Lecture # 15-16-17

Book Chapter - 7 (7-6)

Switch Mode Regulators
or
DC-DC Converters

-> BOOST Converter

-> BUCK Converter
DC-DC Converter

Input Output
Vin = x V Vout = y V
Power Processing
(Phenomenon)
-
Converter (Physical
Implementation)
BOOST
Vin = 10 V Converter
Vout = 20 V
BUCK
Vin = 10 V Converter
Vout = 5 V
DC-DC Converter
Power Processing
(Phenomenon)
-
Converter (Physical
Implementation)
Input Output
Pin = (Ideally) Pout
BOOST
Vin = 10 V Converter
V out = 20 V
Don’t Confuse bwt RL = 10 Ω
Iin = 4 A Amplifier & Iout = 2 A
Pin = 40 W Converter
Not Amplifier
P out = 40 W
 DC-DC Converter: Boost Converter
The elements involved in the construction of DC-DC converter:
1. Switch & Diodes
2. Energy Containers (L & C)
Remember:
Inductor and Capacitor are storage elements unlike Resistor. Any storage
element is then a time-dependent component. Hence, Inductor and capacitor
are the time dependent component.
 DC-DC Converter: Boost Converter
The elements involved in the construction of DC-DC converter:
1. Switch & Diodes
2. Energy Containers (L & C)

1. Diode (Path Provider or Blocker) – VF = 0 V

Diode Diode

A K A K
Unidirectional Unidirectional
 DC-DC Converter: Boost Converter
The elements involved in the construction of DC-DC converter:
1. Switch & Diodes
2. Energy Containers (L & C)

1. Switch (MOSFETs or IGBTs) –

Not Thyristors – Line Commutators used for AC
Drain

Gate
Gate
HIGH LOW
5-15 V 0V Source
Turn-ON Turn-OFF
Short-Circuit Open-Circuit
 DC-DC Converter: Boost Converter
The elements involved in the construction of DC-DC converter:
1. Switch & Diodes
2. Energy Containers (L & C)

1. Switch (MOSFETs or IGBTs)

Drain
Energy Energy
Storage Release
Gate Pulse Pulse Gate
HIGH LOW Source
5-15 V 0V
Turn-ON Turn-OFF
Short-Circuit Open-Circuit
 DC-DC Converter: Boost Converter
The elements involved in the construction of DC-DC converter:
1. Switch & Diodes
2. Energy Containers (L & C)

1. Switch (MOSFETs or IGBTs)

Switching Frequency (Not Angular Frequency)
Remember: Input and & Output are DC
Drain
Energy Energy
Storage Release
Gate Pulse Pulse Gate
Turn-ON Turn-OFF
Source

T (1/Fsw)
 DC-DC Converter: Boost Converter
The elements involved in the construction of DC-DC converter:
1. Switch & Diodes
2. Energy Containers (L & C)

1. Switch (MOSFETs or IGBTs)

Switching Frequency (Not Angular Frequency)
Switching Frequency & PWM Relation (Duty Cycle)
Drain
Energy Energy Periodic Period
Storage Release All Analysis will be
Gate Pulse Pulse Gate
Encapsulated in
Turn-ON Turn-OFF One-Time Period
Source

T (1/Fsw)
 DC-DC Converter: Boost Converter
The elements involved in the construction of DC-DC converter:
1. Switch & Diodes
2. Energy Containers (L & C)

1. Switch (MOSFETs or IGBTs)

Switching Frequency (Not Angular Frequency)
Switching Frequency & PWM Relation (Duty Cycle)

Energy Energy Energy Energy

Storage Release Storage Release
Gate Pulse Pulse Gate Pulse Pulse
Turn-ON Turn-OFF Turn-ON Turn-OFF

T (1/Fsw) T (1/Fsw)
 DC-DC Converter: Boost Converter
1. Switch (MOSFETs or IGBTs)
Switching Frequency (Not Angular Frequency)
Switching Frequency & PWM Relation (Duty Cycle)

Energy Energy Energy Energy

Storage Release Storage Release
Gate Pulse Pulse Gate Pulse Pulse
Turn-ON Turn-OFF Turn-ON Turn-OFF

T (1/Fsw) T (1/Fsw)
D = TON/T D = TON/T
= 0.5 = 0.75
Less Energy -> Less Vo More Energy -> More Vo
Pulse Width Modulation & Voltage Regulation
 DC-DC Converter: Boost Converter

Inductor: Real element which provides the means of boosting the

voltage.

Source Load
Side Side
 DC-DC Converter: Boost Converter

Inductor: Real element which provides the means of boosting the

voltage.

+ VL - VL
- +

Vin Turn-ON Vin Turn-OFF

Turn-OFF tells about

Converter Output
Vout = Vin + VL
 DC-DC Converter: Boost Converter

Capacitor: For voltage stabilization (holding) purpose. Usually

connected at the Output as a Voltage Buffer. [Note Capacitor is
a voltage holding device not voltage Controlling device].
 DC-DC Converter Boost Converter
 For Analysis – Continuous Mode
Transistor as a Switch
Modes – ON [Energy Storage]
OFF [Energy Release]
With respect to Inductor (L)
Frequency & PWM – Voltage Reg.

