Some basic concepts of chemistry

Basic Relation
teams
of mole
•
Atomic man ◦ Number
•
Guam atomic mass .
•
Mars
•
Molecular mass •
Volume .

•
Guam molecular mes.si

•
Formula mass .

Atomic Mass %
1. Mass
of tatom
g
or amu

let =

1-67×10-27129
In =

fath
men
of C- 12 atom .

/
In = 1- Aragon]
NA

2- Guam atomic mass

Mass
of Inuk / NA atoms / 6.022×1023 atoms .

in
grams
.
 Eg Carbon (b)

↓ Atomic mass
↓
Gram Atomic
• 12 aww
mess

• 12×1.67×10
-24g 12g
( for / mole)

(27)
Aluminium
↓ ↓
Atomic atomic
mass
guammass
•
27 aww

27g
.

27×1.67×10-24
.

g.

Copper (a) -
63.5

I 1
Atomic mass .
Guam atomic
mess
•
63-5 a

1-67×10-24 63
-5g
•
•

63.5 ✗
g. amulet
3 .

Molecular mass .

Mass lmobade in
of
-
amu
org
.

4. Guam molecular mass

molecules in
Mass
of NA
Or
guans
.

G- 022 ✗ 2023
08

1 mole .

for CO2 CUU )

eg
I 1
Molecular men Gram molecular
mass
• 44 aww

44×1.67×10-2 "g 44g

•

•
.

( lmolraf
molecules)
formula Formula unit
man .
Man
of 1 .

↓
bum
af atomic man
of
Pons present
in 1
unit
formula of ionic
compound .

Eg .
Naa .

Magda
NaCl (58-5)
I
1 I
58-5 aww
58
-5g
•

58-5×1.67×10
-24g )
( Inuk
formula
unit '
 Atomic mens -
Man
of tatom
↓

-1
mp mn + me

me =

,gtyoMP¢mn _

Man C- 12 atom
Atomic mess a

Yam
Mars
of 0 atom = 16
1,12m Mars c-
Katong
Na =

231,12m Mars C- 12dam

]
5 2
32
1,12m Man d- 12 atom
]
-
tamu
Man C- 12
12th
atom
/ aww z

Spectrophotometer
Man of C- 12 =
1.99 ✗
1523g
 19mn 10-23
1-2×1^99
✗
=

"g
"

tame 1^67×10

Relative Atomic man

R.AM z Atomic mob

¥1m
Anais
of c- 12 atom

R.AM ( o) =

p6amu_ = 16

law

R.AM will be unit less .

g
16 16am u

Molar man
of 0 =
men
of 10 atom ✗ NA
"
=
16 ✗ 1.67×10-2 ✗ 6.022×18
'

#
=
16g
 Molar Mars
of Na = 23 ✗ 1.67×15%6.022×18
2
23g
Molar men
of S a 32×1^67×15<4×6.022×18
=
32g
-

-24 "
✗ 6.022×10
lg
1. 67×10 -

↓
↓

1am NA

law =

* a

Mole
Concept
/ mod = 6.022×1023 atoms)

particles )
molecules /
Pons
Mole
'
↓ ↓ ↓
Number Mars YOU me .

↓ ↓ ↓
 6.022×1023 guam atomic 9ham
mess
molar
or
molecular volume
gram
.

mas

I. Number

/ mole =
G. 022 ✗ 1023

/ mod molecules =
6.022×10 molecules .

lmol Pom =
6.022×1023 Pons

Imol CO2 =
NA CO2

/ dozen 2
12

48 Y
eggs 4,82
= -

l mole a
6.022×1023
nations =
A-
G' 022×1023

No af moles a Given particles

NA
II Mass
Molar
/ Mole = HI .ly
Mars

Eg lhwlcoz =

44g
lnwl Fe
56g
=

1m01 Hao =

18g
lmol Nz 28g
2

C. COD lmol
44g
✗22 0-5 mots
§
-

22g ( CO2]
,

moles Given
No
af Mars
=

Motorman

NAMolarmes÷
af
No moles = Given particles = Given mes
 ÷NA

NT of moles
No
af particles
^

✗ NA

÷ HIM

>
Mars Molls
r

✗M
'M

dues . Convent random no into moles .

a) 49g of Hasty .

b) I
-7g of NHS .

c) 53g of Narcos

"

d) 1.505×10 atoms .

e) 30^115×10%0 ms
of the
 B) No
af atoms

a) biscuit -497g)
400g of gold
b) 120g of H2O CID

c) 16g af He

d) 16 amvcf He .

dues .6✗iFg
' '
. Mars
efamlatom of an element ✗ isl .

Calculate it
me
of moles in
19.2kg of .

☒◦ anoles
-_i?¥%→☒a
=
1993 moles

dues electrons will

af
How moles
many
.

weigh lbfr .

Moles 9.1×10-3 'kg

G.MM.ly me
z -_
 Moles .
-10001
9. 1×10-28 ✗ NA

dues . find .

9) no of 0 atoms in 126 aww

of HNO} .

%) No
of moles
of 0 -
atom in 126am
of
HMOs

63 annu → IHNU} molecule

126 aww
→
211m03 molecule
/ Matron
/
/ Hug IN atom

30 atom

211140 }
= 60 atoms

it ) No
of moles
af 0 =
6-
NA
dues ¢611120B -180g
.
In
Calculate
36GW
.
of glucose .

F) No
of molecules
%) No total atoms
of .

)
Iii
of type
of
No atoms each .

9) No
of
13%
molecules ✗ Na
=

= 0.2N a

%) 1 molecule → 24 atoms

of Comito

0 -214A molecules ✗ 24
-
0^2 Not

=
4-8 NA

6C

≤
Tie 16111206 12ft
6 0
 6×0^2 Na

0 -2mA
12×0 -214A

6×0 2ND-

dues Calculate of
men
onygmih 16g of
.

503
Hoof mobs %
_

=
= 0-2
sons

lmolsoz = 3m01 02 .

0-2 molso] =
3×0-2 -
O -
Gmoles .

0.6%1×1.111
9. Gg ← 0-6×16 ←

dues .

