Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service EPP-7457

Pesticide Applicator Certification Series

Toxicity of Pesticides

Brad Kard
Extension Pesticide Coordinator Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets
are also available on our website at:
Kevin Shelton http://osufacts.okstate.edu
Extension Coordinator
Dermal Exposure
Charles Luper
Extension Associate scalp, 3.7

Pesticides are designed to control pests. They all are forehead, 4.2
ear canal, 5.4
toxic to some level, otherwise they would not kill pests. They
can also be toxic to non-target organisms such as plants,
animals or humans. Exposure to a sufficient amount of almost
any pesticide can affect a person—either through illness, eye
exposure or skin sensitivity. abdomen, 2.1
forearm, 1.0
Since even fairly low risk pesticides can irritate the skin,
eyes, nose or mouth, it is essential to understand pesticide
toxicity in order to follow safe use practices and eliminate genital area, 11.8 palm, 1.3
exposure.

absorption rates
How Pesticides Enter the Body compared to
Before a pesticide can harm you, it must be taken into forearm which
the body. Pesticides can enter the body orally (through the is 1.0
mouth and digestive system), dermally (through the skin), or
by inhalation (through the nose and respiratory system). ball of foot, 1.6

Oral Exposure Figure 1. Comparative rates of dermal absorption for

Oral exposure may occur because of an accident, but different parts of the body.
is more likely to occur as the result of carelessness, such
as blowing out a plugged nozzle; smoking or eating without area is rapid enough to approximate the effect of injecting the
washing your hands after using a pesticide; or eating food that pesticide directly into the bloodstream.
has been recently sprayed with a pesticide. The seriousness Absorption continues to take place on the affected skin
of the exposure depends upon the oral toxicity of the material area as long as the pesticide is in contact with the skin. The
and the amount swallowed. seriousness of the exposure is increased if the contaminated
area is larger or if the material remains on the skin for a period
Dermal Exposure of time.
Dermal or skin exposure accounts for about 90% of all
pesticide exposure users receive from nonfumigant pesti- Inhalation Exposure
cides. It may occur any time a pesticide is mixed, applied, Inhalation exposure results from breathing in pesticide
or handled, and it is often undetected. Dry materials-dusts, vapors, dust, or spray particles. Like oral and dermal exposure,
wettable powders, and granules as well as liquid pesticides inhalation exposure is more serious with some pesticides than
can be absorbed through the skin. The seriousness of dermal with others, particularly fumigant pesticides.
exposure depends upon (1) the dermal toxicity of the pesticide, Inhalation exposure can occur from the applicator smok-
(2) rate of absorption through the skin, (3) the size of the skin ing, breathing smoke from burning containers, breathing fumes
area contaminated, (4) the length of time the material is in from pesticides while applying them without protective equip-
contact with the skin, and (5) the amount of pesticide on the ment, and inhaling fumes while mixing and pouring pesticides.
skin.
Rates of absorption through the skin are different for dif-
ferent parts of the body (Figure 1). Using absorption through Toxicity
the forearm (1.0) as the standard, absorption is more than 11 Toxicity refers to the ability of a poison to produce ad-
times faster in the lower groin area. Absorption in the genital verse effects. These adverse effects may range from slight

Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources • Oklahoma State University

