Edexcel Combined Science (9-1)

GCSE
Biology
Paper 1 | Topic 1
Key Concepts of Biology

Extended Response Questions

Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Animal & Plant Cells

Topic 1: Key Concepts of Biology

 Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Animal, Plant & Bacterial
Animal & Plant Cells

Describe and compare the features of an

animal, plant, and bacterial cell (6)
 Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Animal, Plant & Bacterial
Animal & Plant Cells
• Animal cell: Cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm, ribosomes
• Plant cell: Cell wall, permanent vacuole, chloroplasts + organelles above
• Bacterial cell: Cell wall, chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA, cell membrane, ribosomes,
slime coat, flagellum.

• Nucleus: Controls activities of the cell & stores DNA

• Ribosomes: Produce proteins
• Cell wall: Strengthen and protects cell
• Cell membrane: Controls what exits and enters cell
• Mitochondria: Releases energy
• Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis
• Slime Coat: Protects bacteria cell
• Plasmid/Chromosomal DNA: Controls activities of bacterial cell
• Flagellum: Allows bacterial cell to move
• Permanent Vacuole: Stores cell sap (energy store)
 Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Adaptations
UsingofMicroscopes
Sperm Cells

Explain how sperm cells are adapted (3)

 Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Adaptations
PreparingofMicroscopes
Sperm Cells

• Tail for movement

• Many mitochondria
• To increase respiration so sperm can move faster & further
• Streamlined head to move faster
• Acrosome contains digestive enzymes
• To break down cell membrane of egg
 Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Adaptations of The Villi
Using Microscopes

Explain how the villi are adapted (4)

 Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Adaptations of The Villi
Preparing Microscopes

• Microvilli increases surface area

• Increases diffusion rate of substances into villi

• Capillaries increase blood supply to villi

• To maintain concentration gradient to increase diffusion rate

• One cell thick membrane

• Increases diffusion rate of substances into villi
 Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Preparing
Using a Slide
Microscopes

Describe how you would prepare a slide

to view onion cells under a light
microscope (3)
 Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Preparing
Preparing a Slide
Microscopes

• Place specimen (onion cells) on the slide

• Place a stain (iodine) on the specimen
• The stain (iodine) makes the cells visible
• Place a coverslip over the specimen
• The coverslip holds the specimen in place
 Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Using
UsingaMicroscopes
Microscope

Describe how you would use a

microscope to magnify and view cells (4)
 Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Using
UsingaMicroscopes
Microscope

• Place slide on the stage

• Use the objective lens with the smallest magnification
• Use the focusing wheel to focus the image
• To see the cell image in more detail
• To magnify the image further use a a more powerful
wheel to focus the image
Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Comparing Electron &Using
Light Microscopes

Compare Electron and Light

Microscopes (6)
 Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Comparing Electron &Using
Light Microscopes

Electron microscope Light microscope

• Can only use dead samples • Living samples
• Electrons fired onto sample • Uses light
• Higher magnification • Lower magnification
• Higher resolution • Lower resolution
• More expensive • Cheaper
Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity

Use data from the

graph to explain how
temperature effects
the activity of this
enzyme (6)
 Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity

Below the optimum temperature

Optimum temperature
• Substrate & enzyme store less kinetic energy
• 35 degrees Celsius
• Substrate & enzyme have fewer collisions
• Temperature where rate
• Less substrate binds enzyme active site iiiof reaction is highest
• Less product formed / rate of reaction decreases

Above the optimum temperature

• Enzyme denatures
• Active site changes shape
• Less substrate binds enzyme active site
• Less product formed / rate of reaction decreases
Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity

Use data from the

graph to explain
how pH effects the
activity of the
enzyme pepsin (4)
 Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity
Effect of Temperature

Below & above the optimum pH

• Enzyme denatures
• Active site changes shape
• Less substrate binds enzyme active site
• Less product formed / rate of reaction decreases

• Optimum pH is pH 2
• Optimum pH is the pH where rate of reaction / activity is highest
 Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Protease,
EnzymesAmylase
& Food&Groups
Lipase

Describe how enzymes break down lipids,

starch and protein.

Include substrates, enzymes & products (6)

 Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Protease,
EnzymesAmylase
& Food&Groups
Lipase

Lipid digestion
• Lipase enzyme
• Lipid (substrate) binds active site
• Products are glycerol & fatty acids
Starch digestion
• Amylase enzyme
• Starch (substrate) binds active site
• Product is glucose
Protein digestion
• Protease enzyme
• Protein (substrate) binds active site
• Product is amino acids
Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Osmosis
OsmosisininPotatoes
Potatos

Students filled two Visking

tubes with different sucrose
solutions & left them both in
a beaker of 5% sucrose
solution for an hour.

Describe & explain the likely

results after one hour.
 Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Osmosis in Potatoes

Tube one:
• Water concentration in tube is 80%
• Water concentration in beaker is 95%
• Water moves into tube 1
• By osmosis
• Movement of water from high to low conc., through partially permeable membrane
• Tube 1 increases mass/size

Tube two:
• Water concentration in tube is 100%
• Water concentration in beaker is 95%
• Water moves out of tube 2 by osmosis
• Tube 2 decreases mass/size
 Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Active Transport, Osmosis & Diffusion
Using Microscopes

How do plants use active transport,

osmosis and diffusion to transport
molecules (6)
 Biology Paper 1 Edexcel Active Transport, Osmosis
Enzymes & Diffusion
& Food Groups
Active Transport
• Movement of ions from low to high concentration
• Through protein carrier molecule / requires energy
• Any acceptable use of active transport (ion transport into roots/translocation)
Osmosis
• Movement of water
• From high to low water concentration / through partially permeable membrane
• Any acceptable use of osmosis in a plant (water transport into root)
Diffusion
• Movement of gas particles
• From a high to low concentration
• Any acceptable use of diffusion in a plant (gas transport into/out of leaf)