Calculate hoof 0 atoms in

312g of
Abdou}
[ MM
-342g )
-

atomic
]
e- : • Guam
Mars Molar
Mars
molecular
gram 1. LXNA
mob
Moles 312
mob Al2§0y)g
a

↑
= ° - l
342
12m01
1 Mob
of Alzcsoy}
→

0-1 n ' ' ' → 1.2 mod 0 .

 ]
No
af g
atom
No
elf
.

or
moles
molecules
No
of g

Eg
molecule
.

5g of H2O → 5m06s
of
H2O

dues
.
What mess
of 502 will contain 1- LMAO
atoms
?

KINn-0atoms- = I -2 moles
of 0
NA

I mol 502 = 2mn10

0
06 mid Soa
I -2 mil
of
↓
0.6×64
38
4g
' .
dues what
of Hasoy will contain
80g
.
man

af onygm ?
Mohr 80 = > mob
%
afo

lmoltbsoy →
Ymolafo
→ 5m01 of 0
{ mwltksoy
↓
✗ 98
{
122
-5g
.

Particle
factor
1 CO2 - C atoms
-

article

? 0 atoms 2 factor.

7. total atom 3

? protons ②
 Moles 2 mob
#
88g of CO2 %
=
a

1 mod CO2 = 1m01 C = 2mn10

/

a) Moe of CO2 2 mobs

b) Mol
of
C 2×10

c) Mol of 0
2×20

d) Mol of total atoms 2×30

e) Number
of molecules 2 NA

f) No
of atoms of C 2N a ✗ 1

g) No
of atoms
of 0 2mn - ✗ 2
hl No af total atoms 2nA ✗ 3

E) No
of protons .

214A ✗ 22

B) No
of electrons .
2nA ✗ 22

b) No
af neutrons 2mn -
✗ 22

e) No of
←
bonds 2NAX2

) No
of
m
IT bonds
2ND
-
✗ 2

) No total bonds
of
n
2nA ✗4
.
 1102 → 25
= C = 0
→ 21T
→
4 total

I
=
¥ = ¥

-0.1
Moles
4¥
-

#
=

46g of Noa
mob
-

1 . No of N°2 0.1 mod

Mol N 0^1×1
2 .

of
Mol 0
3
of 0.1×2
.

Mol
4
of total atoms 01×3
.

5. Number
of Nojihns 0-1 ✗ NA

Number
6. of N atoms .
0.1 ✗ MAX d

7- Number
of 0 atoms .
0.1 ✗ MAXI
 total
8. Number
of atoms 0-1 Nn- ✗ 3

9. Number
of protons 0.1 NAX 21

Number
10
of neutrons
.

0 .

IMAX 23

electrons
II. Number
of . 01 NA ✗
24

"
Total
_

12 0.1 Max 1^6×10 C

change
.

-
we

§ -
◦
⊖

13 .

No
off bonds 0.1 Na ✗ 2

O' INA I
af
✗
14 . No IT bonds .
 01 NA ✗3
total bonds
15 No
of
.
.

Shortcut → Ni of moles = Moles ✗ FF

of particular
entity
Number
of particular Molest FFXNA
=

entity
III Volume .

Ideal Gas Pressure

Equation S -
I unit Pascal
PV 2 n RT
latm =
1.013bar

P -
Pressure 1bar =
0.987ohm

V =
volume .

latmz 760
mmofng
no no
cfmobs latin = 76
cmafng
T =
Temp latin 7601Eur
R Gas constant 1bar = 105 Pa

latin = 1^013 ✗ 105Pa

Volume ( 1m? 10002 =
1000dm )
( IL =
1dm
}
E- 1000mL = 1000cm
}

= 1000 ]
.cc

Temperature →
Tµ,
=
Tc -1273

" "
Values 8-314 JK mob G. I unit
of R

-1
0.0821 Latin timid

0.083 L bark
-1
molt

lmolof =
22.4L

gas at STP

Standard
Temperature Pressure

Old Convention New

Convention .

p= latin
P = 1bar

Ta 273K 1- = 273K
PV a NRT Pvz NRT

✓ NRI
hRp-T
V
=
-

=
I ✗ 00821 ✗ 273
=
1×0.083×273
'
I
✓ = 22.4L V= 22.7L

He have to use

this .

22.4L > lmol .

1L
£2.4
VL I
22-4

No
af moles =
given volume

22.4L ( at STP)
 I
Noafmobs ;;÷ =Nʳfˢ
=

-_

22.4

✗ 224L

'
Moles Volume
in

÷
22.4L .

dues . Calculate no
af atoms in 908L

SO> at STP
G)
.

molecules 2
90.8 ✗ NA

-22.4
2
4- 05mA

I molecules -

g. 05mA =
162 NA
dues calculate volume of CO2 gas
at STP
,

which contains IONA 0 - atoms ?

-

g-
l0NA_ =
10 Moles

Na of / 07
Imolcoz → 2 moles 107
→
10m01 107
5
molcoz
↓
5 ✗ 22-4

112 L

dues .
Calculate the no
af atoms in 1- 8L
H20
at STP .

1. 8L → 1800mL →
1800g

1,8%-2 molls
100
No
afmobsz
G¥?m
≥

10 ✗ NA
 (molecules)
-

I > 3

10014A 30014A

dues which
afH
the
following contains
largest
mass
of ?
Moles Mars .

a) 5 mob
of 611204 5×2210

b) 1*1 not CzHg03 1.1×8*8-8

c) 1-5 mat
af CGHG 06 .
1-5×8<12

d) Umol of C2Hµµ 02 4×4=16 ✓

dues 33.011×1022 element

atoms an
weighs
of
element
Calculate
115g .
atomic mass

.
dues Which
following
of molecules
the have
greater
.

no
of ?

a) 100g b) 100g of Nz
of CO2

e) 100g of H2soy d)
100g of Py .

b)
a) ✗ Na ¥g ✗ Mm

c) d) '
÷ Na
✗
1%
✗
Mn
,

dues of
-12
No
cfei present in
48g Mg
dues Calculate Pons
of and number
of
.

no

of following
atoms in each ceres
.