symptoms such as headaches to severe symptoms like coma, or long-term exposure and happens over a longer period
convulsions, or death. Most toxic effects are reversible and (Table 1).
do not cause permanent damage if prompt medical treat-
ment is sought. However, some poisons cause irreversible Acute Toxicity
(permanent) damage. Poisons work by altering normal body The acute toxicity of a chemical refers to its ability to
functions, consequently toxicity can occur in as many ways do systemic damage as a result of a one-time exposure to
as there are body functions. relatively large amounts of chemical. A pesticide with a high
All new pesticides are tested to establish the type of acute toxicity may be deadly when a very small amount is
toxicity and dose necessary to produce a measurable toxic absorbed. The signal words on the label (Table 2) are based
reaction. In order to compare the results of toxicity tests done on the acute toxicity of the pesticide. Acute toxicity may be
in different laboratories, there are strict testing procedures. measured as acute oral (through the mouth), acute dermal
Toxicity testing is expensive, intensive, and involves many (through the skin), and acute inhalation (through the lungs).
phases. Humans, obviously, cannot be used as test animals,
so toxicity testing is done with animals. Since different species
of animals respond differently to chemicals, a new chemical is Acute Toxicity Measure
generally tested in mice, rats, rabbits, and dogs. The results of The commonly used term to describe acute toxicity is
toxicity tests in these animals are used to assess the toxicity LD50. LD means Lethal Dose (deadly amount) and the subscript
of new chemicals to humans. 50 means that the dose was acutely lethal for 50 percent of
Toxicity tests are based on two premises. The first premise the animals to whom the chemical was administered under
is that information about toxicity in animals can be used to controlled laboratory conditions. The test animals are given
predict toxicity in humans. Years of experience have shown specific amounts of the chemical in either one oral dose or
that toxicity data obtained from a single species may be inac- by a single injection, and are then observed for 14 days.
curate. The second premise is that by exposing animals to Since LD50 values are measured from zero up, the lower
large doses of a chemical for short periods of time, we can the LD50 the more acutely toxic the pesticide. Therefore, a
assess human toxicity due to exposure to small doses for pesticide with an oral LD50 of 500 would be much less toxic
long periods of time. than a pesticide with an LD50 of 5. LD50 values are expressed
Toxicity is usually divided into 2 types, acute or chronic, as milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg), which means milligrams of
based on the number of exposures to a poison and the time chemical per kilogram of body weight of the animal. Milligram
it takes for toxic symptoms to develop. Acute toxicity is due (mg) and kilogram (kg) are metric units of weight similar to
to short-term exposure and happens within a relatively short ounce and ton. Milligrams per kilogram is the same as parts
period of time, whereas chronic exposure is due to repeated per million. For example, if the oral LD50 of the insecticide
is 4, it would require a dose of 4 parts of the insecticide for
every million parts of body weight to be lethal to at least half
Table 1. Types of Toxicity of the test animals.
Number of Time to Develop To determine the ounces of actual pesticide that would
Type Exposures Symptoms be lethal to one of every two 187-pound men or other warm
blooded animals, multiply the factor .003 times the LD50
Acute usually 1 immediate (minutes to hours) value for the pesticide. For example, the oral LD50 value for
Chronic more than a few one week to years malathion is 1,200 mg/kg; thus, if a group of men each weigh-

Table 2. Acute Toxicity Measures and Warnings

Categories of Acute Toxicity
LD50 LD50 LC50
Categories Signal Word Oral Dermal Inhalation Probable Oral
Required on mg/kg mg/kg mg/l Lethal Dose For
the Label 150 lb person
I DANGER 0-50 0-200 0-0.05 A few drops to a
Highly Toxic POISON-skull teaspoonful
and crossbones
II WARNING 50+ 200+ to 0.05+ to Over one
Moderately to 500 2,000 0.5 teaspoonful to
Toxic one ounce
III CAUTION 500+ to 2,000- to 0.5 to 2.0 Over one
Slightly 5,000 5,000 ounce to one
Toxic pint or one
pound
IV CAUTION 5,000+ >5,000 …. Over one pint
Relatively to one pound
Non-Toxic

EPP-7457-2
ing 187 pounds ate 3.6 ounces (1,200 x 0.003) of technical when their mothers used it during their pregnancy. Measles
malathion per man, we might expect half of them to die. The virus infection during pregnancy also has teratogenic effects.
dermal LD50 value of malathion is approximately 4,000 mg/kg,
or 12 ounces, for a 187-pound man. Since toxicities depend Mutagenesis
on body weight, it would take only one-third of this amount to Mutagenesis is the production of changes in genetic
be lethal to a 60-pound child and about five times as much structure. A mutagen is a substance that causes a genetic
to kill a 900 pound animal. change. Many mutagenic substances are oncogenic meaning
For standards of comparison, the oral LD50 value of table they also produce tumors. Many oncogenic substances are
salt is 3,320 mg/kg, while for aspirin it is 1,200 mg/kg or 3.6 also mutagens.
ounces per 187-pound man, the equivalent of malathion.
LD50 values are generally expressed on the basis of active Reproductive toxicity
ingredient. If a commercial material is only 50 percent active Some chemicals have effects on the fertility or reproduc-
ingredient, it would take 2 parts of the material to make 1 part tive rates of animals.
of the active ingredient. In some cases, chemicals mixed with
the active ingredient for formulating a pesticide may cause Chronic Toxicity Testing
the toxicity to differ from that of the active ingredient alone. Chronic toxicity testing is both lengthy and expensive.
Acute inhalation toxicity is measured by LC50. LC means EPA and regulatory agencies in other countries require an
lethal concentration. Concentration is used instead of dose extensive battery of tests to identify and evaluate the chronic
because the amount of pesticide inhaled from the air is being effects of pesticides. These studies, which may last up to two
measured. LC50 values are measured in milligrams per liter. years, utilize several species of animals to evaluate toxicity
Liters are metric units of volume similar to a quart. The lower from multiple or continuous long-term exposure.
LC50 value, the more poisonous the pesticide.

