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e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:04/Issue:04/April-2022 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com
VOLTAGE STABILITY ENHANCEMENT USING STATIC
VAR COMPENSATOR
Atuchukwu, A. J*1, Okonkwo, I. I.*2, Okoye, E. O.*3
*1Associate - Professor, Dept. of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu
University, Uli, Nigeria.
*2Lecturer, Dept. of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu
University, Uli. Nigeria.
*3PG Scholar, Dept. of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu
University, Uli. Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
The research studied the effect of static Var Compensator (SVC) in enhancing voltage stability in power system
through effective reactive power compensation. In order to achieve this, the Otowvodo 15MVA, 33/11kV
injection substation was used as a case study. Power flow equations involving voltage drop with or without
Static Var Compensator were developed, SVC modeling equations were also developed and used to determine
its parameters. Based on the SVC parameters, ETAP 7.0 Software was the major tool used in achieving this aim.
From the load flow analysis without Static Var Compensator, it was found that 108 buses fall below the
allowable voltage range of within ±5% of the nominal voltage. The voltage range was between 80.94 % (0.8094
p.u) and 91.47 % (0.9147p.u) and the total loss is 0.832MW and 1.763MVAR. These weak buses were
compensated. To achieve this voltage improvement and power loss reduction, the positions of the Static Var
Compensator was determined as Dumex and Ovie using voltage index method. The load flow report for each of
these buses was noted. The bus at which this improvement was more effective was noted. This bus signified the
optimal location for the placement of these Static Var Compensators. Beyond these SVC sizes at any location or
in the same location result to further loss increase. These SVCs were placed at Dumex feeder and Ovie. These
locations, Dumex and Ovie were proven to be the best locations for the voltage improvement and loss
reduction. The sizes of the SVC are 50MVAR and 40MVAR for Dumex and Ovie respectively using systematic
sampling method. A further increase in this SVC capacity and any change in location result in increase in total
network loss. After the placement of the SVC, the range was between 86.92% (0.8692 p.u) and 98.60%
(0.9860p.u). The loss in the network after SVC was in operation was 0.720MW and 1.552MVAR. This confirmed
that Static Var Compensator could provide the fast acting voltage support necessary to prevent the possibility
of voltage reduction and voltage collapse at the bus to which it was connected. With the application of Static Var
Compensator, under voltage problem was solved successfully and power factor of the system also improved.
From this end consideration should be given to the use of Static Var Compensator as its presence enhances
stability of voltage. The use of modern technologies (FACTS Devices) such as the Static Var Compensator
should be encouraged to reduce construction of more transmission lines and reduction in losses.
Keywords: Voltage Stability, Static Var Compensator, Load Flow, Systematic Sampling And Optimal Location.
I. INTRODUCTION
Nigeria networks are characterized by many disturbances, which cause various hindrances and outages. Power
losses result in lower power availability to the consumers, leading to inadequate power to operate their
appliances. Increased power demand pushes the power transmission network to its upper limits and beyond,
resulting to shortening of the life span of the network or total collapse. Voltage variation that occurs is a
function of length of the transmission lines, change in load on the supply system, and short circuiting.
Principally, the cause of voltage variation at the consumer end is the change in load on the supply system. When
the load on the system increases, the voltages at the consumers’ terminals fall due to the increased voltage drop
in transmission line feeders and transformers impedance.
The ever-known power compensation practice is to use reactive power compensation to increase the
transmittable power in AC power systems. Fixed or mechanically-switched capacitors and reactors have long
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been employed to increase the steady-state power transmission by controlling the voltage profile along the
lines.
An inherent characteristic of electric energy transmission and distribution by alternating current (AC) is that
real power is generally associated with reactive power. AC transmission and distribution lines are dominantly
reactive networks, characterized by their per-unit series inductance and shunt capacitance. Thus, load and load
power factor change or alter the voltage profile along the transmission lines and can cause large amplitude
variations in the receiving end voltage.
As a result, the system’s reactive power needs to be continuously adjusted through effective reactive power
compensation if the variation in the system’s voltage must be kept within the allowable range. For passive
compensation, shunt capacitors have been extensively used since the 1930s. They are either permanently
connected to the system, or switched, and contribute to voltage control by modifying characteristics of the
network [1].
The traditional methods used include: reconfiguration of system structure, generator excitation regulation,
synchronous generator, changing the voltage by transformer tap to adjust the power flow in the grid, series
compensation capacitor, switching in or out the shunt reactor or shunt capacitor etc. With these methods the
desired objectives were not effectively achieved with wear and tear in the mechanical components and slow
response being the major problems.
Improvements in the field of power electronics have had a major impact on the development of power
compensation methods. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) recently carried out extensive research
works leading to the discovery of Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices, which
have been mainly used for solving various power system steady state control problems such as voltage
regulation, power flow control, and transfer capability enhancement with near instantaneous response.
These Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices include: Static Var Compensator
(SVC), Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor-Controlled Phase Shifter (TCPS), Static
Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), Unified Power Flow
Controller (UPFC), Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) etc.
All these FACTS devices exhibit near instantaneous response to system changes and are made up of solid semi-
conductor components thereby eliminating the problems of mechanical wear and tear. One of the most
important applications of these devices is to keep system voltage profiles at desirable levels by compensating
for the system reactive power. By employing these devices for reactive power compensation, both the stress
and the heavily loaded lines and losses are easily reduced as a consequence of line loadability, which is
increased. The two main objectives of FACTS are to increase the transmission capacity of lines and control
power flow over designated transmission routes [2].
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers, such as the Static Var Compensator (SVC), employ the
latest technology of power electronic switching devices in electric power transmission systems to control
voltage and power-flow, and improve voltage regulation.
Static Var Compensators are being increasingly applied in electric transmission systems to economically
improve voltage control and post-disturbance recovery voltages that can lead to system instability. An SVC
provides such system improvements and benefits by controlling shunt reactive power sources, both capacitive
and inductive, with state-of-the-art power electronic switching devices.
When voltage security or congestion problems are observed during the planning study process, cost effective
solutions must be considered for such problems. Traditional solutions to congestion and voltage security
problems were to install new costly transmission lines that are often faced with public resistance, or
mechanically-switched capacitor banks that have limited benefits for dynamic performance due to switching
time and frequency. One approach to solving this problem is the application of “Flexible AC transmission
System” (FACTS) technologies, such as the Static Var Compensator (SVC). FACTS technologies are founded on
the rapid control response of thyristor-based reactive power controls
It is the aim of this study to enhance voltage stability of 33kV/11kV Otovwodo distribution line using Static Var
Compensator. Otovwodo distribution is always supplying low voltage, voltage below statutory limit. Other

