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PHP Lecture Notes Chapter

This document provides an introduction to PHP and describes how to set up a PHP development environment using XAMPP server. It covers PHP basics like variables, data types, operators, and control structures. It also discusses how to create PHP files, run PHP code, and includes examples of printing output, manipulating strings, and using arrays. The document is intended for developers new to server-side PHP scripting.

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zeki.mama21.21
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© © All Rights Reserved
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66 views

PHP Lecture Notes Chapter

This document provides an introduction to PHP and describes how to set up a PHP development environment using XAMPP server. It covers PHP basics like variables, data types, operators, and control structures. It also discusses how to create PHP files, run PHP code, and includes examples of printing output, manipulating strings, and using arrays. The document is intended for developers new to server-side PHP scripting.

Uploaded by

zeki.mama21.21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 53

Chapter -2

Server Side Scripting Basic

1
Contents
• Introduction to PHP
• How to run php file on XAMPP server?
• PHP Variables
• PHP Data Types
• PHP Operators
• Conditional Statements
• PHP Arrays
• PHP Looping
• PHP Functions
2
Introduction to PHP
• PHP is a server-side scripting language.
• Server side script language is a technique used in web development which involves employing script on
a web server which produce a response customized for each users clients requests to the web site.
What is PHP?
• PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
• PHP scripts are executed on the server
• PHP supports many databases (MySQL, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC,
etc.)
• For our study we are focus on XAMPP server (includes Apache and MYSQL)
• PHP is an open source software
• PHP is free to download and use
What is a PHP File?
• PHP files can contain text, HTML tags and scripts
• PHP files are returned to the browser as plain HTML
• PHP files have a file extension of ".php", ".php3", or ".phtml" but the first extension is the common
3
one.
Cont.…
What is MySQL?
• MySQL is a database server
• MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications
• MySQL supports standard SQL
• MySQL compiles on a number of platforms
• MySQL is free to download and use
PHP + MySQL
• PHP combined with MySQL are cross-platform (you can develop in Windows and serve on a
Unix platform)
Why PHP?
• PHP runs on different platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, etc.)
• PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS, etc.)
• PHP is FREE to download from the official PHP resource: www.php.net
• PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side
4
PHP Syntax
• PHP code is executed on the server, and the plain HTML result is sent to the browser.
Basic PHP Syntax
• A PHP scripting block always starts with <?php and ends with ?>.
• A PHP scripting block can be placed anywhere in the document.
• On servers with shorthand support enabled you can start a scripting block with <? and end with ?>.
• For maximum compatibility, we recommend that you use the standard form (<?php) rather than the
shorthand form.
• A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, just like an HTML file, and some PHP scripting code.
• Below, we have an example of a simple PHP script which sends the text "Hello World" to the browser:
<html>
<body>
<?php
echo "Hello World";
?>
</body>
</html>

5
Cont.….
• Each code line in PHP must end with a semicolon (;).
• The semicolon is a separator and is used to distinguish one set of instructions from another.
• There are two basic statements to output text with PHP:
echo and print. In the example above we have used the echo statement to output the text "Hello World".
Note: The file must have a .php extension.
• If the file has a .html extension, the PHP code will not be executed.
Comments in PHP
• In PHP, we use // to make a single-line comment or
• /* and */ to make a large comment block.
Example:
<?php
//This is a single line comment
#this is also a single line comment
/*
This is
a multiple line comment
*/
?>
6
How to run php file on XAMPP server?
• Step1: XAMPP installation
• Step2: start Apache and MYSQL from XAMPP
• Step3: install Notepad++
• Step4: open any text editor (Note pad, Notepad++ etc.)
• Step5: write php program or code on text editor.
• Step6: save the file in XAMP installation directory or web root directory.
Defualt XAMP installation directory for windows is C/xampp
• Step7: in the xampp directory there is htdocs directory open the directory and
create folder and give any name.
• Step8: note: save all php file to the folder you are creating in step7 with .php
extension name.
• Step9: now, in your browser address bar, type the address:
http:/localhost/folder_name/filename.php
• Step10: if you are correctly follow the steps the result easily displayed on the
browser.
7
PHP Variables
• A variable is used to store information.
Variables in PHP
• Variables are used for storing values, like text strings, numbers or arrays.
• When a variable is declared, it can be used over and over again in your script.
• All variables in PHP start with a $ sign symbol.
• The correct way of declaring a variable in PHP:
$var_name = value;
Example:
<?php
$txt="Hello World!";
$x=16;
?>

8
PHP is a Loosely Typed Language
• In PHP, a variable does not need to be declared before adding a value to it.
• In the example above, you see that you do not have to tell PHP which data
type the variable is.
• PHP automatically converts the variable to the correct data type,
depending on its value.
• In a strongly typed programming language, you have to declare (define)
the type and name of the variable before using it.
• In PHP, the variable is declared automatically when you use it.

