Obeagu et al

www.iaajournals.org
IAA Journal of Biological Sciences 11(1):1-11, 2023. ISSN: 2636-7254
©IAAJOURNALS
https://doi.org/10.59298/IAAJB/2023/1.2.23310

Advancements in Immune Augmentation Strategies for HIV Patients

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu1, Getrude Uzoma Obeagu2, Esther Ugo Alum3,4

and Okechukwu Paul-Chima Ugwu4

Corresponding author: Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Department of Medical Laboratory

Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.

ABSTRACT
The management of HIV has witnessed a transformative shift owing to innovative approaches
aimed at bolstering immune status in affected individuals. The landscape of HIV treatment
has undergone a profound transformation with the emergence of innovative approaches
dedicated to fortifying the immune status of individuals living with the virus. This abstract
provides a succinct yet comprehensive overview of groundbreaking strategies aimed at
augmenting immune health in HIV patients. Encompassing advancements in immunotherapy,
personalized medicine, lifestyle modifications, and telemedicine, this overview highlights
the promising trajectory and potential impact of these novel interventions in the realm of
HIV care. By exploring the multifaceted dimensions of immune enhancement strategies, this
abstract sets the stage for a deeper understanding of these innovative approaches and their
pivotal role in shaping the future of HIV management.
Keywords: HIV, immunotherapy, personalized medicine, lifestyle modifications,
telemedicine, immune health, treatment strategies

INTRODUCTION
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (HIV). Historically, the primary focus of
infection remains a global health HIV management has centered on
challenge, necessitating continual antiretroviral therapy (ART) to suppress
innovation in treatment modalities. viral replication, extending patient life
Conventional antiretroviral therapies expectancy but often falling short in
(ART) have significantly prolonged the addressing immune system restoration
lives of HIV patients by suppressing viral [11-20]. However, amidst this landscape, a
replication; however, emerging new frontier has emerged, one that
approaches targeting immune accentuates the significance of immune
enhancement offer new avenues for enhancement strategies beyond viral
augmenting overall health outcomes [1- suppression. This paradigmatic evolution
10]. The field of HIV care has witnessed a recognizes the pivotal role of a robust
dynamic shift in recent years, marked by a immune system in not just combating the
concerted effort to explore innovative virus but also in fostering overall health,
methodologies aimed at bolstering the resilience, and potential functional cures.
immune status of individuals afflicted This paper seeks to provide an overview of
with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus the groundbreaking advancements and

1
Obeagu et al
www.iaajournals.org
IAA Journal of Biological Sciences 11(1):1-11, 2023. ISSN: 2636-7254
©IAAJOURNALS
https://doi.org/10.59298/IAAJB/2023/1.2.23310
multifaceted approaches dedicated to exploration of lifestyle modifications, and
improving immune status in HIV patients. the integration of telemedicine into patient
From innovative immunotherapy care, these strategies collectively
interventions to the tailoring of treatments represent a transformative era in HIV
through personalized medicine, the management.

