R PROGRAMMING 1. Write a R program for different types of data structures in R. Adata structure is a particular way of organizing data in a computer so that it can beused effectively. It used to reduce the space and time complexities of different tasks, Data structures in R programming are tools for holding multiple values. R gives six data types which are most frequently utilized in data analysis. Each data structure has its own use cases and properties, and we can perform various operations on them to. manipulate and analyse data PROGRAM: VECTORS A vector is an ordered collection of basic data types of a given length. All the elements of a vector must be of the identical data type e.g. homogeneous data structures. Vectors are one-dimensional data structures # Vector x <¢ (‘Jan’,'Feb"’March’,"Apr’/May","June" July") y~e (1,234) print(x) print(y) OUTPUT [1] Jan" "Feb" ‘March’ "Apr" "May" "June" "July" (111234 LISTS A list is a generic object consisting of an ordered collection of objects. Lists are heterogenzous data structures, These are also onedimensional date structures. A list can be a list of vectors, list of matrices, a list of characters and a list of functions and so on. # List listI< list(’Sam’, "Green’, o(3,4,2), TRUE, 11.78, FALSE) print(list1) OUTPUT (0) fi]'sam" (2 [1] "Green"{3} [1]342 (4 [1] TRUE (5) [1] 11.78 {ell [1] FALSE DATAFRAMES Data frames are generic data objects of R which are used to store the tabular data. Data frames are the foremost popular data objects in R programming because we are comfortable in seeing the data within the tabuler form. They are two- dimensional, heterogeneous data structures. empid <- o(1:4) empname <- o('Sam’"Ram"Raja"/John") empdept <- ¢("Sales"”Marketing’/HR"/R & D") emp.data <- data.frame(empidempnameempdept) print(emp.data) OUTPUT empid empname empdept 1 Sam Sales 2 Ram Marketing 3 Raja HR 4 John R&D DATAFRAME WITH TIME-SERIES # DataFrame with time-series date <- as Date(c’2023-01-01"'2023-01-02",'2023-01-03")) value < (100, 110, 105) df_time_series <- data.frame(Date = date, Value = value) print(df_time_series) OUTPUT Date Value 1 2023-01-01 100 2 2023-01-02 110 3 2023-01-03 105MATRICES A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns. Ina matrix, as we know rows are the ones that run horizontally and columns are the ones that run vertically. Matrices are two-dimensional, homogeneous data structures. matrix new < matrix(cbinds- (1 4,6) ,rbind <- ¢(3,7,8))) print(matrix_new) M1 <- matrix(c(1:9), nrow = 3, ncol =3, byrow= TRUE) print(M1) OUTPUT (1) 62) £3) fh] 123 [21 4 5 6 [3] 7 8 9 ARRAYS Arrays are the R data objects which store the data in more than two dimensions. Arrays are n- dimensional data structures. For example, if we create an array of dimensions (2, 3, 3) then it creates 3 rectangular matrices each with 2 rows and 3 columns. They are homogeneous data structures. A= array(c(1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7,8),dim = ¢(2, 2, 2)) print(A) OUTPUT wl (1) £2] f}13 [2]24 12 (1) £2] f1]57 [2]68 FACTORS Factors are the data objects which are used to categorize the data and store it as levels. They are useful for storing categorical data. They can store both strings and integers. They are useful to categorize unique values in columns like "TRUE" or -“FALSE”, or “MALE” or "FEMALE", etc.. They are useful in data analysis for statistical modeling. data <-factor(c(’Male""Female”"Male’’Child'’Child'’Male''Female";Female")) print(data) fac = factor(c("Male’, "Female’, “Male”, "Male’, “Female” “Male”, "Female”) print(Fac) OUTPUT: [1] Male Female Male Male Female Male Female Levels: Female Male 2Mrite a R program that include variables, constants, data types. #data type x=456 e = as.integer(3) str print(class(x)) print(class(e)) print(class(y)) print(class(z)) print(class(str1)) OUTPUT [1] 'numeric" [1] ‘integer’ [1] integer" [1] complex" [1] ‘character’ #constants #predefined contants print(LETTERS) print(pi) print(month.name) print(month.abb) OUTPUT [AUB On DEN EMG” HET UKE MNT 0" PQ! REIS" TE UT"[23] "'w''x""y"'2" [1]3.141593 [1] "January" "February" "March" "April" "May" "June" — “July” [8]"August" "September" ‘October "November" ‘December’ [1] Jan" "Feb’ "Mar" "Apr" "May" "Jun" "Jul" "Aug’ "Sep" "Oct" "Nov" "Dec" #numeric constant Ac-5L print(typeof(A)) Be- 5i print(typeof(B)) #character constants