Chronic Toxicity Label Identification of Acute and Chronic

Chronic Toxicity refers to harmful effects produced by
long-term, low-level exposure to chemicals. Less is known Toxicity
about the chronic toxicity of pesticides than is known about To alert pesticide users to the acute toxicity of a pesti-
their acute toxicity, not because it is of less importance, but cide, a signal word must appear on the label. Four different
because chronic toxicity is much more complex and subtle in categorie are used (Table 2). Signal words are used to tell the
how it presents itself. Increased emphasis is being given to user whether the chemical is highly toxic, moderately toxic,
the chronic toxicity of pesticides by the U.S. Environmental slightly toxic, or relatively non-toxic. If the pesticide meets all
Protection Agency (EPA). In the past, more emphasis was of Category IV toxicity levels, that pesticide is not required
placed on acute toxicity rather than chronic. While situations to have a signal word on the label. These label warnings are
resulting in acute exposure (a single large exposure) do occur, based for the most part on the chemical’s acute toxicity. For
they are nearly always the result of an accident or careless example, the acute oral and acute dermal toxicity of a pes-
handling. On the other hand, persons may be routinely ex- ticide may be in the slightly toxic category. But if the acute
posed to small amounts of pesticides while mixing, loading, inhalation toxicity is in the highly toxic category, the pesticide
and applying pesticides or by working in fields after pesticides label will have the signal words for a highly toxic pesticide.
have been applied. The degree of eye or skin irrigation caused by the pesticide
also influences the signal word.
There is no comparable set of signal words like those
Chronic Toxicity Measures used for acute toxicity to alert pesticide users to chronic toxicity
There is not a standard measure like the LD50 for chronic problems with pesticides. Instead a statement identifying the
toxicity. How chronic toxicity of chemicals is studied depends specific chronic toxicity problems will be used on the label.
upon the adverse effect being studied. The major chronic Such a statement might read “This product contains (name
adverse effects include: of chemical) which has been determined to cause tumors or
birth defects in laboratory animals.” Associated with chronic
Carcinogenesis (oncogenesis) toxicity warning statements will be label directions to wear
These terms mean the production of tumors. The terms certain kinds of protective clothing when handling or working
tumor, cancer, neoplasm are all used to mean an uncontrolled with the pesticide to minimize or eliminate exposure to the
progressive growth of cells. In medical terminology, a cancer pesticide.
is considered a malignant (potentially lethal) neoplasm. Car- It is important to read the label to look for signal words
cinogenic or oncogenic substances are substances that can identifying the product’s acute toxicity and for statements
cause the production of tumors. Examples are asbestos and identifying any chronic toxicity problem. A pesticide may be
cigarette smoke. low in acute toxicity (signal word caution), but it may have a
label statement identifying potential chronic toxicity.
Teratogenesis
Teratogenesis is the production of birth defects. A terato-
gen is anything that is capable of producing changes in the
Safety Factors
structure or function of the offspring when the embryo or fetus In feeding studies, the pesticide being investigated is
is exposed before birth. An example of a chemical teratogenis incorporated into the daily diet and fed to animals from a very
is the drug thalidomide that caused birth defects in children young to a very old age. These as well as the reproductive