3in
→
• atom
IsLion
a) 5-
35g NaCl c) 11.1g of Gaj3ohm
b) Pom d)
34.2g AlzCS0y)s
>
Caco
100g of }
/ \
Hanns
Lions Stoy
clues has
. Which
of the
following
molecules
greater
no
-12
.

Ca
a) 100L
Nz at STP '
"

a- a
b) 100L 02 at STP

c) 100L
11201g) at 100°C & latin

d) 50L Haole) at 298K or 25°C 21am

Molto 2 Man %
fora mihtuue

Mixture

B
A

Mars WA WB

moles NB
na

mass % wA_ 1-100 man % WI ✗ 100

A B
WATWB WATWB

mole % ✗ 100 mol% nB_

1A ✗ 100
A B
nrttnb nrttnb
Average Atomic Mais

"
C' 32 c
↓ ↓ ↓
% abundance
or
qq.io/o 0.05% 085%
mol%

35 37
q

% abundance
Or
>→% 25%
mol%
"
×

"
" ""

;¥÷Q
✗ a
✗

mouse
% abundance
or a b
mol%
Mass Mia Mab
Mia+M2b_
Marg

,gygm)
=

atb

Single Element

Molar mass = Mad

Moles

Mixture
µ, , , man ,

dues .
Boron exist in nature in form of B
"

2131° .

If atomic
B
mess
" af Bts 10.8 .

then af in mixture
"
mole 010 213 the
will be .

/ \
°
"
B' B

mol % a. % 100 -

n%

Maya
MiaayM2b-
 10-8
1OXn,l✗☒°→-
-

a- 20% too -
n - 80%
◦
B'
"
B

dues mixture
. Calculate
Marg of
in ratio
containing .

502802 2:L mod .

/ \
02
502
2 : I

Mang
Mi9a,MI
a

64×2-1,32×1
163-0 53.3
e a
dues Calculate
.

Haug of mixture
ratio
containing .
032
202 in 2*1 mass .

0s 02
mess
2
:
: y
nahh

mel
% 1-
:

ratio 32

4 :
3
moderation

Mia Mab
Mary •
+

at

41.14
-48×4,1-32×31
a =

dues .
Calculate the molar composition of agaseeo
-
us mixture
containing NO & Nosiuihose
Motor is 38
average mass
-
 %)
NO + ☒ ⑦
/ -
=
30-2461 NO N°2

7¥
=
no 100 -
no

= 38

30xn.to?6xCl00-oDn--
38 =
-

50%
Note -
:
If Minix =

Average of Motala masses

of
then both the will be
gases in -50%
gases
present
50 or ! :| mule Mateo .

Vapour Density
Density of substance relative to
density of
H2 at same
temperature -2 pressure .

v. D=
Density of gas
Density of Ha
 Pva n RT

yRT
PV a

PM
f-
= RT

PM a DRT

d-
P¥¥
V. D =

densityofgas
density of Ha

*¥q;- = Mcs
MHz
¥¥-
V. D=
Mgc
2
 Molecular =
V. DX 2

man

dues .
Calculate the molar
composition afa mixture

Bf its is 36
of
V 'D
5022 503 .

V -

D - 36

Minix =
72
-
soon -50%
Motor composition .

> so
,
→ 50%

69-280-1
72
_
=
☆

dues Calculate the v. ☐

of a mixture
gaseous
.

in
containing 0220s 4:32 mass ratio

0 0
2 3

: 3
man 4
ratio

Mol 4-
Ig
:

ratio 32
 1
2 :

Marge
Maa-,→M2

32✗2-h& 1¥
a
=

V. D
11,1×2 ¥
=
z =
18.6

dues the
.

density of
Is
a

gaseous t
mixture
containing
2-463 atm &
2g at
-

3-
H2 2 803 L

300K .
Calculate Pb molar composition .

PM 2 DRT

zd¥
M

=
3.2×0-0821 ✗ 300K
2-463
M=
32g
 M -32-

a
N2 503
N 100 -
w

Marga 28a+l0&a
a =
92.3% 100 -
a -7
-

-7%
Na 503

Percentage composition
0/0 man a mess
of element in compound ✗ 100

Total man
of compound

Eg soy 21120
Fe -

% H2O =
2-181 ✗ 100

1888
 Eg % composition in
of elements CHZCOOH
/ MM 260]
% c. =
2×1 ✗ Loo
=
40%
60

% h 6.66%
4¥
=
✗ 100 -

% -3%
2%6-+100
0 = =
53

dues .
% composition of 112N in Nhs ?

MHz M M
-17g
- -

%n= 17.65%
3,¥_ ✗ 100 =

%N 2.35%
-14¥ # oo = •
dues % compound cacoj-3.az/P0y)2
Onygen in
.

dues .

Caffeine289%
has molecular wars 194 .

If it
contains
by mass
nitrogen
ofmolecule . No

of atoms
of nitrogen in 1
of
caffeine
.

28-9 =
1411 ✗ 100

194

Nz y

dues
of contains 66.67%
An oÑde
.

sulphur
Sulphur Determine its molecular
formula
.
 Snog
% = 66.67%

%s =

321 ✗ 100

32in
-146g
n
5202
y
-

dues .
Insulin contains 3-2%5
by men .
Calculate
minimum hulas mass
of Insulin .

Insulin →
s → 3 -2%

%
3,2¥
s = ✗ 100

3. 2
?÷
= ✗ 100

Mz 1000
dues An ◦ side
of Deion contains 40%
onygen
.
.

in it 169
Calculate the no
af atoms Ma

% 0 =
40%

161 ✗ 100 = 40

160

U2 4

dues In
hydrated chloride of
af Mg
.
a the %

53.2%
water is Calculate its
formula
.
.

Mg Az -11120

% 1120
53^2 =
181 ✗100

95 -118m

a- 6

Mg Az 61120
.
Empirical Formula 2 Molecular Formula

]
6 Caton

↳ Hk%
I molecular
12h atoms
\
Go atoms

CH< 0 ] Empirical
formula
↳ Hizooe ( ctk%

M-F =
(E- F) n

n = Molecular Formula Mers

Empirical Formula mass

Molecular
formula is the
simplest formula of
actual
the compound
in
that
genes
molecule
no
of atoms

present a
.

