Bio Assignment 1

Parts and Their Morphology
1. Capsule: Made up of complex polysaccharides, it forms the outermost covering of the bacterial cell.
Capsules are an important structural component that keeps the bacterium from drying out, also
protecting them from being engulfed by larger microbes. It provides the bacterial cell the ability to
cause disease.
2. Cell Wall: It is a rigid covering composed of peptidoglycan, a polymer of protein and sugar molecules
that provides shape and structural support to the cell. Based on their staining properties and
composition of cell wall, bacteria can be classified into gram-positive and gram-negative group.
3. Cytoplasmic Membrane: It is a semi-permeable membrane composed of lipids and proteins that

separates the inside of the cell from its external environment. The cytoplasmic membrane carries out
many necessary cellular functions such as energy generation, protein secretion, cell division, and
transport of nutrients across the cell.
4. Cytoplasm: Present below the cytoplasmic membrane and distributed throughout the cell, it is a gel-
like matrix mainly composed of water along with dissolved salts and minerals. Along with some
cellular parts and components such as nucleoid, ribosomes, and inclusion bodies, the cytoplasm of a
bacterial cell also contains a circular (or sometimes linear) auxiliary DNA molecule called a plasmid.
This extra-chromosomal piece of DNA participates in cell division and confers the bacterial cell with
properties such as antibiotic resistance and the ability to infect other cells known as pathogenicity.
5. Nucleoid: It is the region where the single, circular DNA of bacteria is found. The bacterial DNA
usually ranges in size from 160,000 base pairs to 12,200,000 base pairs (12.2 Mbp). The nucleoid is not
membrane-bound but is simply an area of the cytoplasm where the strands of DNA are located.
6. Ribosomes: They are granular structures that are found scattered unevenly throughout the cytoplasm,
which helps bacteria to synthesize proteins.
7. Inclusion Bodies: They are non-living structures present in the cytoplasm. Based on their nature, the
inclusion bodies are of three types— gas vacuoles, inorganic inclusions, and food reserve. While the
gas vacuoles allow bacteria to float in waters, the inorganic inclusions serve to store certain hydrolytic
enzymes capable of destroying the host cell.
8. Flagella: They are long hair-like structures attached to the cell surface that helps in bacterial
movement. They can be found at either or both ends of a bacterial cell and sometimes all over its
surface. The flagella beat in a propeller-like motion to help the bacterium move toward nutrients and
light, as well as away from toxic chemicals. The presence of flagella, their number, and arrangement on
their cell surface also forms a basis of classification in bacteria.
9. Pili: They are short hair-like projections emerging from outside the cell. These outgrowths assist the
bacteria in attaching to other cells and surfaces, such as teeth, intestines, and rocks. Bacteria use
specialized pili, called sex pili, for reproduction.
Parts and Their Morphology:
1. Cytoplasm: It maintains the shape of the cell, provides crucial support to the internal structures and is
the suspension medium for the organelles.
2. Lysosome: function as the digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade material taken up from
outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itself.
3. Mitochondrion: Their major role is the synthesis of ATP through the coupling of a membrane
potential to the transfer of electrons from NADH to O2 via the electron transport chain.
4. Vacuole: helps maintain water balance.
5. Peroxisome: are the sole site of fatty acid β-oxidation in plant cells and are involved in generating two
phytohormones: IAA and JA. They play an important role in photorespiration in conjunction with
mitochondria and chloroplasts.
6. Vesicle: small cellular containers that can be used to move molecules, secrete substances, digest
materials, or regulate the pressure in the cell.
7. Golgi apparatus: serves as the site at which the complex polysaccharides of the cell wall are
synthesized.
8. Cell membrane: it provides protection to the cell from its surroundings and controls the passage of
some solutes and water into and out of the cell.
9. Plasmodesmata: are gated plant cell wall channels that allow the trafficking of molecules between
cells
10. Cell wall: provides a structural framework to support plant growth and acts as the first line of defense
when the plant encounters pathogens.
11. Nucleus: serves as storage and regulator of DNA.

a. Nucleoplasm: provide structural support for the chromatin in the form of a gel-like
environment.
b. Nucleolus: produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes.
c. Nuclear envelope: separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm and provides the
structural framework of the nucleus.
d. Nuclear pore: regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm,
permitting some to pass through the membrane, but not others
12. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: its function is to make cellular products like hormones and lipids.
13. Rough endoplasmic reticulum: its function is to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function.
14. Ribosomes: are the organelles that help in protein synthesis.
15. Chloroplasts: produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release processes, which sustain
plant growth and crop yield.
Parts and Their Morphology:
1. Cell Membrane: A thin semipermeable membrane layer of lipids and proteins surrounding the
cell. Its primary role is to protect the cell from its surrounding. Also, it controls the entry and
exit of nutrients and other microscopic entities into the cell.
2. Ribosome: An intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein
synthesis in the cell.
3. Cytoplasm: Responsible for holding the components of the cell and protects them from
damage.
4. Lysosome: They break down excess or worn-out cell parts. They may be used to destroy
invading viruses and bacteria.
5. Golgi Body: cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules,
especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.
6. Secretory vesicles: mediates the vesicular transport of cargo - e.g. hormones or

neurotransmitters - from an organelle to specific sites at the cell membrane, where it docks
and fuses to release its content.
7. Centrosomes: the primary microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells, and so
it regulates cell motility, adhesion and polarity in interphase, and facilitates the organization of
the spindle poles during mitosis.
8. Mitochondrion: Known as the “powerhouses of the cell,” mitochondria produce the energy
necessary for the cell's survival and functioning.
9. Endoplasmic Reticulum: a large, dynamic structure that serves many roles in the cell
including calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
10. Nucleolus: a spherical structure found in the cell's nucleus whose primary function is
to produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes. It is also where ribosomal RNA genes are
transcribed.
11. Nucleus: The function of the nucleus in an animal cell includes organizing, protecting, storing,
and copying DNA.

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Parts and Their Morphology

3. Cytoplasmic Membrane: It is a semi-permeable membrane composed of lipids and proteins that

4. Vacuole: helps maintain water balance.

11. Nucleus: serves as storage and regulator of DNA.

14. Ribosomes: are the organelles that help in protein synthesis.

6. Secretory vesicles: mediates the vesicular transport of cargo - e.g. hormones or

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