EPP-7457-3
effects studies are designed to arrive at a No-Observable- dues over the official tolerance established by the EPA must
Effect-Level (NOEL); that is, a level in the total diet that causes be destroyed. The threat of crop destruction with resultant
no effect in treated animals when compared to untreated financial loss is a strong incentive for farmers to observe
animals maintained under identical conditions. This NOEL is use instructions on pesticide labels and thus ensures that
expressed on a mg/kg of body weight/day basis. An Accept- residues will be below established tolerances. Crops grown
able Daily Intake (ADI) is usually established at 1/100 of the for export are often checked for residues by foreign residue
NOEL, in order to add an additional margin of safety. The ADL laboratories to assure that the local tolerance limits are not
is the amount of chemical that can be consumed daily for a exceeded. Lastly, market basket surveys (analyses of food
lifetime without ill effects. items from grocery stores) have confirmed the low exposure
Extensive residue trials are conducted to determine levels of the general public to pesticides in foods.
of the pesticide that will remain in or on growing crops after
treatment with the pesticide. These trials lead to the estab-
Hazard
lishment of a tolerance for residues of the chemical on food
commodities. A tolerance is the maximum allowable amount Hazard is a function of the toxicity of a pesticide and the
of the pesticide permitted in or on a specific food commodity potential for exposure to it. We do not have control of the
at harvest. Use directions for a pesticide are written to assure toxicity of a pesticide since toxicity is a given characteristic
that residues in food commodities are below the tolerance. of a particular pesticide; however, we can have control over
The tolerance is set low enough to ensure that even if some- our exposure to pesticides. This is done by following several
one ate only food items with residues of a given pesticide at safety practices including the use of protective clothing and
the tolerance limit, there would still be a safety factor of at equipment.
least 100 when compared to a level causing no observable All pesticides are hazardous if misused, no matter what
effects in laboratory animals. This is, of course, a worst-case their toxicity. All pesticides can be handled safely by using
situation since all crops on which the pesticide is registered safety practices that minimize or eliminate your exposure to
for use would not be treated with the chemical, and in most them.
cases residue levels would be well below the tolerance due Federal laws regulating pesticides have placed the bur-
to preharvest intervals being longer than the minimum period den of proving safety of pesticide usage on the manufacturer.
stated on the label. Further reduction of residues may occur Hazard evaluation studies are generally done by scientific
in storage, or due to washing, trimming, and processing. laboratories maintained by the manufacturer or through out-
side contract laboratories. Few products are subjected to
such extensive and vigorous testing as pesticides, prior to
Dose Response being marketed. Many promising pesticide products are not
Ironically, the extensive amount of data developed about marketed because they to not pass the extensive toxicology
a pesticide is often used against it by conveniently ignoring testing. Older pesticide products that were registered before
the dose response. For example, some acute studies, which the current toxicology testing standards were established
are designed to include dosage levels high enough to produce are being reevaluated under current standards. Precautions
deaths, are cited as proof of the chemical’s dangers. Chronic and other safety information found on the product’s label
effects seen at very high doses in lifetime feeding studies are based on information from these tests. By reading and
are misinterpreted and considered as proof that no exposure following the directions on the label, the user can minimize
to the chemical should be allowed. Major improvements in or eliminate hazards due to use of the pesticide to him or
analytical chemistry permit detection of chemicals at levels of herself and others.
parts per billion (ppb) or even parts per trillion (ppt). People
are constantly hearing that they are being exposed to toxic
Toxicity Tables
chemicals in their foods and beverages and that exposure
levels are so many parts per billion or parts per trillion, with Complete information is not available on the toxicity of
no comprehension of the real meaning of these numbers. all pesticides. The following tables give the acute oral and,
Most stories on pesticides reported by the media completely when available, the acute dermal toxicity for some common
neglect the issue of dose-response, the key principle of toxi- insecticides, fungicides and nematicides, and herbicides.
cology. The concentration of a chemical in any substance is These tables do not identify any chronic toxicity effects.
meaningless unless it is related to the toxicity of the chemical Pesticide chemicals with identified chronic toxicities will have
and the potential for exposure and absorption. Chemicals of label statements identifying the specific chronic effect and
low toxicity such as table salt or ethyl alcohol can be fatal if practices to use when using the pesticide.
consumed in large amounts. Conversely a highly toxic mate- Some of the preceeding material was adapted from
rial may pose no hazard when exposure is minimal. Pesticide Toxicities, Leaflet 21062, Division of Agricultural
Sciences, University of California; The Dose Makes the Poi-
son by Alice Ottoboni, PhD, Vincente Books; and the Farm
Monitoring for Residues Chemical Handbook, Meister Publishing Company.
Monitoring foods for pesticide residues is carried out by
the Food and Drug Administration. Crops containing resi-