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problem are distribution losses and lack of adequate reactive power injection in the system. It has become
pertinent that this abnormally must be controlled to save expensive distribution equipment like transformers,
consumers appliances and resultant fault that may led to hazard to equipment and human beings.
a) APPLICATION OF STATIC VAR COMPENSATION TECHNOLOGY IN POWER SYSTEM
Biswas in [3] studied voltage level improvement by Using Static VAR Compensator (SVC). In this work,
potential applications of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers, such the Static VAR
Compensator (SVC), using the latest technology of power electronic switching devices in the field of electric
power transmission systems with controlling voltage and power flow, and improving the voltage regulation
was explored. Again, the Static VAR Compensators are being increasingly applied in electric transmission
systems economically to improve the post-disturbance recovery voltages that can lead to system instability. A
SVC performs such system improvements and benefits by controlling shunt reactive power sources, both
capacitive and inductive, with high-tech power electronic switching devices. [3] proposed solution problems of
poor dynamic performance and voltage regulation in 115kV and 230kV transmission system using SVC.
In [4] Avneesh, et al analyzed efficient transmission line voltage regulation using Fuzzified Soft Static VAR
Compensator. The Static VAR Compensator is basically a shunt connected variable VAR generator whose output
is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current to the system. One of the most widely used
configurations of the SVC is the FC- TCR type in which a Fixed Capacitor (FC) is connected in parallel with
Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR). Avneesh, et al were able to prove the conventional Static VAR Compensator
not able to provide an efficient voltage regulation due to the fact that, the line voltage fluctuations are very
much random and imprecise. So for efficient line voltage regulation some tool is required, which can precisely
handle the random line voltage fluctuations.
The best tool for handling imprecise situations is Fuzzy Logic. Hence conventional Static VAR Compensator
along with Fuzzy is the best fitted combination for achieving an efficient line voltage regulation.
In [5] Roberto, et al investigated increase of voltage stability and power limits using a Static VAR Compensator.
The objectives of this study were to increase the transmitted power, under the thermal capacity, through an
overhead transmission line using a voltage stability criterion. The used approach has been the voltage stability,
with the purpose of keeping the voltage magnitude on the main buses within the range of 0.8-1.2 p.u., during
the transient state and after a fault located anywhere in the systems. In conclusion of this study, Roberto, et al
stated that the application of the dynamic compensator (SVC) for increasing the power flow, under the thermal
capacity, through an overhead transmission line using a voltage stability criterion to achieve the propose target.
This was fulfilled by simulations carried out in the Alternative Transient Program/Electromagnetic Transient
Program (ATP/EMTP) program of a model of the power system located in the southeast region of Venezuela,
where exist important loads related with the oil industry using as a voltage criterion a specified range of 1.2-0.8
p.u., for the voltage variation.
In [6] Alok, et al studied enhancement of transient stability in transmission line using Static VAR Compensator
FACTS controller. The paper discussed and demonstrated how Static VAR Compensator has successfully been
applied to control transmission systems dynamic performance for system disturbance and effectively regulate
system voltage. Static VAR Compensator is a shunt connected FACTS devices, and plays an important role as a
stability aid for dynamic and transient disturbances in power systems. UPFC controller is another
FACTS device which can be used to control active and reactive power flows in a transmission line. The damping
of power system oscillations after a three-phase fault is also analyzed with the analysis of the effects of SVC on
transient stability performance of a power system. A general program for transient stability studies to
incorporate FACTS devices is developed using modified partitioned solution approach. The modeling of SVC for
transient stability evaluation is studied and tested on a 10-Generator, 39 - Bus, New England Test System [7]
investigated the opportunities to install FACTS devices (Static Var Compensator) in a 132 kV transmission
Network. Prakash and Sheesh modeled the network in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and result obtained
from the simulation with and without the SVC showed an increase in transmission capacity with a
corresponding decrease in transmission line losses.
In [8] Pateriya, et al also carried out analysis on Transfer Capability Enhancement of Transmission Line Using
Static VAR Compensator. The study employed the shunt connected compensation (SVC) based FACTS device for
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the control of voltage, reactive power, active power and power damping oscillations in long distance
transmission line. The work dealt with determination of the optimal location of shunt Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) devices for a long transmission line for voltage and power transfer improvement. The result
also shows that optimal location depends upon voltage magnitude and line loading and system initial operating
conditions. [8] (Pateriya and Saxena, 2013) carried out test on two machine 4-bus systems, simulated using
MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
In [9] a PhD thesis on the use of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices in enhancing the efficiency
of an Electrical Network; a case study of the Nigeria 330kV transmission grid, recommended the use of FACTC
devices to reduce power losses, improvement in power system stability and bus voltage magnitude instead of
building more generating stations and transmission lines. The thesis further suggested the replacement of the
conventional compensators (reactors, capacitors and synchronous condensers) with FACTS devices to mitigate
the problem of overloaded lines due to increased electric power transmission by controlling power flows and
voltage and enhance system stability.
In [10] Mark investigated the effect of Static Var Compensator (SVC) on voltage stability of a power system.
Mark in his work described the functional structure for SVC built with a Thyristor- Controlled Reactor (TCR)
and its model. This model was based on representing the controller as variable impedance that changes with
the firing angle of TCR. Simulation which was carried out using Power System Computer Aided Design /
Electromagnetic Transients confirmed that Static Var Compensator could provide the fast- acting voltage
support necessary to prevent the possibility of voltage reduction and voltage collapse at the bus to which it is
connected.
In [11] Naseer studied Enhancement of Power System Transient Stability Using Static Var Compensator. In his
discussion and result, the SVC is connected to bus so as to control this bus voltage to a value of 1pu.
In [12] Habibur, et al researched into Stability Improvement of Power System Using a model of Static VAR
Compensator (SVC) which is controlled externally by a Proportional-Integral- Derivative (PID) controller. The
PID controller parameter was selected by using Ziegler-Nichols tuning rule method. Both single and three phase
faults were considered. [12] simulated the network using phasor simulation method from which it was
observed that SVC with PID controller is more effective to enhance voltage stability and increase power
transmission capacity.
b) Overview on Static Var Compensator (SVC) Placement Techniques
Many researchers have been done research about methods of Static Var Compensator placement. [13] divided
the methods into three categories: conventional method, heuristic method, and sensitivity-based method.
Sensitivity-based methods use index, modal, or eigenvalue analysis. [14] used genetic algorithm-based method
to determine SVC placement. [15] used novel global harmony search algorithm to optimize allocation of SVC.
[16] used cuckoo search algorithm and [17] used BAT and firefly algorithm to optimize sizing and placement of
SVC. [18] used particle swarm optimization method and [19] used cluster identification to determine SVC
placement. [20] used dragon fly algorithm, [21] used heuristic optimization method, and [22]. use hybrid GA-
PSO algorithm to optimize SVC placement. [23] – [26] used sensitivity approach to determine SVC and
STATCOM placement.
II. METHODOLOGY
The methodology adopted for this research includes:
1. Power flow analysis of the network to determine the real and reactive power at each bus and its voltages
without the compensator using ETAP 7.0 Software.
2. Static Var Compensator (SVC) optimal placement and sizing using voltage index method and optimum sizing
of SVC using systematic sampling method.
3. Simulation of the network using ETAP 7.0 Software to obtain the power flow analysis with the compensator.
4. Graphical representation and comparison of the results for with and without SVC simulation of Otovwodo,
15MVA, 33/11kV injection.