Immunotherapy
Recent developments in therapies aim to bolster the body's defense
immunomodulatory approaches have mechanisms, potentially controlling viral
garnered attention for their potential to replication and aiding in immune
bolster immune response against HIV. restoration [31-43]. Moreover, immune
Cytokine therapy, therapeutic vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, known for their
and immune checkpoint inhibitors success in cancer treatment, are being
represent forefront interventions intended explored in HIV therapy. By blocking
to fortify the body's defenses, aiming not inhibitory signals that dampen immune
only for viral suppression but also immune responses, these inhibitors can potentially
restoration. Immunotherapy, a burgeoning "release the brakes" on the immune
field in HIV research and treatment, system, allowing it to better recognize and
represents a paradigm shift in how eliminate HIV-infected cells [44-49].
healthcare professionals approach Despite the promise of immunotherapy,
managing the disease. Unlike traditional challenges persist. HIV's ability to mutate
antiretroviral therapies (ART) that directly rapidly and evade the immune system
target the virus, immunotherapy aims to poses a formidable obstacle. Additionally,
harness the body's immune system to side effects and the complexities of
combat HIV [21-30]. This innovative balancing immune activation without
approach encompasses a diverse range of causing excessive inflammation remain
strategies designed to boost immune significant considerations in developing
responses against HIV. One notable avenue safe and effective immunotherapeutic
involves therapeutic vaccines, which interventions [50-57]. As research in
trigger an immune response to either immunotherapy for HIV continues,
prevent infection or control viral collaboration between scientists,
replication in already infected individuals. clinicians, and pharmaceutical companies
While the development of an effective HIV is crucial. This collaborative effort aims to
vaccine remains an ongoing challenge, refine existing strategies, explore novel
recent advancements have shown approaches, and overcome obstacles in
promising results, providing hope for pursuit of more effective treatments that
potential preventive measures or not only control viral replication but also
therapeutic adjuncts. Cytokine therapy, strengthen the immune system,
another facet of immunotherapy, involves potentially leading to long-term remission
using specific proteins or signaling or functional cure for HIV. Immunotherapy
molecules to modulate the immune stands as a beacon of hope, offering
system's response. Certain cytokines, such promising prospects for transforming the
as interleukins or interferons, have been landscape of HIV management and
investigated for their ability to enhance improving the lives of those affected by
immune function against HIV. These the virus.
Personalized Medicine
Personalized medicine in the context of and other molecular analyses, to
HIV care represents a revolutionary customize treatment strategies based on a
approach tailored to the individual patient's unique genetic makeup, immune
characteristics of each patient. This response, and viral factors [58-62]. The
innovative paradigm utilizes an array of integration of personalized medicine in
tools, including genomics, proteomics, HIV management allows for a more precise

2
Obeagu et al
www.iaajournals.org
IAA Journal of Biological Sciences 11(1):1-11, 2023. ISSN: 2636-7254
©IAAJOURNALS
https://doi.org/10.59298/IAAJB/2023/1.2.23310
and nuanced understanding of how the approach helps in predicting a patient's
virus interacts with an individual's response to treatment and optimizing
immune system. By analyzing genetic therapies for better long-term outcomes.
variations, researchers and healthcare The concept of personalized medicine also
providers can identify specific markers encompasses the management of co-
that influence how a person responds to occurring conditions and comorbidities in
HIV and antiretroviral therapies. This HIV patients. Considering individual
knowledge facilitates the selection of the health profiles, including factors such as
most effective treatment regimens while age, lifestyle, and concurrent diseases,
minimizing potential side effects [63-66]. allows for a more holistic approach to care.
Genetic testing plays a pivotal role in Tailoring treatment plans based on these
personalized medicine for HIV. It enables multifaceted aspects ensures
the identification of genetic variations that comprehensive and personalized
might impact drug metabolism, efficacy, healthcare delivery [67]. Despite its
or susceptibility to side effects. potential, the implementation of
Pharmacogenomic testing, for instance, personalized medicine in HIV care faces
assists in determining the most suitable challenges, including cost, accessibility to
antiretroviral medications based on an advanced technologies, and the need for
individual's genetic profile, optimizing large-scale data interpretation. However,
treatment outcomes and minimizing as technology advances and our
adverse reactions [67]. Furthermore, understanding of HIV and genomics
personalized medicine extends beyond deepens, personalized medicine holds
genetics to encompass the immune immense promise in revolutionizing HIV
system's unique characteristics. management, improving treatment
Understanding a patient's immune outcomes, and potentially moving closer
response profile enables healthcare to personalized therapies that could lead
professionals to tailor interventions aimed to better control or even eradication of the
at bolstering immune function. This virus in individual patients.
Lifestyle Modifications and Adjunctive Therapies
Lifestyle modifications and adjunctive only helps in maintaining a healthy body
therapies play an increasingly recognized weight but also contributes to enhancing
and integral role in augmenting the immune function, reducing inflammation,
immune status and overall well-being of and improving overall cardiovascular
individuals living with HIV. These health. Structured exercise regimens,
complementary approaches, when adapted to each patient's abilities and
integrated into HIV care plans, contribute preferences, are incorporated as part of
significantly to enhancing immune holistic care plans [68]. Stress
function, managing symptoms, and management techniques and mental health
improving the quality of life for patients support are equally crucial in bolstering
[68]. Nutritional interventions stand as a immune resilience. Chronic stress can
cornerstone in optimizing immune health adversely impact the immune system,
for HIV patients. A well-balanced diet rich making individuals more susceptible to
in essential nutrients, vitamins, and infections and hampering overall health.
antioxidants supports immune function Mindfulness practices, meditation,
and aids in mitigating complications counseling, and support groups aid in
associated with the virus and its reducing stress levels, promoting mental
treatments. Nutritional counseling and well-being, and indirectly supporting
supplementation tailored to individual immune function. Complementary
needs can help address deficiencies and therapies, such as acupuncture, massage
maintain optimal health [69]. Regular therapy, and herbal remedies, are often
physical activity has shown numerous utilized as adjuncts to conventional HIV
benefits in HIV management. Exercise not treatment. While evidence supporting their

