Discrete Mathematics

Project
A Project Submitted
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Bachelor of Technology
in CSE
Submitted by:
MD. Ayan Yezdani
(210456)
Dhruv sahgal
(210283)

School of engineering and technology

Social Network Analysis

Supervised by:
Dr. Ranjib Banerjee
December 2023
 Table of contents
Page no.
1.Title page 1

2.Abstract 3

3. Introduction 3

4. Methodology 4

5. Mathematical model 5

6. Implementation 7

7. Conclusion 8
1.Abstract
This comprehensive project is dedicated to the intricate analysis of a simplified social
network, employing set relations and functions as fundamental components. Within this
network, individuals are meticulously represented as sets, and the intricate web of
connections among them is defined by friendship relations and interaction functions. The
overarching goal of this endeavor is to delve into the multifaceted realms of network
connectivity, influence dynamics, and their underlying mathematical models.

The foundation of this exploration lies in the meticulous examination of set relations,
each serving as a conduit for interpersonal connections within the social network. By
utilizing functions to delineate the nuances of friendship and interaction, this project
embarks on a journey to unravel the complex fabric of relationships that interlace the
individuals in this dynamic social tapestry.

A pivotal aspect of this undertaking involves a rigorous mathematical modeling

approach, where intricate algorithms and analytical tools are applied to decode the
connectivity patterns inherent in the social network. Through the lens of set theory and
functions, the project aims to uncover the underlying structures that govern the
relationships between individuals and the emergent properties that shape the collective
dynamics of the network.

2.Introduction
The Social Network Analysis project presented in this report is a comprehensive
exploration of the dynamics within a simplified social network. Guided by Dr. Ranjib
Banerjee, the project employs fundamental principles of set relations and functions to
dissect the intricate web of connections among individuals. In this network, individuals
are meticulously represented as sets, and the interplay of friendships and interaction
functions defines the complex relationships among them. The primary objective of this
endeavor is to unravel the multifaceted dimensions of network connectivity, influence
dynamics, and their underlying mathematical models. This introduction sets the stage for
a detailed examination of the methodologies, mathematical models, implementation
strategies, and findings that collectively contribute to a deeper understanding of the social
network under investigation.

3.Methodology
In this comprehensive social network analysis project, the objectives are clearly defined
to understand various aspects of the network, emphasizing connectivity, influence, and
dynamic behaviors. Key questions include the exploration of interaction strengths,
common friends, and shared interests among individuals. The project focuses on
gathering detailed data on individuals, incorporating attributes such as interests and
affiliations. Friendship relations are systematically captured to establish the groundwork
for network connectivity.

Data representation adopts a set-based approach, where individuals are represented as

sets, encompassing their attributes. Friendship relations are also modeled as sets between
individuals, laying the foundation for a structured network.

The mathematical model is intricately developed, leveraging set theory and functions.
Functions are designed to measure crucial aspects like interaction strengths and shared
interests, while set relations facilitate the analysis of connectivity patterns, delving into
clusters and subgroups within the network.

Network connectivity analysis employs set relations to explore patterns and identify
clusters, shedding light on the impact of connectivity on information flow and
community dynamics. Influence measurement involves the use of functions to pinpoint
influential nodes, uncovering power dynamics and nodes acting as bridges between
clusters. Influence is quantified based on interaction strengths and centrality measures.

A significant aspect of the project involves network dynamics simulation. A dedicated

module is created to simulate dynamic changes in the social network, allowing for the
observation of the network's evolution over time. The resilience and adaptability of the
network structure to additions or removals of individuals are analyzed, providing
valuable insights into the dynamic nature of the social network.
This structured approach integrates mathematical modeling, data representation, and
analysis techniques to comprehensively explore and understand the intricacies of the
social network under investigation.

4.Mathematical model

Individuals and Friendships:

Let I be the set of individuals in the social network: I = {I1, I2, ..., In}, where n is the
number of individuals.

The set F represents the friendships between individuals: F = {(Ii, Ij) | Individual Ii is

friends with Ij}.

. Attributes:

Each individual Ii is associated with a set of attributes, denoted as Ai. For example, Ai =

{interests, age, ...}.

