Pajtmdgtma

04.
Photog 1
Wednesday, January 27, 2010
2:23 PM
Today:
• Admin
• Framing
• Cameras
• Lenses
○ Lens laws
○ Typical lenses
○ Focal lengths
○ Aperture, depth of field
• Admin:
○ Office hours
○ Best of Web voting: Which anonymity?
○ Report guidelines updated
○ Ferrofluid ordered; 1 liter.
PHOTOGRAPHY FUNDAMENTALS
1) Framing
2) Camera
3) Lenses
4) Exposure Control
5) Resolution
1) Framing
a. #1 rule of photography: Make The Subject Fill The Frame
Image dimensions of less than 700 pixels won't be
accepted.
b. Know your scale. Take an extra image with a ruler in it.
You'll need to specify your FOV = Field of View
i.e. "top to bottom was 10 cm"
Sometimes the image will supply the scale, such as the
diameter of a jet.
c. Work it. Take many images, from varied POV = Points of View
 Get close, pull back. Move around the sides.
Try a mirror to see the back.
Flow Vis Page 1
 Try a mirror to see the back.
 Consider making a stereo image
 Try video, a few seconds or minutes
Video tutorials Vimeo = upscale YouTube.

http://vimeo.com/videoschool/101 FV videos will be posted there
by FlowVis@CUBoulder
 Change the lighting.
 Consider the motion: Capture the whole track, and also zoom in on a
particular moment/location
 Plan a second try. Look at results at full resolution first, not just on camera
LCD. Takes time.
2)Cameras: Roughly 3 common types
DSLR Point and Shoot Camcorders

Digital Single Lens Reflex PHD
Push Here Dummy
DSLR
Flow Vis Page 2

http://media.photobucket.com/image/dslr%20optics%
20diagram/Mikefellh/E-300Stuff/WhereM43lensWouldBe.jpg
Mirror flips up when shutter triggered = REFLEX.

For long exposures, lock mirror up to prevent vibration.
Use circular polarizers on lens front to get past partial mirrors into AF and AE sensors
PHD: Small sensors; lower resolution

even if mpx the same; diffraction
limits approached?
No lens choices. Can still add close-up
lens.
Composition is harder. LCD screens
tough to use in sun, don't show fine focus. Can't preview depth of field. Optical view
finders are inaccurate when close up.
Much lighter, more portable.
Comparable performance at prosumer level.
CAMCORDERS: primarily for video.

Records to Digital Video tape, disk or solid state memory. Usually longer record time than
still cameras. Built-in effects, maybe editing.
Camera technology is changing rapidly. Lines between designs are shifting.
3) LENSES
Minute paper. What are the numbers on your lens? What do they mean?
Lenses are defined by FOCAL LENGTH and APERTURE
f = focal length = distance from center of lens system to
Flow Vis Page 3

f = focal length = distance from center of lens system to
sensor when focused at infinity
Variable focal length = ZOOM lens.

Now is default. Non-zoom are called 'prime' lenses.
10 years ago, 35 mm film cameras were standard, and the

standard lens was 50 mm. f> 50 mm = telephoto
f < 50 mm = wide angle
Aperture defined as f/D = f/ = f number = f#
INVERSELY related to diameter.
Nondimensional. More about aperture later.
PHDs have small sensors, so focal lengths and diameters
are smaller:
Common values for PHD cameras:
f = 5 - 60 mm, f/ = 4 - 8
28-336 mm equivalent to 35 mm, i.e. same FOV
w = wide T = tight, or telephoto
For DSLR, bigger sensors, up to 'full frame' 35 mm

f = 18- 60 mm, f/ 1.8 - 22
Impact of focal length on framing:
As f increases (longer lens), field of view narrows

'Telephoto compression' happens too
Flow Vis Page 4

http://www.learnmyshot.com/Telephoto-Lens-
Perspective-Compression-and-the-Angle-of-
View
Near object, same size

in both images
Far object
Long focal length

telephoto, narrow Short focal length, wide angle
FOV
TRY THIS NOW
FOCUS
'In focus' when all collected light from a point on the object shows up
at a single point in the image.
Flow Vis Page 5

FOCAL plane
optical axis
Image plane, sensor plane, FOCUS plane

Lens laws:
1) light through center of lens is undeflected
2) light parallel to axis goes through focal point
3) all light entering lens at a given direction
ends up at the same point in the focal plane
As object moves closer, lens moves away from

sensor plane. Mechanical limit defines near
focus distance. Extension tubes allow lens to
move further out and focus closer. $75 set of 3
'Close up' lenses allow close focus by changing system f .

Long f lens, threads on to the outer end of main lens
(threads standard, but need to match diameters).
Lower quality, though. Each additional lens element can
lose 10% of light, introduce aberrations.
PHD cameras often lack threads. Just hold it out in front, or
mount to cardboard tube.
Inexpensive, $6 for set of 4
PHD cameras often have 'macro mode' =

Flower Button. Does yours?
For DLSRs, prime and zoom 'macro' lenses are

available. Expect high price, hope for quality.
OUT OF FOCUS
Flow Vis Page 6
OUT OF FOCUS
FOCAL plane
optical axis
Image plane, sensor plane, FOCUS plane
Flow Vis Page 7

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04.

Video tutorials Vimeo = upscale YouTube.

2)Cameras: Roughly 3 common types

DSLR Point and Shoot Camcorders

Flow Vis Page 2

Mirror flips up when shutter triggered = REFLEX.

PHD: Small sensors; lower resolution

CAMCORDERS: primarily for video.

Camera technology is changing rapidly. Lines between designs are shifting.

Lenses are defined by FOCAL LENGTH and APERTURE

f = focal length = distance from center of lens system to

Flow Vis Page 3

Variable focal length = ZOOM lens.

10 years ago, 35 mm film cameras were standard, and the

For DSLR, bigger sensors, up to 'full frame' 35 mm

Impact of focal length on framing:

As f increases (longer lens), field of view narrows

Flow Vis Page 4

Near object, same size

Long focal length

TRY THIS NOW

Flow Vis Page 5

Image plane, sensor plane, FOCUS plane

As object moves closer, lens moves away from

'Close up' lenses allow close focus by changing system f .

PHD cameras often have 'macro mode' =

For DLSRs, prime and zoom 'macro' lenses are

Image plane, sensor plane, FOCUS plane

Flow Vis Page 7

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