Empirical formula Is the simplest formula of

compound that
gives simplest ratio of
 Er
no
of atoms
present a molecule .

dues An contains 60%6 and

organic compound
.

8% Calculate its E- F.
Hydrogen
.

C, H , 0
Organic compound

Element .

% Moderate simple formula .

Metro

C 60 60112=5 5

↳ 4802
11 8 81128 8

0 32 32116=2 2
1

Clues .

7.3g of organic compound contains 3.6g

carbon 07g of Hydrogen
ofNitrogen , 15g of .

>
Calculate
rest F E-
onygen
.

Elements C H N O
'

I
3-
Gg 0.7g I -5g -5g
 Moles
3¥ ¥ ¥ ¥6
÷ .
÷ . ÷ ÷ ,

simplest 3 7 I 1
Metro

GHz NO

dues contains
. A- compound Nitrogen
ratio
and

Onygen 7:16 mass .

If V. D

of Calculate its
is 46 M-F
compound
.
• .

O
N

Mass 7 : 16
Katif

mole nation 16
Eg :
To

£ : I

N r : 2 0
 EF=N
02

May
V. D =

46×22 Mass

Man = 92

NOS

¥
n
-

he 2 MF I
1420g

Stoichiometry 2
Stoichiometry calculations

① City + ② 02 → ④ 02 +021120

*
stoichiometric

coefficient
 stoichiometry deals with the calculation
of messes

of reactants 2
products .

with
lnwlecule
of city needs 2 molecule
of Oz

to 1 molecule
give of CO2 22 molecules
of H2O

/MoD
lmol
lmole Cup
>
afcq
2min
any >
2hr01 of CO2

thud
of CO2
>
2nd of 02

lmol
of Oz £ molefco ,

Mars Icky + 202 →

lcoz -121120

16g +
2×329 44g 2×185420

Volume

22-41 + 2×22 -4L *✗22.4

22 -4L +
Cky 02 CO2 112 }
dues Calculate how moles 11 will
.

many of react

with How mole

10 mid
af N2 .

many of NH}

will be
formed
.

N2 + 3 Hz →
2MHz

lmol N2 → 3m01 Ha

10 mullets → 3×10 Moltz

30m01 Hz

1142 -
2m01 MHz

tumor N
, → 2×10 mud Mtb
20 molaf NHS

dues 211th D-
.

Ha +
Us
102° molecules with liberate
12.04 ✗
of HCl

what
weight of 1122 Us

MHU =
12-04 ✗ 102° =
◦
'

002

£ 022×1023 mules .
 12m01 HU → thud Hz 2
Imelda
-

I met HU
12m01 Hz +
tgmolllz

0002 mules > 0.007 mol 0^001

he molck
↓ ↓

0-001×2 0.001

I 71

0.002g O'
071g

dues ,
Ufecs ) + 3028) 2fea.org G.)
Calculate moles of Fe 2 oz needed to

produce 5 mod
of tests ?
dues 367-5 of kclogCM.int 1223g)
-_

g
.

when heated Kat -02

produce
.

a) Calculate uitcf KU

b) Calculate volume
of Oz produced at STP
.

a) 2 KUO
,
→ 2kW
-1302

[ 36¥ 3
26,7 -5g
a
→
-

122-5

2m06s of KUO} → Qnwlkce

1 med 1m01 KU
of KUO
,
→

3 moles dfkcloz → 3m01 KU

- 3×745

223.5g
=

b) 2m06s KUO 3 moles

} →
of Oz
Imol KUO] →
3-2 motofoz
3m01 KUO} →
g- mod
of Oz
 ↓
g-
✗ 22-4 L

100 -8L

dues .
Calculate volume
of CO2 gas evolved
at latrine
)
273K on
heating 168g
af MgC0zCs
.

↳ MSO +
CO2
MgC↳ CD .

16.8g
-

mules
n=lg
= 0.2

lhwlmgc.org Involve

11 >
0.2
mold
02nd

02×22-4

4.481
dues 12g
Bb
of nitride
alkaline earth metal
gives 14.8g of
.
Atomic weight of metal
will be - :

3M + Na Ms Mz

,¥=mobˢ 14.8g
3 melts M
of > Imd M3Na
I not
cfM -
↳ molMsH2

¥- mobs
of
"
→
¥y✗§moek
moles
¥
a. ☒
14^828
=

, M↳Nz
TAM =
3M
-128g
no
ofmobs 13%7+28
-

_
 Faz so

Mz 40

OR

3M + Nz → 1×13^12

3mg → (3*11-28)
g

ly →

31*5*21
12g →
(3^93%-128×12)
-
✗ 12 14.8

31×13%21
a

1×1=40
 M2 +
3112 →
2MHz
Gimel Gimel

Limiting Reagent
It is the which is earlier
reagent consumed
in a reaction .

2 bread 1- 1 cheese → I saw oh

'

Alice

20 breads + 10 cheese looanduiich

→
slice

30 breads 1- 12 cheese → Dnoandui ,

slice -

ch

Excess limiting
reagent Reagent .
• Whatever
product formedis
formed
will be .

is
oath
also
basis
known
of limiting reagent
maximum
.
It
as
product
formed .

• the other reactant

left is called excess

reagent
.

Note -
: when amounts ( man / mid /volume) of
two reactant % then
or more
given we

use the
concept of L R &
form product
-
.

on the basis
of LR .

Identification of LR

step 1 Write a balanced chemical reaction .

Divide
Step 2 .

with
the no
of moles
stoichiometric
of reactant

respective coefficients .

the least value will be the 1- R.

 eg .

48g of C
+32g of 02 to
fonmco

% ,
c +
£02
- co

% -1
112
ncz UI
12
No ,
?