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a) Modeling of SVC
From the view point of power system operation, an SVC is equivalent to a shunt capacitor and a shunt reactor
as depicted in Figure 1 that can be adjusted to control the voltage and reactive power at its terminals in a
prescribed manner [1].
Figure 1: Ideal Static VAR System

b) Configurations of SVC/Numerical Analysis
There are two configurations of SVC
a) SVC total susceptance. A changing susceptance represents the fundamental frequency equivalent of all shunt
models making up the SVC as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Variant shunt susceptance

b) SVC firing angle model. The equivalent susceptance which is a function of the firing angle α is made up of the
parallel combination of TCR equivalent admittance and a fixed capacitive reactance, as shown in Figure 3.
With reference to Figure 2 and 3, the following equations can be written as in [27].
(1)
(2)
(3)
The linearized equation is given by equation 4, where the equivalent susceptance is taken to be the state
variable.
[ ] [ ][ ] (4)
⁄

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Figure 3: SVC Firing Angle Model

The changing susceptance represents the total SVC susceptance necessary to maintain the nodal voltage
magnitude at the specified value.
[28] showed the mathematical implementation of firing angle model of SVC which handles the TCR firing angle
as a state variable in the power flow formulation. It is expressed as follows:
{ [ ( ) ]
} (5)
Where
(6)
(7)
is the firing angle
{ [ ( )
}
]
(8)
From equation 8, the linearized SVC equation is given in equation 9.
[ ] [ ( ) ][ ] (9)
( )
At the end of iteration, the variable firing angle is updated according to equation 10
() ( ) (10)
c) Voltage Index Method for SVC Positioning
To obtain significant improvement, VAR compensator should be placed on the buses having severe voltage
problems. To assess the level of voltage problem of each bus, voltage index as formulated in [26] is utilized.
(11)
Where
Vmin= minimum permissible system voltage.
Vi = voltage at bus i.
Using the index, the severity of voltage problem at each bus can be addressed. When the voltage problem at a
bus is more severe, the voltage index at that bus is higher.
d) Systematic Sampling Method of SVC Sizing
Having ranked the buses for SVC position placement using voltage index the next step is to determine the size
of SVC using systematic sampling method. Systematic sampling method is a statistical method the following
procedures are used.
(1) Choose 0 – N MVar as the range of the Var power of the SVC and divide the maximum Var power by n sample
to get k sampling rate.