EPP-7457-4
Insecticides
Common Name Trade Name Acute Oral Acute Dermal
LD50 LD50
abamectin Avid, Ascend, Zephyr 650 >2,000
acephate Orthene, Payload 980 >10,250
acetamiprid Intruder 866 >2,000
aldicarb Temik 1 20
allethrin (many) 480 11,200
amtraz Mitac, others 800 >200
azadirachtin Aza-Direct, Ecozin, others >5,000 >2,000
Bacillus thuringiensis Deliver, Dipel, Javelin, others >5,000 >2,000
beta-cyfluthrin Cylence Ultr 960 >2,000
bifenazate Acramite >5,000 >2,000
bifenthrin Capture, Talstar, Onyx 375 >2,000
boric acid Roach Prufe 3,5000 >10,000
uprofezin Applaud, Courier, Talas >5,000 >2,000
Carbaryl Sevin 246-283 4,000
chlorfenapyr Phantom, Pylon 560 >2,000
chlorpyrifos Lorsban, Dursban, Durap 96-270 2,000
chlorpyrifos-methyl Reldan 1,000-3,70 >3,700
clofentezine Apollo, Ovation >5,000 >2,400
clothianidin Arena, Celero, Poncho 4,000 5,000
coumaphos Co-Ral 140 860
cyfluthrin Baythroid, Tempo, others 826 .>2,000
cypermethrin Ammo, others 250 >2,000
cyprodinil Vanguard >2,000 >2,000
cyromazzine Citation, Larvadex, Triga Syngenta 3,387 3,100
DDT – 113 2,510
deltamethrin Decis, DeltaGard, Susper 129 2,000
diazinon Diazinon, Spectracide 300-400 3,600
dichlorvos DDVP, Vapona 80 105-107
dictotophos Bidrin 17-22 224
dienochlor Pentac 3,160 >3,160
diflubenzuron Dimilin, Adept >4,640 >10,000
dimethoate Dimethoate, Cygon 235 400
dinotefuran Safari 2,804 >2,000
disulfoton Di-Syston 4 10
d-Phenothrin Summithrin >10,000 >10,000
emamectin benzoate Denim, Proclaim 2,950 >2,000
endosulfan Thiodan, Phaser 160 359
esfenvalerate Asana 458 >2,000
famphur Warbex, Famophos 40 1,460
fenbutatin-oxide Vendix 2,631 >2,000
fenoxycarb Logic, reclude 16,800 >2,000
fenpropathrin Tame, Danitol 71-164 >2,000
fenoyroximate Akari, Fujimite 7,193 >4,000
fenthion Spont-On, Tiguvon 250 1,000
fenvalerate Belmark, Tribute 451 >5,000
fiponil Termifor >5,000 >2,000
flumetsulam Python Magnum >5,000 2,000
fluvalinate Mavrik, Yardex 261-282 20,000
gamma-Cyhalothrin Proaxis 79 632
halofenozide Mach 2 >5,000 >2,000
hydromethylnon Combat,Amdro 1,131 >2,000
hydroprene Gen Trol >34,000 5,100
imidacloprid Admire, Marahion, Premise 450 >5,000
indoxacarb Avaunt Steward 1,867 >5,000
isazofos Triumph 40-60 >3,100
isofenphos Amaze 20 162
kinoprene Enstar 4,950 9,000
lambda-cyhalothrin Demand 79 632
lindane Lindane, others 200 2,000
malathion Cythion, Malathion 2,800 4,100
metaldehyde Deadline 283 >5,000
methidathion Supracide 25-44 1,546
methomyl Lannate 17 5,000
methoprene Altosid, Precor, others >34,000 >3,000
methoxfendozide Intrepid >5,000 >2,000
methyl bromide (many) 214 –
naled Dibrom, Trumpet 376 1,100
neem oil Triact 4,200 2,000
nicotine (many 55 –
oxamyl Vydate 37 2,960
oxydemeton-methyl Meta-Systox-R 48-61 112-162
parathion-methyl Methyl Parathion 25 25
permethrin Ambush, Astro, others 2,215` >2,000
phorate Thimet, GX-118 4 6
phosmet Imidan, Prolate 147-316 >4,640
phosphoric acid Foray 1,530 2,740
piperonyl butoxide (many) >7,500 –
pirimiphos methyl Actellic, Dominator, others >2,000 >4,592
potassium salts M-Pede >5,000 >2,000
profenofos Cura Cron 358 277
propargite Omite, Comite 4,029 2,940