9
Naming Rules for Variables

• A variable name must start with a letter or an underscore "_"


• A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores (a-z, A-Z, and _ )
• A variable name should not contain spaces.
• If a variable name is more than one word, it should be separated with an
underscore ($my_string), or with capitalization ($myString).

10
PHP Data Types
• Variables can store data of different types, and different data types can do
different things.
• PHP supports the following data types:
String
Integer
Float (floating point numbers - also called double)
Boolean
Array
NULL

11
PHP String
• A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!".
• A string can be any text inside quotes.
• You can use single or double quotes:
Example
<?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$y = 'Hello world!';

echo $x;
echo "<br>";
echo $y;
?>
12
PHP Integer
• An integer data type is a non-decimal number between -2,147,483,648 and
2,147,483,647.
Rules for integers:
• An integer must have at least one digit
• An integer must not have a decimal point
• An integer can be either positive or negative
• Integers can be specified in three formats: decimal (10-based), hexadecimal (16-based )
or octal (8-based)
In the following example $x is an integer.
• The PHP var_dump() function returns the data type and value:
Example
<?php
$x = 5985;
var_dump($x);
?>

13
PHP Boolean
• A Boolean represents two possible states: TRUE or FALSE.
$x = true;
$y = false;
• Booleans are often used in conditional testing.
PHP Array
• An array stores multiple values in one single variable.
• In the following example $cars is an array.
• The position of array elements starts from 0 not 1
Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
var_dump($cars);
echo $x[0];
?>

14
PHP NULL Value
• Null is a special data type which can have only one value: NULL.
• A variable of data type NULL is a variable that has no value assigned
to it.
Tip: If a variable is created without a value, it is automatically assigned
a value of NULL.
• Variables can also be emptied by setting the value to NULL:
• Example
<?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$x = null;
var_dump($x);
?>

15
PHP Strings
• A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!".
Get The Length of a String
• The PHP strlen() function returns the length of a string.
• The example below returns the length of the string "Hello world!":
<?php
echo strlen("Hello world!"); // outputs 12
?>
Count The Number of Words in a String
• The PHP str_word_count() function counts the number of words in a string:
<?php
echo str_word_count("Hello world!"); // outputs 2
?>
Reverse a String
• The PHP strrev() function reverses a string:
Example
<?php
echo strrev("Hello world!"); // outputs !dlrow olleH
?>
16
Search For a Specific Text Within a String
• The PHP strpos() function searches for a specific text within a string.
• If a match is found, the function returns the character position of the first match. If no match is found, it
will return NULL.
• The example below searches for the text "world" in the string "Hello world!":
<?php
echo strpos("Hello world!", "world"); // outputs 6
?>
The output of the code above will be: 6.
Tip: The first character position in a string is 0 (not 1).
Replace Text Within a String
• The PHP str_replace() function replaces some characters with some other characters in a string.
• The example below replaces the text "world" with "Dolly":
Example
<?php
echo str_replace("world", "Dolly", "Hello world!"); // outputs Hello Dolly!
?>
17
The Concatenation Operator
• There is only one string operator in PHP.
• The concatenation operator dot(.) is used to put two string values together.
• To concatenate two string variables together, use the concatenation operator
dot(.): example:
<?php
$txt1=“I’m interested!";
$txt2=“with php!";
echo $txt1 . " " . $txt2;
?>

18
PHP Constants
• Constants are like variables except that once they are defined they cannot be
changed or undefined.
• A constant is an identifier (name) for a simple value.
• The value cannot be changed during the script.
A valid constant name starts with a letter or underscore.
• No $ sign before the constant name.
Note: Unlike variables, constants are automatically global across the entire
script.
Create a PHP Constant
• To create a constant, use the define() function.