3
Obeagu et al
www.iaajournals.org
IAA Journal of Biological Sciences 11(1):1-11, 2023. ISSN: 2636-7254
©IAAJOURNALS
https://doi.org/10.59298/IAAJB/2023/1.2.23310
direct impact on immune status may vary, [70]. The integration of these lifestyle
many patients report subjective modifications and adjunctive therapies
improvements in overall well-being, into HIV care plans is imperative for
symptom management, and quality of life optimizing immune health and overall
when incorporating these therapies into well-being. However, individualized
their care routine. Smoking cessation, approaches considering patient
reduction of alcohol intake, and avoidance preferences, cultural factors, and access to
of illicit substances are essential lifestyle resources are crucial in ensuring the
modifications for HIV patients. Substance feasibility and success of these
abuse and smoking can exacerbate interventions. Holistic care that
immune suppression, complicate encompasses not only medical treatment
treatment efficacy, and lead to additional but also lifestyle adjustments and
health complications. Support programs supportive therapies serves as a
aimed at substance abuse cessation and cornerstone in the comprehensive
smoking cessation counseling are integral management of HIV.
components of comprehensive HIV care
Telemedicine in HIV Care
Telemedicine has emerged as a case of anomalies, and make informed
transformative tool in the continuum of decisions regarding treatment
care for individuals living with HIV, adjustments or interventions. Moreover,
offering a spectrum of benefits that telemedicine serves as an educational tool,
revolutionize healthcare delivery, patient offering a wealth of resources and
engagement, and disease management information to patients. Through online
[71]. In the context of HIV care, portals, educational materials, and
telemedicine platforms facilitate remote teleconsultations, patients can access vital
consultations, monitoring, and support, information about their condition,
transcending geographical barriers to treatment options, and self-management
provide accessible and timely healthcare strategies, empowering them to actively
services. Through secure video participate in their care. The integration of
conferencing, telemedicine allows telemedicine has proven particularly
healthcare professionals to conduct beneficial during public health
routine check-ups, discuss treatment emergencies or pandemics, ensuring
plans, and address patient concerns, continuity of care while minimizing the
fostering continuous engagement and risk of exposure to infectious diseases,
adherence to care regimens. One of the including HIV. Telemedicine platforms
fundamental advantages of telemedicine became indispensable during times of
in HIV care is its role in enhancing patient crisis, enabling uninterrupted care
access to specialized healthcare services. delivery and support for HIV patients.
Especially for individuals residing in Despite its numerous advantages,
remote or underserved areas, telemedicine challenges exist in the widespread
bridges the gap, providing access to adoption of telemedicine in HIV care.
infectious disease specialists, HIV experts, Issues related to technological barriers,
and mental health professionals, thereby disparities in access to internet
ensuring comprehensive care that might connectivity or devices, and privacy
otherwise be limited or unavailable [71]. concerns require attention to ensure
Telemedicine also promotes proactive equitable and effective implementation.
disease management through remote Telemedicine stands as a pivotal tool in
monitoring of viral loads, CD4 counts, and modern healthcare, revolutionizing HIV
medication adherence. Remote data care by enhancing accessibility,
collection and transmission enable continuity, and quality of services. Its
healthcare providers to closely monitor integration into HIV care models not only
patient progress, intervene promptly in improves patient outcomes but also