EPP-7457-5
Insecticides (continued)
Common Name Trade Name Acute Oral Acute Dermal
LD50 LD50
propetamphos Catalyst 119 2,825
propoxur Baygon, others >500 >5,000
pymetrozine Fulfill >5,000 >2,000
pyrethrin (many) 1,500 >1,800
pyridaben Nexter, Sanmite 820-1,350 >2,000
pyriproxyfen Distance >5,000 >2,000
rotenone (many) 350 940
ryania speciosa plant extract Ryania 1,200 –
spinosad Spin Tor 5,000 5,000
spiromesifen Oberon >2,000 >2,000
sulfur Microthiol, Thiodex >2,000 2,000
sulfotepp Bladafum 10 65
tebufenozide Confirm >5,000 >5,000
tebupirimphos Aztec 132 >2,000
teneogis /tempo 7,102 >2,000
terbufos Counter 29-34 900-1,425
tetrachlorvinphos Rabon, Gardona 4,000-5,000 >2,500
tetramethrin Duracid >5,000 –
thiamethoxam actara, Cruiser, others >5,000 >2,000
thiodicarb Larvin 166 >2,000
tralomethrin (many) 1,250 >2,000
triclorfon Dylox, Neguvon 250 >2,100
zeta-cypermethrin Fury, Mustang >2,000 >4,000

Rodenticides
Common Name Trade Name Major Acute Oral
Producer LD50
alpha-chlorohydrin Epibloc Gametrics 159
brodifacoum Talon, Havoc Syngenta 50
bromadiolone Maki, Contrac Bell Labs, Lipha Tech 1
chlorophacinone Rozol Lipha Tech 21
cholecalciferol Quintox Bell Labs 42.5
diphacinone Ramik Hacco 2
warfarin Warfarin many 3

Herbicides
Common Name Trade Name Acute Oral Acute Dermal
LD50 LD50
acetochlor Harness Plus 2,953 3,667
acifluorfen Blaer 1,540 >3,680
alachlor Lasso 930-1,,350 –
aminopyralid Milestone >5,000 >5,000
asulam Asulox >5,000 >2,000
atrazine AAtrex, others 1,780 –
benefin Balan >10,000 –
bensulide Betasan, Prefar, Bensumec 271-1,1470 –
bentazon Basagran 2,063
bromocil Hyvar-X, Urox 5,200 –
bromoxynil Buctril, Bronate 260 >2,000
butylate Sutan 3,500-5,431 >4,640
chlorimuron Classic >4,000 >2,000
chloroxuron Tenoran 3,700 >10,000
chlorsulfuron Glean 3,053 >2,000
cinmethylin Argold, Cinch 3,610 >2,921
clethodim Select 3,610 >2,921
clopyralid Reclaim, Transline >5,000 >2,000
cloransulam-methyl First Rate 2,000 –
coper sulfate Basicop 472 –
cyanazine Bladex 288 >2,000
cycloate Ro-Neet 2,000-4,100 –
DCPA Dacthal >5,000 >2,000
dicamba Banvel 1,707 >2,000
2,4-D (many) 699 –
2,4-DB Butoxone, Butyrac 700 –
dichlobenil Casoron >3,160 1,350
diclofop-methyl Hoelon 512 >5,000
diethatyl ethyl Antor 2,300 –
dimethenamid Frontier 2,400 >2,00
dimethipin Harvade 1,180 8,000
dinitramine Cobex 3,00 6,800
diquat Diquat, Reglone 215-235 >400