332-2
"

⑨ ② y
I

2. R
-

lzmol 02
Excess 4- 2 - Imol
CO
Reagent 2 mob
I 2 molco
moloz →

dues Calculate obtained when

.
the man
of Paolo
with
1.24 Py reacts
192g 02
°
" + ≤ → "
"
-
°
" %
1-21 I
0-01-001
_

124
1-932-2
5
✗
I
G- Olmul
0.06 mid
• 01 0-012

I
 I
[ R
F-

lmol Pu -
lmolpyoio

001m01
0 -01min →

0-01×284

2.84g

dues .

2kt +
Iz +22111403
→
2111--03+21<-1-03

-122*02-1101120

If 3m01
of KI &2molIz are reacted
with excess
of
HNO} Volume-

of Nose
is
gas evolved at NTP .

2KI +
Iz →
22+102
t
LR
3m06 2Wh

'
÷
2
 2m04s KIT -
22 moles

I mid KI -
Il mobs

13 mule KI → -33 moles

33×22-4
-

739 -2L

dues .
In the reaction 4A + 2B -13C →

Ay Bzcg . what will he the number

af • moles
of product formed starting .

from af 2
moles
of
is
2 A 1- 2. moles B
,

1. 44 moles
of C.
9A + 2B -1 3C → Ay Bzcz
↓ ↓ 1
2 12 1-44

I
smell → lmul
lmolc →

tzhwl
 1- 44 mole →
tgxliuy
=
0.48
hwl

Concentration Terms

Minturn

Homogenous Heterogenous
uniform composition non
uniform
-

composition .

Solution
Homogenous mention
of two or
-

more substances .

Components

Solute Solvent

① Generally solute ① Generally in

% in lesser amount
amount large
② Substance which ② Substance which

changes its physical do not

change
chemical Pts
state or
physical
state chemo
composition or

cel composition
-

①
lg SugarI G) Haole )
+ →
sugar
↓ solution
solute . solvent [G

fittlsoy
-

② Hasoy + 1120 →

"
10% Hasoycaggsoln 90% Hzsoy Capsid
solute
solute 11250m tlasoy
solvent 1120 solvent H2O

③ lnwl
↳ 11,011 + 1m01 H2O

40g 18g
solvent solute .
 •
Dilution & concentration are oulatiue
terms .

Concentration
of solution is
defined
•

w a.
-

t to solute .

dues .

to
6 mob
of Naxos reacted with 4m01 MU

form NaCl CO2 21120 as

product
.

Calculate volume
of CO2 produced at STP .

+ 2NaU -1 Cost
Nay cos 2nA →
H2o
w

Gmob 4m01

↓
C- R

2nd → 1m01 CO2

tell

lmol →
lzmol COL
9m01
±×*moee%
-
 2m01 CO2

=
2×22-4
-
44 -8L

dies 2C +02
→
LCO

24g of
carbon
296g of oats taken .

Calculate amount
of co
formed .

56g
.

Conantrationtenms
1. % composition

a) % by weight / % by man / % weight by aught)

% menbyman % w/ w
/
.

I
'

% w/ w =
mencfsolule (g)
-
✗ 100

mencf solution (g)

• 3o%w1wNa0H ag solution

is
30g of Noon present in 100g
solution
af
solute
30g
-

solution
100g •

solvent
270g
.

Temp independent
◦ .

• wlw term .

b) % man
by volume C%wIv)

% w/ ve
men
of solute
ing ✗ 100

solution inml
Volume
of .

85% cnsccsonag solution Cwlv %)

is present th 100mL
35g of Chs Coon
solution .

Amount
of solvent cannot be predicted
•

until unless is
and
density of solution
given .
 Temp dependent [ v4 % w/ u test
•

ton

units / me
of
•
.

•
wlv term .

c) Strength of solution
ihgk

Strength =
man
of solute
Eng
volume
of solution in L

Temp dependent
.

•
w/ V form .

(M)
d) Molarity
Molarity r No
of moles
of solute

Volume
of solution ten litres b) .

•
Temp dependent .

•
w/ v term

/
'
units moles Litre Motor (1×1)
•
 1M solution 1m01 of solute is present
Eg →
. .

in IC
solution

1M = 1000 milimolor
IM = 100 continuator
IM =
to decimator

e) Molality
Molality -
Noofmolesofoolute
Man
of solvent kg
in

wlw term
◦
Temp independent .

• emits wool / kg / molal .

Cmf

f) fraction
Mole

Mole
fraction -

hoof moles of solute

solute Total moles
of solution
Mole
fraction
2
noofmobsefsolvent
 ofsolvent Tod mules
ofoolution
A + B

g. solvent solute

moles MA HB

✗A ✗B
nA_
MBNA
=
=

-1 NB HA +
NB

✗ A + XD z
I

✗ A + ✗
B
+
Xc + ✗ a 1

Parts million
per
6
ppm 2
menofsolukihg-X.IO
☒
of solution ?ng
an
.

dues .

10g of Calla is
present in
100kg
of solution Calculate
ppm
.
.

°
ppm -

of
Man (g) solute ✗ 10

¥tg9
 =

I ✗ 16° = 100

100 ✗ 1000

dues .
Calculate
molarity of NaOH solution prepared .

by dissolving 4g af NaOH in enough

water to
form 250 mil
of solution .

Molarity .
nocfmolis
Volume Pnh
ofsolution

%!¥
=

= o.am

dues dissolved in
49g of is to
.

Hasoy meter

volume
make of 00th 500 ml .

soln
Calculate
molarity of
.

Molarity .
nocfmolis
Volume Pnh
ofsolution
 z
99198 = IM
-

5%-0
NOTE .
To convert w/ w% term into wlv term .

we need
density .

w/ w% 2

mencfsobiks ✗ 100

men
- of solutions
Density

(VolumeXDensity)solⁿ@
and

ofsol
"
volume
=
menafsdut_e ✗ 100

w1w% =

wlv
Density
dues solution
containing 49g
. Find
molality of solvent
of 11250g in
25kg
Modality =
hoofnwlis
moncfsoluentihkg
 =
49191 = 0.2m

2-
5kg

dues 0.15 wlw% urea is

given
-

Rhd concentration .

in terms
ofppm
-

solution
0.15g ofwua 100g

0 ✗ 10° 1500
a ppm .