4
Obeagu et al
www.iaajournals.org
IAA Journal of Biological Sciences 11(1):1-11, 2023. ISSN: 2636-7254
©IAAJOURNALS
https://doi.org/10.59298/IAAJB/2023/1.2.23310
empowers individuals to actively engage in advances and healthcare systems adapt,
their treatment journey, ultimately the integration of telemedicine will
contributing to better management and continue to play an increasingly vital role
control of the disease. As technology in shaping the future of HIV care.
CONCLUSION
The landscape of HIV care has witnessed a regimens, predict responses, and
remarkable transformation driven by minimize adverse effects, thereby
innovative strategies aimed at enhancing advancing precision medicine in the field.
immune status and overall well-being in Moreover, lifestyle modifications and
individuals living with the virus. adjunctive therapies have emerged as
Immunotherapy, with its diverse indispensable components in promoting
interventions targeting the immune immune health and overall quality of life
system's response to HIV, holds promise in for HIV patients. Nutritional support,
supplementing traditional antiretroviral exercise regimens, stress management
therapies. These novel strategies, techniques, and complementary therapies
including therapeutic vaccines, cytokine play pivotal roles in augmenting immune
therapy, and immune checkpoint function, addressing co-occurring
inhibitors, signify a new frontier in conditions, and supporting mental well-
bolstering immune resilience and being. In essence, the collective
exploring avenues beyond viral advancements in immunotherapy,
suppression. The integration of personalized medicine, lifestyle
personalized medicine, leveraging modifications, and telemedicine signify a
genomic insights and tailored treatments, promising trajectory in HIV care, offering
embodies a personalized approach to HIV hope for continued progress towards more
care. By understanding individual immune effective treatments, improved immune
profiles and genetic variations, healthcare health, and ultimately, the aspiration for a
providers can optimize treatment future free from the burden of HIV/AIDS.
REFERENCES
1. Chinedu K, Takim AE, Obeagu EI, 4. Ifeanyi OE, Uzoma OG, Stella EI,
Chinazor UD, Eloghosa O, Ojong OE, Chinedum OK, Abum SC. Vitamin D
Odunze U. HIV and TB co-infection and insulin resistance in HIV sero
among patients who used Directly positive individuals in Umudike.
Observed Treatment Short-course Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.
centres in Yenagoa, Nigeria. IOSR J 2018;4(2):104-8.
Pharm Biol Sci. 2017;12(4):70-5. 5. Ifeanyi OE, Leticia OI, Nwosu D,
2. Offie DC, Obeagu EI, Akueshi C, Chinedum OK. A Review on blood
Njab JE, Ekanem EE, Dike PN, Oguh borne viral infections: universal
DN. Facilitators and barriers to precautions. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol.
retention in HIV care among HIV Sci. 2018;5(6):60-6.
infected MSM attending Community 6. Obeagu EI, Obarezi TN, Omeh YN,
Health Center Yaba, Lagos Nigeria. Okoro NK, Eze OB. Assessment of
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research some haematological and
International. 2021;33(52B):10-9. biochemical parametrs in HIV
3. Nwovu AI, Ifeanyi OE, Uzoma OG, patients before receiving treatment
Nwebonyi NS. Occurrence of Some in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. Res J
Blood Borne Viral Infection and Pharma Biol Chem Sci. 2014; 5:825-
Adherence to Universal Precautions 30.
among Laboratory Staff in Federal 7. Obeagu EI, Obarezi TN, Ogbuabor
Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Ebonyi BN, Anaebo QB, Eze GC. Pattern of
State. Arch Blood Transfus Disord. total white blood cell and
2018;1(2). differential count values in HIV
positive patients receiving