19
Syntax
define(name, value, case-insensitive)
Parameters:
Name: Specifies the name of the constant
Value: Specifies the value of the constant
Case-insensitive: Specifies whether the constant name should be case-
insensitive. Default is false
• The example below creates a constant with a case-sensitive name:
Example
<?php
define("GREETING", "Welcome to W3Schools.com!");
echo GREETING;
?>
20
Cont. …
Example
<?php
define("GREETING", "Welcome to W3Schools.com!", true);
echo greeting;
?>
Constants are Global
• Constants are automatically global and can be used across the entire script.
• The example below uses a constant inside a function, even if it is defined outside the
function:
<?php
define("GREETING", "Welcome to W3Schools.com!");
function myTest()
{
echo GREETING;
}
myTest();
?>
21
PHP Operators
• Operators are used to operate on values.
PHP Operators
• This section lists the different operators used in PHP.
Arithmetic Operators

22
Example
<?php
$x = 10;
$y = 6;
echo($x+$y)."<br>"; //output 16
echo($x-$y)."<br>"; //output 4
echo($x*$y)."<br>"; //output 60
echo($x/$y)."<br>"; //output 1.67
echo($x%$y)."<br>"; //output 4
echo ++$x."<br>"; // output 11
echo --$y."<br>"; // output 5
echo $x++."<br>"; // output 11
echo $y--."<br>"; // output 5
?>
23
24
Example

25
26
Example

27
Conditional Statements
• Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on
different conditions.
• In PHP we have the following conditional statements:
if statement - use this statement to execute some code only if a specified
condition is true
if...else statement - use this statement to execute some code if a
condition is true and another code if the condition is false
if...elseif....else statement - use this statement to select one of several
blocks of code to be executed
switch statement - use this statement to select one of many blocks of
code to be executed

28
The if Statement
• Use the if statement to execute some code only if a specified condition is true.
Syntax
if (condition) code to be executed if condition is true;
 The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current day is Friday:
• <?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri") echo "Have a nice weekend!";
?>
The if...else Statement
• Use the if....else statement to execute some code if a condition is true and another code if a condition is
false.
Syntax
if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true;
}
else
{
code to be executed if condition is false;
}
29
Example
• The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current day is Friday,
otherwise it will output "Have a nice day!":
• <?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
{
echo "Hello!<br />";
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
echo "See you on Monday!";
}
?>
The if...elseif....else Statement
• Use the if....elseif...else statement to select one of several blocks of code to be executed.
Syntax
• if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
elseif (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
else
code to be executed if condition is false;
30
Cont….
Example
• The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current day is Friday, and "Have a nice Sunday!" if the current day
is Sunday. Otherwise it will output "Have a nice day!":
• <?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
elseif ($d=="Sun")
echo "Have a nice Sunday!";
else
echo "Have a nice day!";
?>
PHP Switch Statement
• Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks of code to be executed.
Syntax
• switch (n)
{
case label1:
code to be executed if n=label1;
break;
case label2:
code to be executed if n=label2;
……………….
break;
default:
code to be executed if n is different from both label1 and label2;
}

31
Cont. …
• This is how it works: First we have a single expression n (most often a variable), that is evaluated once.
• The value of the expression is then compared with the values for each case in the structure.
• If there is a match, the block of code associated with that case is executed.
• Use break to prevent the code from running into the next case automatically.
• The default statement is used if no match is found.
Example
<?php
switch ($x)
{
case 1:
echo "Number 1";
break;
case 2:
echo "Number 2";
break;
case 3:
echo "Number 3";
break;
default:
echo "No number between 1 and 3";
}
?>

32
PHP Arrays
• An array stores multiple values in one single variable.
What is an Array?
• A variable is a storage area holding a number or text. The problem is, a variable will hold only one value.
• An array is a special variable, which can store multiple values in one single variable.
• If you have a list of items (a list of car names, for example), storing the cars in single variables could look like
this:
• $cars1="Saab";
$cars2="Volvo";
$cars3="BMW";
• However, what if you want to loop through the cars and find a specific one? And what if you had not 3 cars,
but 300?
• The best solution here is to use an array!
• An array can hold all your variable values under a single name. And you can access the values by referring to
the array name.
• Each element in the array has its own index so that it can be easily accessed.
In PHP, there are three kind of arrays:
• Numeric array - An array with a numeric index
• Associative array - An array where each ID key is associated with a value
• Multidimensional array - An array containing one or more arrays
33
Numeric Arrays
• A numeric array stores each array element with a numeric index.
• There are two methods to create a numeric array.
1. In the following example the index are automatically assigned (the index starts at 0):
$cars=array("Saab","Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
2. In the following example we assign the index manually:
• $cars[0]="Saab";
$cars[1]="Volvo";
$cars[2]="BMW";
$cars[3]="Toyota";
Example
• In the following example you access the variable values by referring to the array name and index:
• <?php
$cars[0]="Saab";
$cars[1]="Volvo";
$cars[2]="BMW";
$cars[3]="Toyota";
echo $cars[0] . " and " . $cars[1] . " are Swedish cars.";
?>
• The code above will output: Saab and Volvo are Swedish cars.