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(12)
(2) Insert SVC in the bus with the most severity voltage problem according voltage index ranking. Start
performing load flow simulations to determine the system loss by increasing the size of the SVC systematically
using the sample rate k. in each sampled load flow record the system loss as SVC is still said position.
(3) System loss is a quadratic function, when it decreases upon insertion of enhancing device it will attend the
minimum and then start increasing again. So, reducing the sampling within the neighborhood of the optimal
size of the SVC will help obtain the closest value to the optimal size of the SVC. To achieve this, modify equation
(12) as follows to get new sampling rate k around the neighborhood of the optimum size of the SVC.
(13)
Where are the left and right hand of the SVC optimum size neighborhood.
is the intend sample (simulation) around the SVC optimum size neighborhood.
III. MATERIALS FOR THE RESEARCH
Otovwodo 11 kV distribution system is the research system and is shown as a single line in figure 4, while the
associated buses are shown in table 1. The data for Otovwodo 11 kV system is presented in the table 2.
Table 1: Otovwodo 11 kV Distribution System Buses
Bus Number Bus name Bus Number Bus name
1 OTOVWODO SUBSTATION 55 ROBERT A TM
2 OTOVWODO 11 KV BUS 56 DORTIE TM
3 ISOKO FEEDER 57 OTOVWODO 2 TM
4 DUMEX FEEDER 58 T31
5 ODUOPHORI TM 59 OTOVWODO 4 TM
6 OVIRIOGOR 2 TM 60 BISHOP AI TM
7 OVIRI OGOR 1TM 61 BISHOP TM
8 OVIE TM 62 AGBARHA JNC TM
9 OGBALOR TM 63 AGBARHA RD TM
10 OGBALOR CR1 TM 64 UDUERE 3 TM
11 MAKOLOMI 1 TM 65 SLAUGHTER RD TM
12 MAKOLOMI TM 66 AGBARHA 1 TM
13 ONOGHARIGHO TM 67 UDUERE 2 TM
14 UTORO TM 68 AGBARHA 2 TM
15 UPPER AGBARHO 5 TM 69 UDUERE 1 TM
16 UPPER AGBARHO 1 TM 70 OPHERIN TM
17 UPPER AGBARHO 3 TM 71 OWEYWE TM
18 UPPER AGBARHO 6 TM 72 SANIKO TM
19 UPPER AGBARHO 4 TM 73 GANA JNC TM
20 UPPER AGBARHO 2 TM 74 OMABEWE 2 TM
21 UPPER AGBARHO 3 TM 75 ETEFE TM
22 SADJERE 1 TM 75 OMABEWE 1 TM
23 SADJERE TM 76 OKPHO AGARA TM

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24 POC WATER TM 77 OTERI TM
25 WINNER TM 79 AWIRHA TM
26 NCC (AIRTEL) TM 80 MR BIGGS
27 EVWIETA TM 81 FIRST BANK TM
28 UBA AI 82 GRUBBS
29 UBA 83 OLORI EST
30 PTI AI 84 OLORI RD TM
31 PTI TM 85 OLORI RDJN TM
32 NNPC TM 86 6 MTN PL TM
33 OVIRI CR TM 87 ETI TM
34 SHELL TM 88 MUDI 2 TM
35 ECOBANK TM 89 MUD 1 TM
36 SHELL (S/S) TM 90 LOW COST
37 MTN II TM 91 HERO FAITH TM
38 MTN III BUS 92 IGHOJA TM
39 CASSIDY 1 TM 93 OMENEMU TM
40 CASSIDY TM 94 UNION BANK
41 OFOR 2 TM 95 NCC TM
42 OFOR 1 TM 96 PIPE LINE
43 D’ ROSE TM 97 AFISERE TM
44 D’ ROSE 1 TM 98 OGELE TM
45 MARVE SCH TM 99 ORUBU TM
46 MARVE SCH 1 TM 100 MTN 1(PL)
47 IKPRUKPRU 5 TM 101 ROUND ABT TM
48 IKPRUKPRU 6 TM 102 AMEKPA 3 TM
49 IKPRUKPRU 1 TM 103 AMEKPA 2
50 IKPRUKPRU 7 TM 104 AMEKPA TM
51 IKPRUKPRU 4 TM 105 2ND AMKPA TM
52 DANIEL 1 TM 106 HOLY SALVATION TM
53 IKPRUKPRU 3 TM 107 DANIEL TM
54 IKPRUKPRU 2 TM 108 IGHAGBOMI TM

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Figure 4: One Line Diagram Showing Otovwodo 11 kV Distribution System

Table 2: Line Parameters
Single
Bus Bus R X Z Y
Line
OTOVOWODO
OTOVOWODO 11 kV BUS 1 15.53 22.46 27.31 0.0272043
SUBSTATION
OTOVOWODO 11
ISOKO FEEDER 3 2.72 3.57 4.49 5.23E-05
kV BUS
OLORI EST FIRST BANK TM 12 1.17 1.53 1.93 2.24E-05
OVIE TM ISOKO FEEDER 16 1.17 1.53 1.93 2.24E-05
GRUBBS FIRST BANK TM 19 1.17 L53 1.93 2.24E-05
ODUOPHORI TM ISOKO FEEDER 8 10.51 13.78 17.33 0.000202
OLORI EST OLORI RDJN TM 11 3.50 4.59 5.78 6.72E-05
ODUOPHORI TM OVIRIOGOR 2 TM 7 46.70 6124 77.01 0.000897