EPP-7457-6
Herbicides (continued)
disodium methanearsonate DSMA, Ansar, Dconate 1,585-2,267 3,150-4,204
dithiopyr Dimension >5,000 >5,000
diuron Karmex 3,40 2,000
endothall Aquthol, Endothal, Hydrothol 51 –
EPTC Eptam, Eradicane 1,630 –
ethalfluralin Sonalan >10,000 –
ethephon Prep, Super Boll 4,229 –
ethofumesate Prograss 6,400 >1,400
etofenprox Primo >42,880 >2,140
fenac Fenatrol 1,780 >3,160
fenoxaprop-ethyl Acclaim, Bugle, Excel 2,565 >2,000
fenoxarop-p-ethyl Silverado 3,040 >2,000
fluazifop-butyl Fusilade 2,712 >2,420
fluazifop+fenoxaprop Fusion 2,000 2,000
flumetsulam Broadstrike, Python >5,00 >2,000
fluometuron Cotoran 8,900 >10,000
fluridone Sonar >10,000 –
fosamine ammonium Kernite >5,000 –
fomesafen Reflex 1,858 –
fumiclorac-penyl ester Rsource >2,500 >5,620
glufosinate Finally, Ignite 2,000 1,620
glyphosate Rodeo, Roundup 5,000 >5,000
glyphosate trimesium Touchdown 750 >2,000
halosulfuron Manage, Permit 1,287 >5,000
haloxyfop-methyl Verdict 2,179 3,536
hexazinone Velpar 1,690 5,278
imazameth Cadre >5,000 >5,000
imazamethabenz Assert >5,000 >2,000
imazapyr Arsenal >5,000 >2,148
imazaquin Scepter 5,000 2,000
imazethapyr Pursuit >5,000 >2,000
imazethapyr +dicamba Resolve >5,000 >2,000
isoxaben Gallery >10,000 –
isoxaflutole Balance >5,000 >2,000
lactofen Cobra 59,600 2,000
linuron Lorox 4,000 –
MCPA (many) 1,160 >4,000
mecoprop MCPP 1,166 >4,000
mefluidide Embark >4,000 >4,000
mepiquat chloride Pix 464 –
methazole Probe 2,501 >12,500
metolachlor Dual 2,780 >10,000
metribuzin Contrast, Lexone, Sencor 1,100-2,300 >20,000
monosodium methanearsonate MSMA 700 –
napropamide Devinol >500 –
naptalam Alanap 8,200 –
nicosulfuron Accent >5,000 >2,000
norflurazon Solicam, Zorial >8,000 >20,000
oryzalin Surflan >10,000 –
oxadiazon Ronstar >5,000 >2,000
oxyfluorfen Goal >5,000 >10,000
paraquat Grmoxone, Cyclone 150 –
pendimethalin Prowl 3,956 2,200
phenmediphanm Spin-Aid >8,000 >4,000
picloram Tordon, Grazon 8,200 4,000
primisulfuron Beacon >5,050 >2,010
prodiamine Barricade >5,000 >2,000
profluralin Tolban 1,808 >10,000
prometon Pramitol 2,980 >2,000
prometryn Caprol 5,235 >3,100
pronamide Kerb 8,350 3,160
propachlor Ramrod 500-1,700 –
prosulfuron Peak 4,360 >2,020
pyrazon Pyramin 3,030 2,500
pyridate Tough, Lentagran 2,000 3,400
pyrithiobac-sodium Staple 4,000 >2,000
quinclorac Paramount 4,120 >2,000
quizalofop Assure 1,210 –
saflufenacil Integrity, Optill, Sharpen >5,000 >5,000
sethoxydim Poast 2,676-3,125 –
siduron Tupersan >7,500 –
simazine Princep >5,000 >3,100
sodium chlorate Defol 4,950 500
sulfosate Touchdown 750 >200
sulfosulfuron Maverick >5,000 >5,000
tebuthiuron Graslan, Spike 644 –
terbacil Sinbar 5,000-7,500 –
thifensulfuron-methyl Pinnacle >5,000 –
tralkoxydim Achieve 934-1,324 –
triallate Far-go, Avadex 395 >2,000
triasulfuron Amber >5,000 >2,000
tribenuron methyl Express >5,000 >2,000
triclopyr Remedy, Turflon, others 2,140 –
tridiphane Tandem 1,743 3,536
triflurlin Treflan >10,000 –
vernolate Vernam 1,800-1,900 10,000