34
Associative Arrays
• An associative array, each ID key is associated with a value.
• When storing data about specific named values, a numerical array is not always the best way to do it.
• With associative arrays we can use the values as keys and assign values to them.
Example 1
• In this example we use an array to assign ages to the different persons:
• $ages = array("Peter"=>32, "Quagmire"=>30, "Joe"=>34);
Example 2
• This example is the same as example 1, but shows a different way of creating the array:
• $ages['Peter'] = "32";
$ages['Quagmire'] = "30";
$ages['Joe'] = "34";
• The ID keys can be used in a script:
• <?php
$ages['Peter'] = "32";
$ages['Quagmire'] = "30";
$ages['Joe'] = "34";
echo "Peter is " . $ages['Peter'] . " years old.";
?>
• The code above will output:
Peter is 32 years old.
35
Multidimensional Arrays
• In a multidimensional array, each element in the main array can also be an array.
• And each element in the sub-array can be an array, and so on.
Example
• In this example we create a multidimensional array, with automatically assigned ID keys:
• $families = array
(
"Griffin"=>array
(
"Peter",
"Lois",
"Megan"
),
"Quagmire"=>array
(
"Glenn"
),
"Brown"=>array
(
"Cleveland",
"Loretta",
"Junior"
)
);

36
The array above would look like this if written to the output:
• Array
(
[Griffin] => Array
(
[0] => Peter
[1] => Lois
[2] => Megan
)
[Quagmire] => Array
(
[0] => Glenn
)
[Brown] => Array
(
[0] => Cleveland
[1] => Loretta
[2] => Junior
)
)
Example 2
• Lets try displaying a single value from the array above:
echo "Is " . $families['Griffin'][2] . " a part of the Griffin family?";
• The code above will output:
• Is Megan a part of the Griffin family?

37
PHP Sorting Arrays
• The elements in an array can be sorted in alphabetical or numerical order, descending or
ascending.
PHP - Sort Functions For Arrays
In this chapter, we will go through the following PHP array sort functions:
• sort() - sort arrays in ascending order
• rsort() - sort arrays in descending order
• asort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the value
• ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the key
• arsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the value
• krsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the key
Sort Array in Ascending Order - sort()
• The following example sorts the elements of the $cars array in ascending alphabetical order:
Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
sort($cars);
?>

38
Cont.….
• The following example sorts the elements of the $numbers array in ascending numerical order:
Example
• <?php
$numbers = array(4, 6, 2, 22, 11);
sort($numbers);
?>
Sort Array in Descending Order - rsort()
• The following example sorts the elements of the $cars array in descending alphabetical order:
Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
rsort($cars);
?>
• The following example sorts the elements of the $numbers array in descending numerical order:
Example
<?php
$numbers = array(4, 6, 2, 22, 11);
rsort($numbers);
?>

39
Sort Array (Ascending Order), According to Value - asort()
• The following example sorts an associative array in ascending order, according to the value:
Example
• <?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
asort($age);
?>
Sort Array (Ascending Order), According to Key - ksort()
• The following example sorts an associative array in ascending order, according to the key:
Example
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
ksort($age);
?>
Sort Array (Descending Order), According to Value - arsort()
• The following example sorts an associative array in descending order, according to the value:
• Example
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
arsort($age);
?>

40
Sort Array (Descending Order), According to Key - krsort()

• The following example sorts an associative array in descending order,


according to the key:
• Example
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
krsort($age);
?>

41
PHP Looping - While Loops
• Loops execute a block of code a specified number of times, or while a
specified condition is true.
PHP Loops
• Often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run over
and over again in a row. Instead of adding several almost equal lines in a
script we can use loops to perform a task like this.
In PHP, we have the following looping statements:
• while - loops through a block of code while a specified condition is true
• do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop
as long as a specified condition is true
• for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times
• foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an array