100

dues .

12g of acetic acid is dissolved Thlooml

a)
of water -
to
form solution .
Rhd

w/ w/o Density Hglml

-
-

b) wlv%
c) Molarity .
dues An solution 10% w/ w NaOH is
.

aqueous of soli is
Find
present
.
In bottle .

Density of 1.1g
% Molarity E) Molality c) %wlv
dues .
the
molarity of 900g of water is

Molarity noefmobscfsolide
=

vÉL
Density =

¥
9%
ne

p =
900
50 mobs
=

V2 900mL

=
-0-5 =
53-5 Mi

9¥00
dues .
the
molarity of 9-8%1 wlw] Hasoy is

(D= I -0 2)
1) I -02M

2) 2. 04M
3) 1^9

4) 4 .
12 M

91 ( solute )
100
g ( solution

Maini
:%!a::÷

=&%÷ ✗ ' °o°

= 1 .
02M
dues An
aqueous
solution
af ethyl alcohol
-

% mold
42%-04 found to be
1g .

Calculate
If density of solution is 0.8 .

a) Molarity
b) ✗
Hat

c) %wIw

d) •
town

Molality 2
(
hoof moles -

mess of solvent
1kg
Molarity a

mo#luk
sol Ent
Vol
of
moles
%
n ?
V
-
=

Ty
 ↓
2
✗ 46 + ⑤
a-

Molarity =

1000

2 Or 8M

b) ✗
1120
= Mo
of moles of H2O
ohh

z
0.98
c) % wlw =

mencfsothking ) ✗ too
-

mass
of solution Png

= ✗ 46
=

1000 -1
¥+46
dues An Cuzco on not
"

mollify 0.8
>
aqueous
. -_ .

(
Find
molarity density 1- 2glml)
=

modality 20-8

0-8 moles 1kg is solvent

Klute

Molarity
-

Wef mules

TE.io?&g-g-,#-- 0^9
 Vol
of solhztmass
Density

=0•8×%t1
Relation btw Molarity Molality
&

Molarity =

Molality ✗
density ✗ tooo

1000 + Mahut
Molality 'd

✗ solute =

Molality ✗ M solvent

1000 +
Molality ✗ M solvent .

dues .
An
aqueous
solution
of wile
Chinatown
to
has mol
fraction
Friend
afh Eff urea quel
solution
0.2 .

molality of
 Molarity on Dilution

Mi
É Mk Va
Y

N = M, V1 n ≥
MIL

HIM , __M2V2

• On dilution , molarity decreases .

No moles remains
of same
• .
.

Molarity on
mixing
.

1¥: I
"
" + →
Us

"
'
find
M%¥
'
 Principle af Atom conservation IPOACT

2. Kaos 212cL +302

☆ molecules 2 molecules 3 molecules

of Ku of 02
2 moles 2. moles 3 moles 02

2mA molecules 2mA molecules 3nA

molecules

KUO } KU +
02
→

• Another
form ofreaction
law conservation
of is of man .

Balancing of required
not
•
.

To be element which is
•

applied on

to be converted into
sure
completely pro
-
ducts .
Unbalanced
Kaos KU + 02
eguetim .

wg ? ?

noofatonsefll afll
atoms
= no
of
ihkclos in RU .

noofmobsafll a
hoof mobs
afcl
in KUO> Pn KU

Ixmohefkuoz IX
of KU
=

mole

I
W-KA.az WII
✗
IX =

(39+35-5+48) (391-35.5)
POAC on 0

nocfmohsofoihkeecg =

hoof moles
of 0
in Oz
rsxmolescfkll 03 =
2xmoliʰf0z
"
:÷÷ ,
=
• ×
?÷
dues onalateckzczoy)MM=M
Wg potassium
.

% made to react with series

of
form (14×92142)
to
reagent a
complex compound .

Kzfnzffe @%] ,
If c
afkzczoy
is
find
conserved then the man

of complex compound formed .

Kzczoy > Complex

kzznzffek.MIL
,

DX
mobsefkzczoy = 124 moles of complex
2×1
12×1,2
=

Nh

Nz W M2
☒
dues C -102 → mixture
of co

2062
I ↓
12g 24g
Find
composition of find mixture .

C )
+
02 co +
coz
1m01 2nd a b

Ponton C

moisefc
=

nwbscfcihco +
nwbsofc
ihcoz
1 la
=
+ lb -

POAC on 0

moles
afoihoz =
mo↳%°
moles of
+
in co oincg
2×0.75
= la + 2b -

②
'

a = 0 -5 b = 0-5
 dues In whet molar ratio Py 202 should
be taken .
in a reaction Nessel to

form Py 010 in 2^-3 molar Metin

-2
Py06 .

Mole Concept Equivalent Conversion

Concept

Molar Mars Equivalent man

Eqmers = Molar

Iftar
Noafmobs =

,÷
No
of equivalents =
WI Noaf : mobsxn

E. M U factor
.

Molarity
zny%tg- Normality Molarity
Egsuluk Normality
-_ -

tyx -

a nfaetr

↓
n -

factor
Normality - No
af equivalent / g equivalent
1 soln
present in L .

":•:;:÷→Z
* =

I.
:::֥j
= a

M• I
n
factor .

No
of Eg =
Given ✗
nf
NI wit
moles
-

n =

No
afeg -
n ✗
nf
*
Y%→
=
 -

Normality -
Molarity ✗ n
f
-

calculation
of n -

factor
H+ ion
1- n
f for acids •
replaceable moof
-

•
Basicity
2
"
Hsrsoy
-

2. HU - 1
0

3. HNO
}
-1 ¥
/ 1-° "
4.
CtgCO0④ -
1
◦
OH on

¥
5.
Hzpoy -

3
^' 017
011 on

§ HzP0z -

2
i
p

on
/ '
0TH
 6. typo 2--1
%
11 '
OH
h µ

nrf for of replaceable onion

2. base no

acidity
1. NaOH -

2. At COM) } - 3

[email protected]
3-

for ion = / change of anion /

Nat -
I 02
-

Al -13-3
_

OH -
I

at 1 143
-

_
_
3

Soy 2--2
-12 -2
Mg
Fe -12-2 £042
-

-2
 Fet } 3
-

14h04 _

4.
nrf for salt -
Total
charge on cation

or anion .