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OLORI RDJN TM OLORI RD TM 20 14.01 18_37 23.10 0.000249
OVIRIOGOR 2 TM OVIRI OGOR 1TM 9 9.34 12.25 15.40 0.000179
OVIE TM OGBALOR TM 15 8.17 10.72 13.48 0.000157
OLORI RDJN TM LOW COST 21 7.01 9.19 11.55 0.000135
LOW COST MUD 1 TM 34 14.01 1857 23.10 0.000269
OGBALOR TM GRUBBS 17 8.17 10.72 13.48 0.000157
MUD 1 TM MUDI 2 TM 36 8.17 10.72 13.48 0.000157
OGBALOR TM MAKOLOMI 1 TM 18 4.67 6.12 7.70 8.96E-05
MUDI 2 TM 6 MTN PL TM 40 4.67 6.12 7.70 8.96E-05
SADJERE 1 TM SADJERE TM 3 2.34 3.06 3.85 4.48E-05
SADJERE 1 TM SADJERE TM 5 15.18 19.90 25.03 0.000291
MUDI 2 TM ETI TM 41 7.01 919 11.55 0.000135
SADJERE TM POC WATER TM 106 2.34 3.06 3.85 4.48E-05
POC WATER TM WINNER TM 22 2.34 3.06 3.85 4.48E-05
IGHOJA TM HERO FAITH TM 55 14.01 13.37 23.10 0.0002689
SADJERE 1 TM NCC (AIRTEL) TM 4 1.17 1.53 1.93 0.0000224
NCC (AIRTEL) TM SADJERE 1 TM 13 5.84 7.65 9.63 0.0001121
IGHOJA TM OMENEMU TM 52 2.34 3.06 3.85 0.0000448
NCC (AIRTEL) TM EVWIETA TM 14 3.50 4.59 5.78 0.0000672
EVWIETA TM UBA AI 23 1.17 1.53 1.93 0.0000224
UBA AI UBA 24 18.68 24.49 30.80 0.0003586
UBA AI IGHAGBOMI TM 25 1.17 L53 1.93 0.0000224
NCC TM UNION BANK 64 5.84 7.65 9.63 0.0001121
UBA AI PTI AI 26 1.17 1.53 1.93 0.0000224
IGHOJA TM UNION BANK 53 5.84 7.65 9.63 0.0001121
PTI AI PTI TM 28 5.84 7.65 9.63 0.0001121
PTI TM NNPC TM 29 3.50 4.59 5.78 0.0000672
OVIRI CR TM SHELL TM 30 3.50 4.59 5.78 0.0000672
IGHOJA TM AFISERE TM 54 11.68 1531 19.25 0.0002241
SHELL TM SHELL (S/S) TM 31 2.34 106 3.85 0.0000448
SHELL (S/S) TM ECOBANK TM 32 4.67 6.12 7.70 0.0000896
SHELL (S/S) TM MTN II TM 33 5.84 7.65 9.63 0.0001121
MTN II TM MTN III BUS 37 1.17 1.53 1.93 0.0000224
MTN III BUS CASSIDY 1 TM 39 9.34 12.25 15.40 0.0001793
CASSIDY 1 TM CASSIDY TM 42 1.17 1.53 1.93 0.0000224
CASSIDY 1 TM D’ ROSE 1 TM 43 9.34 12.25 15.40 0,0001793
AFISERE TM PIPE LINE 69 18.68 24.49 30.80 0.0003586

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D’ ROSE 1 TM D’ ROSE TM 44 1.17 1.53 1.93 0.0000224
AFISERE TM ORUBU TM 70 11.68 15.31 19.25 0.0002241
D’ ROSE 1 TM OFOR 1 TM 45 1.17 L53 1.93 0.0000224
D’ ROSE 1 TM OFOR 2 TM 46 3.50 4.59 5.78 0.0000672
D’ ROSE 1 TM MARVE SCH TM 47 4.67 6.12 7.70 0.0000896
MARVE SCH TM MARVE SCH 1 TM 48 3.50 4.59 5.78 0.0000672
MARVE SCH 1 TM IKPRUKPRU 1 TM 49 8.17 10.72 13.48 0.0001569
ORUBU TM OGELE TM 81 8.17 10.72 13.48 0.0001569
IKPRUKPRU 5 TM IKPRUKPRU 6 TM 50 12.84 16.84 21.18 0.0002465
ROUND ABT TM MTN 1(PL) 92 16.35 21.43 26.95 0.0003138
ROUND ABT TM AMEKPA 3 TM 93 8.17 10.72 13.48 0.0001569
IKPRUKPRU 4 TM DANIEL 1 TM 58 5.84 7.65 9.63 0.0001121
AMEKPA 3 TM AMEKPA 2 96 14.01 1837 23.10 0.0002689
DANIEL 1 TM IKPRUKPRU 3 TM 59 5.84 7.65 9.63 0.0001121
AMEKPA 2 HOLY SALVATION TM 99 8.17 10.72 13.48 0.0001569
DANIEL 1 TM DANIEL TM 60 10.51 13.78 17.33 0.0002017
AMEKPA 2 AMEKPA TM 100 18.68 24.49 30.80 0.0003586
IKPRUKPRU 2 TM DORTIE TM 62 10.51 13.78 17.33 0.0002017
IKPRUKPRU 2 TM ROBERT A TM 63 11.68 1531 19.25 0.0002241
AMEKPA TM 2ND AMKPA TM 105 14.01 1837 23.10 0.0002689
SADJERE 1 TM MAKOLOMI 1 TM 6 3.50 4.59 5.78 0.0000672
MAKOLOMI 1 TM MAKOLOMI TM 65 12.84 16.84 21.18 0.0002465
MAKOLOMI TM UPPER AGBARHO 5 TM 66 10.51 13.78 17.33 0.0002017
UPPER AGBARHO
UPPER AGBARHO 1 TM 68 4.67 6.12 7.70 0.0000896
5 TM
UPPER AGBARHO
UPPER AGBARHO 6 TM 71 8.17 10.72 13.48 0.0001569
1 TM
UPPER AGBARHO
UPPER AGBARHO 3 TM 72 5.84 7.65 9.63 0.0001121
6 TM
UPPER AGBARHO
UPPER AGBARHO 4 TM 73 15.18 19.90 25.03 0.0002914
6 TM
UPPER AGBARHO
UPPER AGBARHO 2 TM 74 5.84 7.65 9:63 0.0001121;
6 TM
UPPER AGBARHO
UPPER AGBARHO 3 TM 75 3.50 4.59 5.78 0.0000672
2 TM
MAKOLOMI TM ONOGHARIGHO TM 67 11.68 15.31 19.25 0.0002241