42
The while Loop
• The while loop executes a block of code while a condition is true.
Syntax
• while (condition)
{
code to be executed;
}
• Example
• The example below defines a loop that starts with i=1. The loop will continue to run as long as i is less than,
or equal to 5. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs:
• <?php
$i=1;
while($i<=5)
{
echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />";
$i++;
}
?>
Output:
• The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5

43
The do...while Statement
• The do...while statement will always execute the block of code once, it will then check the condition, and
repeat the loop while the condition is true.
• Syntax
do
{
code to be executed;
}
while (condition);
• Example
• The example below defines a loop that starts with i=1. It will then increment i with 1, and write some
output. Then the condition is checked, and the loop will continue to run as long as i is less than, or equal to
5:
<?php
$i=1;
do
{
$i++;
echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />";
}
while ($i<=5);
?>
Output:
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5 44
The number is 6
PHP Looping - For Loops
• Loops execute a block of code a specified number of times, or while a specified condition is true.
The for Loop
• The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times the script should run.
Syntax
• for (init; condition; increment)
{
code to be executed;
}
Parameters:
• init: Mostly used to set a counter (but can be any code to be executed once at the beginning of
the loop)
• condition: Evaluated for each loop iteration. If it evaluates to TRUE, the loop continues. If it
evaluates to FALSE, the loop ends.
• increment: Mostly used to increment a counter (but can be any code to be executed at the end of
the loop)
• Note: Each of the parameters above can be empty, or have multiple expressions (separated by
commas).
Example
• The example below defines a loop that starts with i=1. The loop will continue to run as long as i is
less than, or equal to 5. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs:
45
Cont.….
• <?php
for ($i=1; $i<=5; $i++)
{
echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />";
}
?>
• Output:
• The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
The foreach Loop
• The foreach loop is used to loop through arrays.
Syntax
• foreach ($array as $value)
{
code to be executed;
}
• For every loop iteration, the value of the current array element is assigned to $value (and the array pointer is
moved by one) - so on the next loop iteration, you'll be looking at the next array value.
Example
• The following example demonstrates a loop that will print the values of the given array: 46
Cont. …
• <?php
$x=array("one","two","three");
foreach ($x as $value)
{
echo $value . "<br />";
}
?>
• Output:
one
two
three

47
PHP Functions
• The real power of PHP comes from its functions.
• In PHP, there are more than 700 built-in functions.
PHP Functions
• In this chapter we will show you how to create your own functions.
• To keep the script from being executed when the page loads, you can put it into a function.
• A function will be executed by a call to the function.
• You may call a function from anywhere within a page.
Create a PHP Function
• A function will be executed by a call to the function.
Syntax
function functionName()
{
code to be executed;
}
• PHP function guidelines:
• Give the function a name that reflects what the function does
• The function name can start with a letter or underscore (not a number)
Example
• A simple function that writes my name when it is called: 48
Cont.….
• <?php
function writeName()
{
echo “Abel";
}
echo "My name is ";
writeName();
?>
• Output:
My name is Abel

49
PHP Functions - Adding parameters
• To add more functionality to a function, we can add parameters.
• A parameter is just like a variable.
• Parameters are specified after the function name, inside the parentheses.
Example 1
• The following example will write different first names, but equal last name:
<?php
function writeName($fname)
{
echo $fname . " Refsnes.<br />";
}
echo "My name is ";
writeName("Kai Jim");
echo "My sister's name is ";
writeName("Hege");
echo "My brother's name is ";
writeName("Stale");
?>
Output:
My name is Kai Jim Refsnes.
My sister's name is Hege Refsnes.
My brother's name is Stale Refsnes.
50
Cont. …
Example 2
• The following function has two parameters:
<?php
function writeName($fname,$punctuation)
{
echo $fname . " Refsnes" . $punctuation . "<br />";
}
echo "My name is ";
writeName("Kai Jim",".");
echo "My sister's name is ";
writeName("Hege","!");
echo "My brother's name is ";
writeName("Ståle","?");
?>
• Output:
My name is Kai Jim Refsnes.
My sister's name is Hege Refsnes!
My brother's name is Ståle Refsnes?

51
PHP Functions - Return values
• To let a function return a value, use the return statement.
Example
<?php
function add($x,$y)
{
$total=$x+$y;
return $total;
}
echo "1 + 16 = " . add(1,16);
?>
Output:
1 + 16 = 17

52
End of chapter Two!!!

53

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