Interaction Function:

The interaction function F_interaction measures the strength of interaction between two

individuals. It takes two individuals Ii and Ij as input and outputs a real number

representing the strength of their interaction.

Connectivity Function:

The connectivity function F_connectivity determines if there is a direct friendship

relation between two individuals. It takes two individuals Ii and Ij as input and outputs

either 0 (no direct friendship) or 1 (direct friendship).

Influence Function:

The influence function F_influence assesses the influence of an individual within the
network. It takes an individual Ii as input and outputs a real number representing their
influence.

Connectivity Analysis:Set relations S_relations are used to identify clusters within the network.

Network Dynamics:
The simulation involves operations that simulate additions or removals of individuals, leading to changes in

the network structure. Simulation Operations: Add(Ii), Simulation Operations: Remove(Ii)

This mathematical model provides a high-level representation of the key components and

functions involved in the social network analysis project. The specific details of the functions

and relations will depend on the nature of your data and the goals of our analysis.

5.Implementation

In the implementation phase of our Social Network Analysis project, we've translated our

theoretical model into a working Python code. Below, I'll walk you through the key

components and functionalities.

Following is the python code we used for the analysis

The SocialNetwork class initializes with data structures for individuals and friendships.

The add_individual method allows the addition of individuals to the network with

associated attributes. Friendship connections are established through the add_friendship

method, which appends pairs of individuals to the friendships list.

The optional visualize method offers a rudimentary visualization of the social network. It

prints each individual's attributes and displays established friendships, providing a quick

overview of the network structure.

The analyze_connectivity method focuses on basic connectivity analysis. While the specific

implementation is not detailed, it typically involves algorithms to identify connected

components or assess the overall structure of the social network. This method serves as a

starting point for understanding the network's interconnectedness.

In summary, this code sets up a simple representation of a social network, enabling the

addition of individuals and friendships, offering a basic visualization option, and

providing a foundation for analyzing connectivity within the network. Further

customization and expansion of analysis methods can be incorporated based on specific

requirements.

The following is the output

The output provides a tangible representation of the individuals, their attributes, and the

connectivity patterns within the social network. It serves as a foundational step in

understanding the overall composition and organization of the network, offering valuable

insights for further analysis and interpretation.

6.Conclusion

In conclusion, this social network analysis project navigates the intricate web of

interpersonal connections, aiming to unravel the dynamics and complexities inherent in

the network. By employing a robust mathematical model grounded in set theory and

functions, we've explored connectivity patterns, identified influential nodes, and

simulated dynamic changes within the network.

The emphasis on data collection, representing individuals as sets with attributes, and

defining friendship relations has provided a solid foundation for our analysis. The

network connectivity analysis has enabled the identification of clusters and subgroups,

shedding light on the network's structural characteristics and their implications for

information flow and community dynamics.

The influence measurement aspect has brought forth insights into power dynamics and

key nodes acting as bridges between different segments of the network. This not only

quantifies influence but also contributes to a nuanced understanding of the social

network's hierarchy.

The network dynamics simulation has been a pivotal component, allowing us to witness

the adaptability and resilience of the network structure in response to changes. This

simulation module is a powerful tool for forecasting and understanding how the network

might evolve over time.

In essence, this project serves as a testament to the efficacy of mathematical modeling

and analysis in unraveling the intricacies of social networks. The methodologies

employed here not only provide valuable insights into the current state of the network but

also lay the groundwork for future enhancements and a deeper exploration of social

dynamics. As we navigate the ever-evolving landscape of social connections, this project

stands as a foundational stepping stone for continued research and understanding in the

realm of social network analysis.

7.References

1.Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications.

Cambridge University Press.

2.Newman, M. E. J. (2010). Networks: An Introduction. Oxford University Press.

3.Scott, J. (2017). Social Network Analysis. SAGE Publications.

4.Barabási, A.-L. (2002). Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It

Means for Business, Science, and Everyday Life. Plume.

5.Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G., & Johnson, J. C. (2013). Analyzing Social Networks. SAGE

Publications.

6.Freeman, L. C. (2004). The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the

Sociology of Science. Empirical Press.