NaCl -

-12
2
-

MgU2 -

Mg 2cL

" -

Allez -

3 Al 30

"
-12
MgS0y -

2
Mg soy
" "
A- 1260473 -
6 Ae Ae

Soy
2-
soy 's out

Atgsoujkgsoy MgS0y -

1400
↓
↓ ↓
6
2 2
dues
mol ✗n
b
calculation
af equivalents
-

af no -

mole
a) 4
of HNO } 4×1

Allon}
b) 05mmol
of 0-5×3

-5×10-3×2
c) 0 -5mmol
affcsoy 0

Noafeg . Nxv

d) ¥
4L Nao ,
§ 4
¥
> ✗ ≤

c) 200mL Hzpoy ✗ 02
% %
Nandita
dues Calculate
Normality of Molarity f
.

✗
.

n -

1- 4M Hzsoy both _
4×2 - 8N

Mglomzs.com 2×2--4×1
-

2- 2M
dues .

Calculate .

Molarity of
9) 2N Naon M2
§ = 2M

b)
¥ Mason £0M
=

✗2

C) 0.4N
Elgin )g OI
2

d) 0 -6N Alcon} 0.6

3-

dues .
find normality of 50g Caco}
present in
"
500mL sot ?

Normality =
Molarity X n -

f
✗ 2 =
an
dues Rhd
.

normality of 4.1g of typo} present in

100mL sulh .

Normality a
Molarity ✗
m.ly
=
mold ✗ n -

f
"
volume not
of L

¥1
=

✗ 2 =
IN

¥
'
.

Equivalent Concept
A + B → C 1- ☐

According to the
concept same number
in
of equivalent
of reactants reaction
are consumed &
no
af equivalent of product formed are also

same .
dues neutralised
.

0.5g af base was

completely .

find
by 100mL
of 0.2N acid .

eg
cut

af base .

No
of egg
ahan - No
of egofecid
↓
V2 100 mb
0
-5g N = 0 -2N

G.wt_ = N ✗✓

Eqwt
0.5-9 20--2×1%0
Eguit

Eq cut =
25

dues
0.45g
.

of
neutralised
acid CM.net =9o) was

do me
of 0-5 NaOH Fond
by N .

basicity of
acid .

Noafeg of acid =
No
of egafben
G. wit.

045g 20mL
 HI -1Mt 0.5N
90g
=

moles ✗ n -

f e N ✗ V

÷ b ✗ 05
=
✗ n

g.
-

Mfg 2 2

dues .

Eq net
of divalent metal is 29 The Vol .

of Nagas liberated atSTP by 12g

of sanae metal
soen CHU)
when added to excess

of an acid %
dues How moles required
.

many of Hasley are

to with 6 mole
react
of Al .

☒ aftksou eg of Alfons
=

↓
Moler > ? mules • 6
=

n -

f : 2 n -

f -
3

2 ✗ mules =
6×3

moles a 9

dues How
of NaOH is
enquired to
many gwith 02 moles teiibasic
meet
of
acid .

egg Naoh =

egofteuheni
acid
wz ? =

Mf = 3

1
n
f moles 0-2
- = .

Molestaonxn.bz moles ✗ n -
f
Or 2 ✗ 3
a -1 I =
 R' 0-6

=
0-6×40

24g
•

dues .
How
many
molecules
of tksoy are

required to react with 0-4 hot

af
teuacidic ban .

No
of qaf
base =
Hnocfegaf
Aksoy
↓
=
molecules
?
Mf =3
z

tmole - O -

Y
M -

f =
2

mobs ✗ n -

f =
mules ✗ n -

f
0.24×3 z mobs * 2

moles -
0-6

molecules - O -

GNA
dues Calculate the man
of 0^4product salt
af
formed by reaction
of equivalent of
with the
Hasley NaOH , also
findreaction
men
of NaOH required for .

Naon + Hasty →
Nazsoy

↓ ↓ he
0.4
0.4 OI w
↓
0.4-a moles ✗n -

f
0 -4 :
www.xn-f .

Molls 20.4 0-4 = hwlv ✗ 2

= 0.4×40
Moles > ⑨ - 2

16g then =
0.2×142

28-48
=
 Oleum
Hasoy +503T¥ →
2112504
-

Oleum

Imoleolwm + lmole → 2nwle

Auden
1^2504

Oleum Is mixture
a
of Hasty 2
503
•

this is
•

En
obtained
by passing 803
Hzsoy
dissolve dilution
• To
free so
, , of
oleum is done with meter .

In with
• that
process gfeue Sos react

Hao to
form Hzsoy & mass
of
solution Increases .

• Dilution continued till entire sons

converted to
112504
gets .
 Percentage labelling of Oleum
(112%07)

0ham is diluted
when
100g osampk of with
•

desired
weight of 110 ( ing) then
Obtained
the total mess
of Hzsoy .

after dilution
oleum
is known % Abellio

ng of
-

503

100g
Olwm
%
Hzsou

Olewm -1
18g Hao
→ 1-1-88 af
Eg .

100g
Mason
↓
118%
803 +
H2O
→

Hzsoy
Imol lmoe I met

↓ ↓
↓

808 18g 98s

 80s so
}
Oleum -

20g 112504

dues . Calculate the composition af 109% oleum .

109%
oleum +
981120
100g
503
-
+ H2O
→
Hzsoy

↓
↓ I
9g
0-5 mules
0-5
0-5 mules
moles
↓
↓
0-5×98
0.5×80

408 song 49g

tksoy
I 1
_
608g Oleum
 moles
No
of of
%stumg%
=

420

full
% ofsos in oleum
%stYgᵗ°✗
= "
h

dues .
Oleum % strength of
oleum
20%503
↓
20g { mole
2
SO ]

803 + 1120
→
Hzsoy
I ↓

ty mole
ty
mole at ✗ 98

20g 24
-5g
2

tux
18

1125042
5g
=
4-

80g Total 1^259--104

-5g
 percent yield
% yield Actual / Experimental
yield
=

✗too .