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ONOGHARIGHO
UTORO TM 77 12.84 16.84 21.18 0.0002465
TM
OTOVOWODO 11
ISOKO FEEDER 2 3.50 4.59 5.78 0.0000672
kV BUS
OTOVWODO 2 TM DUMEX FEEDER 27 16.35 21.43 26.95 0.0003138
T31 OTOVWODO 2 TM 38 14.01 18.37 23.10 0.0002689
OTOVWODO 4 TM BISHOP AI TM 61 3.50 459 5.78 0.0000672
BISHOP TM BISHOP AI TM 76 4.67 6.12 7.70 0.0000896
BISHOP AI TM DUMEX FEEDER 80 17.51 22.96 28.88 0.0003362
AGBARHA JNC TM DUMEX FEEDER 84 4.67 6.12 7.70 0.0000896
AGBARHA JNC TM AGBARHA RD TM 82 4.67 6.12 7.70 0.0000896
UDUERE 1 TM AGBARHA 2 TM 86 3.50 4.59 5.78 0.0000672
AGBARHA RD TM UDUERE 3 TM 85 11.68 15.31 19.25 0.0002241
SLAUGHTER RD
AGBARHA 1 TM 89 7.01 9.19 11.55 0.0001345
TM
AGBARHA 1 TM AGBARHA 2 TM 91 54.87 7L95 90.49 0.0010534
UDUERE 1 TM OWEYWE TM 87 31.52 4L33 51.98 0.0006051
OWEYWE TM SANIKO TM 95 16.35 2L43 26.95 0.0003138
OWEYWE TM OPHERIN TM 94 7.01 9.19 11.55 0.0001345
SANIKO TM GANA JNC TM 97 18.68 24.49 30.80 0.0003586
GANA JNC TM OMABEWE 2 TM 98 51.37 67.36 84.71 0.0009861
OMABEWE 2 TM OMABEWE 1 TM 101 3.50 4.59 5.78 0.0000672
OMABEWE 2 TM OKPHO AGARA TM 102 21.15 27.73 34.87 0.0004059
OKPHO AGARA TM OTERI TM 104 19.85 26.03 32.73 0.000381
ETEFE TM OTERI TM 79 45.53 59.71 75.09 0.0008741
LOW COST HERO FAITH TM 35 10.51 13.78 17.33 0.0002017
ETEFE TM AWIRHA TM 78 45.53 59.71 75.09 0.0008741
FIRST BANK TM MR BIGGS 103 9.34 12.25 15.40 0.0001793
AGBARHA JNC TM MR BIGGS 83 4.67 6.12 7.70 0.0000896
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
From the data obtained, Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) 7.0 software program was used in
carrying out the load flow study. ETAP Real-Time is a fully integrated suite of electrical software applications
that provides intelligent power monitoring, energy management, system optimization, advanced automation,
and real-time prediction.
a) Results Presentation
The result of the voltage index ranking for the substation buses for the optimum prediction of positional
placement of the SVC is shown table 3, while the result of the voltage profile of the simulation of Otowvodo
15MVA, 33/11kV distribution substation when SVC is included or not are shown in table 4 and the graphical
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representation is shown in figure 5. Research simulation shown in figure 5 through figure 8 and table 4 through
table 7 showed the results and performance of SVC inserted 33 kV/11kV Otovwodo distribution network.
Table 3: Voltage Index Ranking for the Substation Buses
Rank Bus Voltage Index
1 Dumex Feeder 1.101384
2 OVIE Feeder 1.101374
3 Isoko Feeder 1.101358
The buses chosen for consideration include Dumex feeder, Isoko feeder and Ovie of Otovwodo 11kV
distribution side see table 3. It was found that 50MVar and 40MVar is required to improve the voltage profile of
the network, and also reduce the power losses. To achieve the voltage improvement and power loss reduction,
the position and the size of the Static Var Compensator were predicted using methodology presented in section
II (c) and (d) respectively.
Table 4: Simulation Result Obtained without and with SVC
System bus
Single System Base System bus
System bus phase angle
line bus Bus name bus voltage voltage (%)
phase angle (Svc
Number (%) Svc inserted
inserted)
OTOVWODO
1 91.48 -2.0 98.43 -1.5
SUBSTATION
2 OTOVWODO 11 KV BUS 88.51 -4.8 98.6 -4.4
3 ISOKO FEEDER 88.21 -4.8 98.41 -4.6
4 DUMEX FEEDER 88.08 -4.8 98.32 -4.6
5 ODUOPHORI TM 88.17 -4.8 98.37 -4.6
6 OVIRIOGOR 2 TM 88.07 -4.9 98.25 -4.6
7 OVIRI OGOR 1TM 88.05 -4.9 98.23 -4.6
8 OVIE TM 88.13 -4.8 98.37 -4.6
9 OGBALOR TM 87.97 -7.2 97.75 -4.8
10 OGBALOR CR1 TM 87.57 -5.0 97.75 -4.8
11 MAKOLOMI 1 TM 87.26 -5.2 97.40 -4.9
12 MAKOLOMI TM 87.00 -5.3 97.12 -5.0
13 ONOGHARIGHO TM 86.93 -5.3 97.03 -5.1
14 UTORO TM 86.90 -5.3 96.99 -5.1
15 UPPER AGBARHO 5 TM 86.88 -5.3 96.97 -5.1
16 UPPER AGBARHO 1 TM 86.83 -5.3 96.92 -5.1
17 UPPER AGBARHO 3 TM 86.78 -5.3 96.86 -5.1
18 UPPER AGBARHO 6 TM 86.78 -5.3 96.86 -5.1
19 UPPER AGBARHO 4 TM 86.76 -5.4 96.86 -5.1
20 UPPER AGBARHO 2 TM 86.74 -5.4 96.84 -5.1
21 UPPER AGBARHO 3 TM 86.73 -5.4 96.81 --5.1
22 SADJERE 1 TM 87.10 -5.2 97.22 -5.0