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Fungicides and Nematicides
Common Name Trade Name Acute Acute
Oral Dermal
LD50 LD50
aldicarb Tmik 1 20
anilazine Dyrene >5,000 >5,000
azoxystrobin Abound, Heritage, uadris >500 >4,000
Bacillus subilis Kodiak – –
bordeaux mixture Bordelesa 100 1,000
captan Captan, Orthocide 9,000 –
carboxin Vitavax 3,820 >8,000
chloroneb Trraneb, Nu-Flow D >5,000 >5,000
chorothilonil Daconil, Bravo, Thalonil >10,000 >10,000
copper comple Phyton 27 4,500 –
copper hydroxie Kocide 1,000 –
copper salts of fatty & rosin acids TENNCOP 10,000 –
copper sulfate TOP CCOP, others 472 –
cymoxanil Curzate 1,100 >3,000
dicloran, DCNA Botran >5,000 –
difenoconazole Dividend 1,453 2,010
dimethomorph Acrobat 3,900 >2,000
dinocap Karathane 980 9,400
dodemorph Milban 4,180 >4,000
dodine Cyprex 1,000 >1,500
duosan Duosan 10,200 8,000
1,3-dichlorpropene DD,Telone 224 333
ethoprop Mocap 62 2
etradiazol, ETMT Terrazole, Koban, Truban 1,077 1,366
fenamiphos Nemacur 3 200
fenarimol Rubigan 2,500 4,500
fenbuconazole Indar >2,000 >5,000
ferbam Ferbam, Carbamate >17,000 –
fludioxonil Maxim, Medallion >5,000 >2,000
flutolanil Moncut, Prostar 10,000 >5,000
fosetyl-AL Aliette 5,800 >2,000
gliocladium virens Soil Gard – –
imazalil Fecundal, Flo-Pro, Nu-Zone 227-343 4,200-4,880
iprodione Chipco 26019, Rovral >4,400 >2,000
mancozeb Manzate 200, Fore, Penncozeb 11,200 >15,000
maneb Maneb 80, Manex 7,990 >5,000
maneb+lindane DB-Green – –
mefenoxam Subdue Maxx 2,084 >2,020
metalaxyl Ridomil, Subdue 669 >3,100
metam-sodium Vapam 1,891 >3,074
myclobutanil Eagle, Nova 1,600 >5,000
oxamyl Vydate, Oxamyl 5 2,960
oxycarboxin Plantvax 2,000 >16,000
paclobutraol Protect 5,346 >1,000
piperalin Pipron 2,500 –
propamocarb Banol, Previcur-N 2,000-8,5000 >3,000
propiconazole Tilt, Alamo, others 1,517 >4,000
quintazene, PCNB Terraclor, Defend 1,700-5,000 2,000-4,000
sovran Cygnus >5,000 >2,000
streptomycin sulfate Agri-strep 9,000 –
sulfur That F, Kocide F, Kumulus 17,000 –
TCMTB Busan 1,590 –
tebuconazole Elite, Folicur 3,766-3,710 >2,011
terbufos Counter 29-34 900-1,425
thiophanate-methyl Fungo, Topsin M, Domain 7,500 –
thiabendazole Mertect 340-F 3,100 –
thiram Thiram 1,000 >5,000
triadimenol Baytan 30 700 >5,000
trifloxystrobin Flint >4,000 >2,000
triflumizole Terraguard 1,057 >5,000
triforine Funginex >16,000 >10,000
triphenyltin hydroxide DuTer, Super Tin 156 1,600
ziram Ziram 1,400 >6,000

“The pesticide information presented in this publication was current with federal and state regulations at the time of printing. The user is respon-
sible for determining that the intended use is consistent with the label of the product being used. Use pesticides safely. Read and follow label
directions. The information given herein is for educational purposes only. Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with the
understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Cooperative Extension Service is implied.”

Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans
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Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Director of Cooperative Extension Service,
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President, Dean, and Director of the Division
of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and has been prepared and distributed at a cost of 42 cents per copy. 0313 GH Revised.

EPP-7457-8