To analyze and derive the Governing

Equation of the Converter:
 Voltage-Second Balance (L)
 Capacitor-Charge Balance (C)
 Small Ripple Approximation (Vo)
Boost converter –
Circuit Topology (Continuous Mode)

+ vL –
iL Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

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 Boost converter !
+v – L
iL iD Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

This is a much more unforgiving circuit than the buck converter

• If the MOSFET gate driver sticks in the “on” position, then there
is a short circuit through the MOSFET – blow MOSFET!
• If the load is disconnected during operation, so that Iout = 0, then
L continues to push power to the right and very quickly charges
C up to a high value (250V) – blow diode and MOSFET!
• Before applying power, make sure that your D is at the
minimum, and that a load is solidly connected
•Modify your MOSFET firing circuit for Boost Converter
operation (see the MOSFET Firing Circuit document)
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•Limit your output voltage to 120V
 DC-DC Converter Boost Converter
 Operating/Working Principle

The key principle that drives the boost converter is the tendency of
an inductor to resist changes in current by creating and destroying a
magnetic field. In a boost converter, the output voltage is always higher
than the input voltage. A schematic of a boost power stage is shown in
Figure 1.
(a) When the switch is closed, current flows through the inductor in
clockwise direction and the inductor stores some energy by generating a
magnetic field. Polarity of the left side of the inductor is positive.
(b) When the switch is opened, current will be reduced as the impedance is
higher. The magnetic field previously created will be destroyed to maintain
the current flow towards the load. Thus the polarity will be reversed
(means left side of inductor will be negative now). As a result two sources
will be in series causing a higher voltage to charge the capacitor through
the diode D.
 DC-DC Converter Boost Converter
 Operating/Working Principle

(c)If the switch is cycled fast enough, the inductor will not discharge fully in
between charging stages, and the load will always see a voltage greater
than that of the input source alone when the switch is opened. Also while
the switch is opened, the capacitor in parallel with the load is charged to
this combined voltage.
(d)When the switch is then closed and the right hand side is shorted out
from the left hand side, the capacitor is therefore able to provide the
voltage and energy to the load. During this time, the blocking diode
prevents the capacitor from discharging through the switch. The switch
must of course be opened again fast enough to prevent the capacitor from
discharging too much.
 DC-DC Converter Boost Converter
 Operating/Working Principle

 In the On-state, the switch S (see figure 1) is closed, resulting in an

increase in the inductor current;
 In the Off-state, the switch is open and the only path offered to inductor
current is through the flyback diode D, the capacitor C and the load R.
This results in transferring the energy accumulated during the On-state
into the capacitor.
 + vL –
iL Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

Mode-1 ON Mode-2 OFF

 DC-DC Converter Boost Converter
 Actual Output Waveform - Cout
 Small Ripple Approximation
 Capacitor is connected at the output. We know, that voltage
ripple will occur in capacitor. Which can be confirmed from the
capacitor characteristics equation.

 The ripple is occur as current is transferred to Load by capacitor

during Ton Time. Hence, voltage will reduce. During Toff, time the
capacitor will receive the current and charge up again.

I = C dV/dt
Vo=
 DC-DC Converter Boost Converter
 Actual Output Waveform - Cout
 Small Ripple Approximation

Vo=
 DC-DC Converter Boost Converter
 Actual Output Waveform - Cout
 Small Ripple Approximation

Vo=
 DC-DC Converter Boost Converter
 Actual Output Waveform - Cout
 Small Ripple Approximation

Vo=

Vo
Vo
Vo
 DC-DC Converter Boost Converter
 Actual Output Waveform - Cout
 Small Ripple Approximation
 Since, Capacitor is designed keeping in view the ripple to be very low. For
instance, 0.1%. As a result, Vripple becomes far far less compared to Vo
and hence can be neglected.

Vo

Vo

 In our analysis, we can neglect the ripple effect for simplicity. And
consider output voltage (Vo) which is DC part of signal.
 DC-DC Converter Boost Converter
 Actual Output Waveform - Cout
 Small Ripple Approximation
 Since, Capacitor is designed keeping in view the ripple to be very low. For
instance, 0.1%. As a result, Vripple becomes far far less compared to Vo
and hence can be neglected.

Vo

Vo

 In our analysis, we can neglect the ripple effect for simplicity. And
consider output voltage (Vo) which is DC part of signal.
 Boost converter
+ vL –
iL iD Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

Using KVL and KCL in the average sense, the

average values are
+0V– Iout Iout
Iin
L +
Vin C Vout
0A –

Find the input/output equation by examining the

voltage across the inductor
 Switch closed for DT seconds

+ Vin −
iL Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
Iout –

diL Vin Reverse biased, thus the

 diode is open
dt L
for DT
seconds

Note – if the switch stays closed, the input is short circuited!

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Switch open for (1 − D)T seconds

+ (Vin − Vout ) −
iL Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
(iL – Iout)
–

diL Vin  Vout Diode closed. Assume

 continuous conduction.
dt L
for (1−D)T seconds

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 DC-DC Converter Boost Converter
 Real Voltage Booster - L
 Voltage – Second Balance

Vin/L (Vin – Vout)/L

Vin/L

(Vin – Vout)/L
 DC-DC Converter Boost Converter !
 Voltage – Second Balance

VLavg  D  Vin  1  D  Vin  Vout   0

Vout  (1  D)  Vin  D  Vin  D  Vin

The input/output equation becomes

Vin
Vout 
1 D

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 DC-DC Converter Boost Converter
 Real Voltage Booster - L
 Voltage – Second Balance

Vin/L

(Vin – Vout)/L
 + vL –
iL Iout
iin
Buck
converter L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

+ vL –
iL Iout
Boost iin
converter L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

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