basic.

Pass H2S gas through the


above solution
No precipitate Group IV is absent
O.S + Solid NH4Cl + White precipitate is formed
NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3
Solution
Group V is present (Ba2+,
Sr2+, Ca2+)

Confirmatory test for Group V

Dissolve the precipitate in hot


dil acetic acid. Divide it in to
three parts.

Part I + potassium chromate


solution No Yellow precipitate. Ba2+ absent

Part II+Ammonium sulphate


solution.
No White precipitate. Sr2+ is absent

Part III + Ammonium oxalate


solution + Ammonium
hydroxide and scratch the
White precipitate. Presence of Ca2+ is
sides of the test tube.
confirmed
Flame Test:

Take a small amount of salt on


a watch glass and make a
paste with con. HCl.Take the
mixture on a platinum wire Presence of Ca2+ is confirmed
loop and heat the mixture
strongly in the flame Crimson red colour

CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O

(CH3COO)2Ca + (NH4)2C2O4 CH3COONH4 + CaC2O4

RESULT

Acid radical present is ________CO3 2-__________

Basic radical present is _____Ca 2+ _____________

The given salt is __________CaCO3____________

Expt No _____________ Date : _________________

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALT No 11


Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+,
Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may be
absent

2) Physical state Crystalline solid NH4+, Cl-, Br-, NO3- Al3+,Ba2+


may be absent

Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-, NO3- may be


present

Flame Test:

Presence of Presence of Pb2+


Take a small amount of salt Dull bluish white
on a watch glass and make a
paste with con. HCl. Heat the
mixture strongly in the flame

Dry heating test


Heat a pinch of the salt in a
dry test tube

Gas evolved
Reddish brown gas which Presence of NO3-
turns ferrous sulphate
solution black

Sublimate
No White sublimate Abesence of NH4+

Residue
Brown when hot , yellow
when cold Presence of Pb2+

Detection of acid radicals:


I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4 Group I acid radical is

No Brisk effervescence is absent

II) Analysis of group II acid radical:

Salt in a dry test tube + Conc.


H2SO4
Group II acid radicals
- -
CH3COO ,Cl ,Br- are
absent
No characteristic observation

If no reaction in cold, add a Reddish brown fumes are Group II acid radical NO3-
piece of Cu or paper ball to evolved may be present.
the test tube containing salt
and heat.

Confirmatory Test for NO3-

Brown ring Test A brown ring is formed at the Presence of NO3- is


junction of layers of acid and confirmed
Salt solution + equal volume the solution
of freshly prepares ferrous
sulphate solution.Add a drop
of Conc H2SO4 slowly
along the sides of the test
tube.

Copper chip test : Salt +


Conc . H2SO4 + copper chip
and heat strongly Brown fumes are evolved

Presence of NO3- is
confirmed

Brown ring test

2KNO3 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + HNO3

FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 4HNO3 Fe2(SO4)3 + 4 H2O + 2NO

FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O [Fe( H2O)5(NO)]SO4

Copper chip test

2KNO3 + H2SO4 K2SO4 +2 HNO3

4 HNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

Detection of Basic radical:


Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving it in water.

Identification of basic radicals


Salt + NaOH, boil

No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent


observed

white precipitate is formed


O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl Group I is Present

Confirmatory test for Group I

Boil the white precipitate


with 5-10 ml of water and
divide it into 3 parts.

Part 1 – cool under tap


White crystalline Presence of Pb2+ confirmed
precipitate
Part 2 + KI solution
Presence of Pb2+ confirmed
Yellow precipitate
Part 3 + Potassium
chromate Presence of Pb2+ confirmed
Yellow precipitate

1) Pb(NO3)2 + HCl PbCl2 is less soluble in cold water


2) PbCl2 +2 KI PbI2 + 2KCl
3) PbCl2 + K2CrO4 PbCrO4 + 2KCl
Yellow ppt

RESULT
Acid radical present is ___NO3 -

Basic radical present is ________Pb2+

The given salt is _____________Pb(NO3) 2

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALT No 12


Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+,
Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may be
absent

2) Physical state Crystalline solid NH4+, Cl-, Br-, NO3- Al3+,Ba2+


may be absent

Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-, NO3- may be


present

Flame Test:

Presence of Presence of Pb2+


Take a small amount of salt Dull bluish white
on a watch glass and make a
paste with con. HCl. Heat the
mixture strongly in the flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a


dry test tube

Gas evolved Reddish brown gas which Presence of NO3-


turns ferrous sulphate
solution black

Sublimate No White sublimate Abesence of NH4+

Residue Brown when hot , yellow


when cold Presence of Pb2+

Detection of acid radicals:


I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4 Group I acid radical is

No Brisk effervescence is absent


II) Analysis of group II acid radical:

Salt in a dry test tube + Conc.


H2SO4
Group II acid radicals
- -
CH3COO ,Cl ,Br- are
absent
No characteristic observation

If no reaction in cold, add a Reddish brown fumes are Group II acid radical NO3-
piece of Cu or paper ball to evolved may be present.
the test tube containing salt
and heat.

Confirmatory Test for NO3-

Brown ring Test A brown ring is formed at the Presence of NO3- is


junction of layers of acid and confirmed
Salt solution + equal volume the solution
of freshly prepares ferrous
sulphate solution.Add a drop
of Conc H2SO4 slowly
along the sides of the test
tube.

Copper chip test : Salt +


Conc . H2SO4 + copper chip
and heat strongly Brown fumes are evolved

Presence of NO3- is
confirmed

Brown ring test

2KNO3 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + HNO3

FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 4HNO3 Fe2(SO4)3 + 4 H2O + 2NO

FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O [Fe( H2O)5(NO)]SO4

Copper chip test

2KNO3 + H2SO4 K2SO4 +2 HNO3


4 HNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

Detection of Basic radical:


Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving it in water.

Identification of basic radicals


Salt + NaOH, boil

No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent


observed

Group I is absent
No white precipitate is
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl formed

Pass H2S gas through the No black precipitate is


above solution formed

Group II is absent

O.S + Solid Ammonium No precipitate


chloride + Ammonium Group III is absent
hydroxide in excess till the
solution become basic.

Pass H2S gas through the


above solution No precipitate Group IV is absent

O.S + Solid NH4Cl + White precipitate is formed


NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 Group V is present (Ba2+,
Solution Sr2+, Ca2+)

Confirmatory test for Group V


Dissolve the precipitate in hot
dil acetic acid. Divide it in to
three parts.

Part I + potassium chromate


solution Yellow precipitate. Presence of Ba2+ confirmed

Flame Test:

.
Take a small amount of salt on
a watch glass and make a
paste with con. HCl.Take the Grassy green colour Presence of Ba2+ confirmed
mixture on a platinum wire
loop and heat the mixture
strongly in the flame

BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH CH3COO)2Ba + CO2 + H2O

CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 2CH3COOK + BaCrO4

RESULT

Acid radical present is ________NO3-__________

Basic radical present is _____Ba2+ _____________

The given salt is __________Ba(NO3)2____________

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