Expected / theoretical
yield
percentage purity

% purity - Mars
of pure substance ✗ 100

Man
of impure substance

dues
20g afklloz
. on

with
heating gave
7-

Calculate
45GW
KU
along 02
.

purity of Kaos
2kV +302
2K40g
→

-
↓

I 745g

④ mole 77¥ ④ -
 pure
↓
0.1×122-5

1225g

% purity
mebpwesubstana-xi o.mn
.

impure substance

✗ 100
=
1221
20 61.25%

dues . 0.4mmol Plf combines with 1-8 mol H2O .

is
If 657g HU
ofthe formed then %

yield of reaction will be -1

:
0
dues
.

The minimum no
cf Moles 02 regained
for complete combustion
of 1 mole
propane
22 mules butane

Propane
↳Hg +
302
→
3 CO2 1- 4h20

P
.

⑤ moles

Butane

Cy H /☐ + 13 Oz →
4 coz +51720
I

13m01
dues The ammonia
.
released on
quantitative Machin

0
-6g urea CNHZCON Had with sodium
C. NaOH) neutralised
hydroxide can be

by
- :

0.1N Hlb
1) 100Mt ,
 2) 200mL , 0.2N HU

3) 100mL 0.2N HU
,

Yi 200mL g
0.4N HU

NH2C0NHz -12N AHAH → 2MHz -1 149203

dug The exact volume

of 11×1 NaOH solution
required to neutralise some
ofsolution
1M 11383

of 214113%02
_

solution & 100mL

respectively
'
-

1) 100mL 100mL

2) g- one 50mL

3) 100 me 200Mt

4) 100mL 50mL

Naoh

/
NaOh 1-
113 PO NaOh +
Hzpoz
,
v1.2
'

↓ V= 7 Vzluonl
V -
_ 50
IM IN Mz IM N42M
 Mxvxn.by
1×1×4 =

M✗nf✗V 2

Xnfxv
✓ = I ✗ 50×2 DX / ✗ ✓ =
2×1×100

V 100mL
= Ur 200M

day .100g of propane

with
is
completely
enacted .

1000g inof theOnygen .

The
will
mole
be
fraction of CO2 mixture
-

→ 3
↳ My + 502 CO2 +4110
↓
↓ I _ 9
⑤
100g 10100g 1
*
→

5×2-27
↓ ↓ 2. 27
→

2. 27
3
-
i
1¥35
LE 31.2s -

3 mots
④
7mA
Gn , → mots
 2.27 -
6 .

8 / moles

ncknw.ofla
* con _

mixture

6€
9.2A 1-6-81 -119^9
=
6.81 6.81
-35.71

dug 4g lfuimolor mixture

of Na0H&NqCg
contains
ng of NaOH Egg Ngos
the value
of a.

Naoh azcos
a 4- no
 % 4%6
=

Naoh .

N =

dues 1045% oleum is diluted

.

100g of -
with

94.5g 1120 The

molality of 112504 in
•

the resultant solution is

←
-1 420 →
2112504
y
-

Oleum

•
og
↓
µ ,,
@ :D
a

101 = 0.56 moles

178

1 oleum - 2 mole Mason

0 -56 mole - 2×10-56moles

1^12
?⃝
 Molality
ⁿÉq
'

solvent inks

1-12-111000
=

94.5
= 11.84

dues with
.

5.1g of ammonia reacted 0^2 mole

of
Naocl
according to reaction

NHS + Naocl →
NHZU 1- NaOH

formedremaining
auction
the amount
of NHzU on

with form
HM} Nz using non

3N Had Nz
+ 2MHz → 1- BNMYU
F fa

→
NH} + NaOH Nhill NaOh

Big ↓
0.2 moles
↓
"
-
mob
t
 J L R

↓
-

0.1mA lmole
1 mole -

up
02Wh - 0270lb
N2
2MHz -13M¥ A +3NHyy
→

↓ ↓
'

↓
ON
0.2 ?

Ly
2m06s - Imad

1-2×0
0^1 "

28g
- ✗

31 71ˢᵗ
652
sy Gp
s④
14
Uf
Alas
lthheffolloowngngaeeaactannann.ca
⑥ naked
☆shed Winner • A-

4*1*33 * 55022 →
44*0*8*200
Iff e%m%h%lhfy ⑥*
gaff ammonia
Calculate
2192g
02 is
present
.

approximate
mass %
af NO
formed .

atoo% completion
of the reaction

4MHz + 502
→ 4 Not 61120

&sg ↓
↓
192

⑦ ⑤ ?
↓
ER
Umobs -
unwell
80% of ⑨NB 80%
afu
3.2
3.2 moles moles
3-2×30
968
 mass
# NO =
T
Total
marscf mixture
n&
✓
↓ I
" Hsbft
Oabft formed forme
1120
Unrolls of NH
}
-
Gmoleshzo

80% consume
80%16
↓

:
÷*
↓
NHS
Ynwle + 5 mole 02 86.4g

soggy + 80%4,5 ] → Gmobs

Unrolls
6- y
molesbfta
2m06 .

2×32

NH } left -
0.8 moles
↳ ☒ soy -71120
Ferrous
sulphate heptahydeote % used to

fortify foods with

iron .
The amount
of
the salt
required to achieve
lopppm .

Of Bron One
100kg of wheat %

1£
mgg.at?Y-
to ppm = ✗

men of Te
Igm
Moler mess =

278g
278g → 56g.

2¥
-
Ig
↓
g. 997
dues the ratio
of mass
percentage of CEH
and Ceo
of a saturated
acyclic
organic
D '
4:12
compound ane 3 :4

then
respectively
.
the Molen
cfonygen
gas required for complete combustion

its
of two moles
of oound .

than ☒g) mol

.

CC H C : o

u : I 3 : 4
↓
12 : 16
12 : 3

moles 1 1 : I
:
3

C. 1130
(24602
N2 2

24%02
cL
-15002 →
4cg +6110