x<5! print(typeof(x)) print(typeof(‘program))) OUTPUT [1] ‘integer" [1] "complex" [1] "character" [i] "character" # variables m< 45.6 print(m) y <'R progranming’ print(y) OUTPUT [1] 45.6 [11'R progranming" 3. Write a R program that include different operators, control structures, default values for arguments, retuming complex objects. #operators #R program to illustrate # the use of Arithmetic operatorsvec! <:0(0, 2) vec? <:o(2, 3) # Performing operations on Operands cat ("Addition of vectors :", vecl + vec2, "\n") cat (‘Subtraction of vectors", vec - vec2, "\n") cat ("Multiplication of vectors :", veel * vec2,"\n') cat (‘Division of vectors", vec / vec2, "\n") cat ("Modulo of vectors :", vec1 %% vec2, "\n') cat ("Power operator:", vec * vec2) # R program to illustrate # the use of Logical operators vect <-¢(0,2) vec? < c(TRUE,FALSE) # Performing operations on Operands cat ("Element wise AND :", vec & vec2, "\n") cat ("Element wise OR :”, vec | vec2, "\n") cat ("Logical AND :", vecl && vec2, "\n") cat ("Logical OR", vec || vec2, "\n") cat ("Negation :", 1vec1) # R program to illustrate # the use of Relational operators vecl < (0, 2) vec2 < (2, 3) # Performing operations on Operands cat ("Vector1 less than Vector2:", vecl < vec?, "\n") cat ("Vector1 less than equal to Vector2 :', vecl <= vec?, "\n') cat ("Vector1 greater than Vector2 :", vecl > vec2, "\n") cat ("Vector greater than equel to Vector2 :", vecT >= vec2, "\n") cat ("Vector not equal to Vector? “", vec != vec2, "\n") #R program to illustrate # the use of Assignment operators veot = 0(2:5) (2:5) >> vec2 vec <<- o(2:5) veod = (2:5) (2:5) > vec5 # Performing operations on Operands cat (‘vector 1:", vect, "\n') cat("vector 2“, vec2, "\n’) cat ("vector 3:", veo3, "\n')cat("vector 4", vec, "\n") cat("vector 5", vec5) OUTPUT Addition of vectors :2 5 Subtraction of vectors :-2-1 Multiplication of vectors : 06 Division of vectors : 0 0.6666657 Modulo of vectors : 0 2 Power operator :0 8 Element wise AND : FALSE FALSE Element wise OR : TRUE TRUE Negation : TRUE FALSE Vector! less than Vector2 : TRUE TRUE Vector! less than equal to Vector2 : TRUE TRUE Vector! greater than Vector2 : FALSE FALSE Vector greater than equal to Vector2 : FALSE FALSE Vector! not equal to Vector2 : TRUE TRUE vector 1:2345 vector2:2345 vector 3:2345 vector 4:2345 vector 5:2345 # Control Structures x 10){ print(paste(s, "is greater than 10°)) Jelse( print(paste(,, "is less than 10")) } OUTPUT [1] ‘Sis less than 10° x < letters[4:10] # for loop for(i in x){ print(i) }OUTPUT i'd" hl’ nner f]'s" (i) "h" nye ay # while loop x=1 # Print] to 5 while(x <= 5){ print(x) x=x41 } OUTPUT fa hz {3 t4 fs x=l # Print1 to S repeat{ print(x) X=x41 if(x> 5){ break } } (jt hz hs t4 fs # Checks value is either positive, negative or zero func <-function(x){ if (> Of return('Positive")~~ Jelse if(x < 0){ return(‘Negative’) Jelset return(‘Zero’) } } fune(1) func(0) func(-1) OUTPUT [1] Positive" [1] Zero" [1] 'Negative" # R program to check if # object is of complex type # Calling is.complex() function is.complex(1 + Oi) is.complex(1.5 + 2i) is.complex(-1.5 + 2i) OUTPUT [1] TRUE (1] TRUE [1] TRUE 4, Write a R program for calculating cumulative sums, and products minima maxima and calculus #R program to illustrate # the use of cumsum() Function # Creating Vectors x1 < (2, 4, 5,7) x2 <¢(2.4, 5.6, 3.4) # Calling cumsum( Function cumsum(x1) cumsum(x2) Output:~~ [i] 2 61118 [1] 2.4 8.0114 # R program to illustrate # the use of cumprod() Function data < c(2, 4, 5,7) data2 < c(2.4,5.6, 3.4) # Calling cumprod() Function cumprod(data1) cumprod(data2) Output [1] 2 8 40280 [1] 2.400 13.440 45.696 # create a vector data = 0(23, 4, 56, 21, 34, 56, 73) # get the minimum value print(min(data)) # get the maximum value print(max(data)) OUTPUT tla fi} 73 #Basic Calculus install packages("mosaic’) library(mosaic) f<- makeFun(m*xtb~x.m=3.5,b=10) f(x=2) output (17 install.packages('mosaic’) library(mosaic)~ f<- makeFun(m*x+b~x,m=3.5,b=10) f(x=2) OUTPUT [1]3 5. Write a R program for any visual representation of an object with creating graphs using graphic functions: Plot(),Hist(),Linechart(),Pie(),Boxplot(),Scatterplots(). Program: #Displaying plot title with color plot(c(1,3,5,7,9,11),c(2,7,5,10,8,10) type="o\lty=3, col="red w= graph’,col.main="blue’) Lmain="This is a # Create data for the Histogram graph v