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23 SADJERE TM 87.09 -5.2 97.11 -5.0
24 POC WATER TM 87.07 -5.2 97.19 -5.0
25 WINNER TM 87.05 -5.2 97.19 -5.0
26 NCC (AIRTEL) TM 87.05 -5.2 97.17 -5.0
27 EVWIETA TM 86.96 -5.3 97.06 -5.0
28 UBA AI 86.82 -5.3 96.91 -5.1
29 UBA 86.82 -5.3 96.91 -5.1
30 PTI AI 86.61 -5.4 96.68 -5.2
31 PTI TM 86.43 -5.5 96.44 -5.2
32 NNPC TM 86.40 -5.5 96.44 -5.2
33 OVIRI CR TM 86.99 -5.5 96.32 -5.3
34 SHELL TM 86.19 -5.5 96.20 -5.3
35 ECOBANK TM 86.12 -5.6 96.12 -5.3
36 SHELL (S/S) TM 86.12 -5.6 96.12 -5.3
37 MTN II TM 85.97 -5.6 95.96 -5.4
38 MTN III BUS 85.94 -5.6 95.92 -5.4
39 CASSIDY 1 TM 85.70 -5.7 95.66 -5.5
40 CASSIDY TM 85.70 -5.7 95.65 -5.5
41 OFOR 2 TM 85.5 -5.8 95.43 -5.6
42 OFOR 1 TM 85.5 -5.8 95.43 -5.6
43 D’ ROSE TM 85.5 -5.8 95.43 -5.6
44 D’ ROSE 1 TM 85.50 -5.8 95.43 -5.6
45 MARVE SCH TM 85.42 5.8 95.34 -5.6
46 MARVE SCH 1 TM 85.36 -5.9 95.04 -5.6
47 IKPRUKPRU 5 TM 85.36 -5.9 95.27 -5.6
48 IKPRUKPRU 6 TM 85.36 -5.9 95.27 -5.6
49 IKPRUKPRU 1 TM 85.21 -5.9 95.11 -5.7
50 IKPRUKPRU 7 TM 85.14 -6.0 95.03 -5.7
51 IKPRUKPRU 4 TM 85.12 -6.0 95.50 -5.8
52 DANIEL 1 TM 85.10 6.0 94.98 -5.8
53 IKPRUKPRU 3 TM 85.10 -6.0 94.96 -5.8
54 IKPRUKPRU 2 TM 85.12 -6.0 95.01 -5.7
55 ROBERT A TM 85.09 -6.0 94.97 -5.8
56 DORTIE TM 85.09 -6.0 94.98 -5.8
57 OTOVWODO 2 TM 87.93 -4.8 98.18 -4.6
58 T31 85.94 -4.9 98.10 -4.6
59 OTOVWODO 4 TM 85.05 -4.8 98.28 -4.6

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60 BISHOP AI TM 88.05 -4.8 98.28 -4.6
61 BISHOP TM 88.04 -4.8 98.27 -4.6
62 AGBARHA JNC TM 87.68 -4.9 97.80 -4.7
63 AGBARHA RD TM 87.62 -4.9 97.80 -4.7
64 UDUERE 3 TM 87.49 -4.9 97.66 -4.7
65 SLAUGHTER RD TM 87.29 -5.0 97.44 -5.1
66 AGBARHA 1 TM 87.20 -5.0 97.45 -4.8
67 UDUERE 2 TM 86.66 -5.1 96.84 -4.9
68 AGBARHA 2 TM 86.76 -5.1 96.84 -4.9
69 UDUERE 1 TM 86.73 -5.1 96.81 -4.9
70 OPHERIN TM 86.44 -5.2 96.48 -5.0
71 OWEYWE TM 86.44 -5.2 96.49 -5.0
72 SANIKO TM 86.39 -5.2 94.44 -5.0
73 GANA JNC TM 86.30 -5.2 96.33 -5.0
74 OMABEWE 2 TM 86.21 -5.2 96.23 -5.0
75 ETEFE TM 86.13 -5.2 96.14 -5.0
75 OMABEWE 1 TM 86.21 -5.2 96.23 -5.0
76 OKPHO AGARA TM 86.19 -5.2 96.21 -5.0
77 OTERI TM 86.17 -5.2 96.19 -5.0
79 AWIRHA TM 86.10 -5.3 96.11 -5.0
80 MR BIGGS 87.36 -5.0 97.52 -4.7
81 FIRST BANK TM 86.73 -5.1 96.81 -4.9
82 GRUBBS 86.57 -5.1 98.31 -4.9
83 OLORI EST 86.65 -5.1 96.72 -4.9
84 OLORI RD TM 86.36 -5.2 97.19 -4.9
85 OLORI RDJN TM 86.57 -5.1 96.48 -4.9
86 6 MTN PL TM 85.90 -5.2 95.90 -5.0
87 ETI TM 85.91 -5.2 95.89 -5.0
88 MUDI 2 TM 85.91 -5.6 95.90 -5.0
89 MUD 1 TM 86.95 -5.5 95.94 -5.0
90 LOW COST 86.04 -5.2 96.05 -5.3
91 HERO FAITH TM 85.58 -5.3 95.23 -5.1
92 IGHOJA TM 84.96 -5.5 94.48 -5.2
93 OMENEMU TM 85.95 -5.5 94.82 -5.2
94 UNION BANK 84.96 -5.3 94.83 -5.2
95 NCC TM 84.96 -5.5 94.83 -5.2
96 PIPE LINE 84.37 -5.6 94.18 -5.3

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97 AFISERE TM 84.48 -5.6 94.3 -5.3
98 OGELE TM 84.24 -5.6 94.03 -5.4
99 ORUBU TM 84.33 -5.6 94.14 -5.4
100 MTN 1(PL) 84.20 -5.6 93.98 -5.4
101 ROUND ABT TM 84.20 -5.6 93.98 -5.4
102 AMEKPA 3 TM 83.84 -5.7 93.58 -5.5
103 AMEKPA 2 83.63 -5.8 93.35 -5.6
104 AMEKPA TM 83.51 -5.8 93.22 -5.6
105 2ND AMKPA TM 88.08 -4.8 98.32 -4.6
106 HOLY SALVATION TM 86.59 -5.8 93.31 -5.6
107 IGHAGBOMI TM 86.77 -5.3 96.85 -5.1
108 DANIEL TM 85.08 -6.0 94.47 -5.8
SVC Performance on System Voltage Profile

System bus voltage (%) System bus voltage (%), SVC inserted
100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
Bus Votages (%)
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 76 81 85 89 93 97 101105
System Buses Number
Figure 5: Graph of Simulated System Voltage with and without SVC Insertion

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Table 5: Simulation Conditions and Violated Buses
SVC at Dumex (50 MVar),
Simulation Condition No SVC SVC at Dumex (50 MVar)
Ovie (40 MVar)
Violated Buses 108 45 17
Violated Buses
120
100
80
No of Buses
60
40
20
0
No SVC SVC at Dumex (50MVar) SVC at Dumex (50MVar),
Ovie (40MVar)
Simulation Conditions
Figure 6: Graph of Violated Buses Under Various Simulation Condition

Table 6: Simulation Conditions and System Active Power Loss
SVC at Dumex (50MVar), Ovie
Simulation Condition No SVC SVC at Dumex (50MVar)
(40MVar)
Active Power Loss (pu) 0.832 0.775 0.729
Active Power Loss (pu)

0.84
0.82
0.8
Active Power Loss (pu)
0.78
0.76
0.74
0.72
0.7
0.68
0.66
Simulation Conditions Ovie (40MVar)
Figure 7: Graph of System Active Power Loss under Various Simulation Condition
Table 7: Simulation Conditions and System Reactive Power Loss
SVC at Dumex (50 MVar),
Simulation Condition No SVC SVC at Dumex (50 MVar)
Ovie (40 MVar)
Reactive Power Loss (pu) 1.763 1.619 1.552

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Reactive Power Loss (pu)
1.8
1.75
1.7
Reactive Power Loss (pu)
1.65
1.6
1.55
1.5
1.45
1.4
Ovie (40MVar)
Simulation Conditions
Figure 8: Graph of System Reactive Power Loss Under Various Simulation Conditions
b) Analysis of Result and Summary
From the results of load flow analysis without SVC, it was found that all buses fall below the allowable voltage
range of within ±5% of the nominal voltage. The voltage range was between 80.94 % (0.8094 p.u) and 91.47 %
(0.9147p.u) (table 4 and figure 5) and the total active and reactive loss are 0.832MW and 1.763MVAR (table 6,
figure 7 and table 7,figure 8) respectively. The study system was compensated to achieve the voltage
improvement and power loss reduction, the Static Var Compensator was placed at two positions, Dumex Bus
and Ovie as suggested by voltage index simulation see table 3 and section IV(a).
The simulation conducted for SVC sizing using systematic sampling method started with the SVC placed initially
at Dumex bus and it showed that the optimum of the SVC was 50MVar and the system active and reactive loss
were reduced from 0.8332 MW and 1.763MVar to 0.775MW and 1.619MVar (table 6, figure 7 and table 7, figure
8) column 2 respectively. The system bus voltages range was also improved from 80.94 % (0.8094 p.u) and
91.47 % (0.9147p.u) to 82.83 % (0.8283 p.u) and 98.11 % (0.9811p.u). the violated buses were reduced from
108 to 45 buses (table 5 and figure 6), this is 58.33% bus voltage violation reduction.
On the second placement of the SVC at the bus that ranked second in the voltage index simulation, which is the
Ovie, the optimum size of the SVC at this bus was 40 MVar. At this condition the system active and reactive loss
were improved to 0.729 MW and 1.552 MVar (table 6, figure 7 and table 7, figure 8) column 3 respectively, and
the bus voltage was enhanced to between 86.92% (0.8692 p.u) and 98.60% (0.9860 p.u) (table 4.3 , figure 4.2
and figure 4.3). this improved the bus voltage violation from initial system bus voltage violation of 108 buses to
17 buses (table 5 and figure 6) column 3, this is 85.19% bus voltage violation improvement. The placement of
second SVC in Isoko feeder has less effect than placing at Ovie bus, this could only achieve 70.37% violation
reduction (108 buses to 32 buses) compare to 85.19% achieved by SVC at Ovie as second placement. These
results confirm the prediction made by voltage index ranking.
V. CONCLUSION
The use of Static Var Compensator in enhancing voltage stability considering Otovwodo 33/11kV distribution
station, Delta State, as a case study was applied to the power system. From the simulation carried out, it can be
concluded that voltage stability can be enhanced using SVC which controls the flow of reactive power in the
line. The research has shown that SVC enhance system loss reduction.
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[4] Avneesh Kumar Vishwakarma, Dhaneshwari Sahu (5, May 2013) “Efficient Voltage Regulation in Three
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[20] Vanishree, J., & Ramesh, V. (2018). Optimization of size and cost of static var compensator using
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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

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Figure 1: Ideal Static VAR System

Figure 2: Variant shunt susceptance

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Figure 3: SVC Firing Angle Model

From equation 8, the linearized SVC equation is given in equation 9.

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Figure 4: One Line Diagram Showing Otovwodo 11 kV Distribution System

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SVC Performance on System Voltage Profile

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Figure 6: Graph of Violated Buses Under Various Simulation Condition

Active Power Loss (pu)

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