5
Obeagu et al
www.iaajournals.org
IAA Journal of Biological Sciences 11(1):1-11, 2023. ISSN: 2636-7254
©IAAJOURNALS
https://doi.org/10.59298/IAAJB/2023/1.2.23310
treatment in Federal Teaching Research in Medical Sciences
Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, (NIJRMS). 2023;3(2):28-31.
Nigeria. International Journal of 15. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Paul-Chima
Life Science, Biotechnology and UO. Stigma Associated With HIV.
Pharama Research. 2014; 391:186- AIDS: A Review. Newport
9. International Journal of Public
8. Obeagu EI. A Review of Challenges Health and Pharmacy (Nijpp).
and Coping Strategies Faced by 2023;3(2):64-7.
HIV/AIDS Discordant Couples. 16. Alum EU, Obeagu EI, Ugwu OP, Aja
Madonna University journal of PM, Okon MB. HIV Infection and
Medicine and Health Sciences ISSN: Cardiovascular diseases: The
2814-3035. 2023; 3 (1): 7-12. obnoxious Duos. Newport
9. Oloro OH, Obeagu EI. A Systematic International Journal of Research in
Review on Some Coagulation Profile Medical Sciences (NIJRMS).
in HIV Infection. International 2023;3(2):95-9.
Journal of Innovative and Applied 17. Ibebuike JE, Nwokike GI, Nwosu DC,
Research. 2022;10(5):1-1. Obeagu EI. A Retrospective Study
10. Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI, Nkwuocha on Human Immune Deficiency
BC, Nwanna CA, Nwanjo HU, Virus among Pregnant Women
Amadike JN, Ezemma MC, Attending Antenatal Clinic in Imo
Okpomeshine EA, Ozims SJ, Agu State University Teaching Hospital.
GC. Alterations in superoxide International Journal of Medical
dismutiase, vitamins C and E in HIV Science and Dental Research, 2018;
infected children in Umuahia, Abia 1(2):08-14.
state. International Journal of https://www.ijmsdr.org/published
Advanced Research in Biological %20paper/li1i2/A%20Retrospective
Sciences. 2015;2(11):268-71. %20Study%20on%20Human%20Imm
11. Obeagu EI, Malot S, Obeagu GU, une%20Deficiency%20Virus%20amo
Ugwu OP. HIV resistance in patients ng%20Pregnant%20Women%20Atte
with Sickle Cell Anaemia. NEWPORT nding%20Antenatal%20Clinic%20in
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF %20Imo%20State%20University%20
SCIENTIFIC AND EXPERIMENTAL Teaching%20Hospital.pdf.
SCIENCES (NIJSES). 2023;3(2):56-9. 18. Obeagu EI, Okwuanaso CB, Edoho
12. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU. The Values SH, Obeagu GU. Under-nutrition
of CD4 Count, among HIV Positive among HIV-exposed Uninfected
Patients in FMC Owerri. Int. J. Curr. Children: A Review of African
Microbiol. App. Sci. 2015;4(4):906- Perspective. Madonna University
10. journal of Medicine and Health
https://www.academia.edu/downl Sciences. 2022 ;2(3):120-7.
oad/38320134/Obeagu_Emmanuel 19. Obeagu EI, Alum EU, Obeagu GU.
_Ifeanyi_and_Obeagu__Getrude_Uz Factors associated with prevalence
oma.EMMA2.pdf. of HIV among youths: A review of
13. Obeagu EI, Okeke EI, Anonde Africa perspective. Madonna
Andrew C. Evaluation of University journal of Medicine and
haemoglobin and iron profile study Health Sciences. 2023;3(1):13-8.
among persons living with HIV in https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng
Umuahia, Abia state, Nigeria. Int. J. /journals/index.php/medicine/arti
Curr. Res. Biol. Med. 2016;1(2):1-5. cle/view/93.
14. Alum EU, Ugwu OP, Obeagu EI, Okon 20. Obeagu EI. A Review of Challenges
MB. Curtailing HIV/AIDS Spread: and Coping Strategies Faced by
Impact of Religious Leaders. HIV/AIDS Discordant Couples.
Newport International Journal of Madonna University journal of

6
Obeagu et al
www.iaajournals.org
IAA Journal of Biological Sciences 11(1):1-11, 2023. ISSN: 2636-7254
©IAAJOURNALS
https://doi.org/10.59298/IAAJB/2023/1.2.23310
Medicine and Health Sciences. 27. Offie DC, Obeagu EI, Akueshi C,
2023;3(1):7-12. Njab JE, Ekanem EE, Dike PN, Oguh
https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng DN. Facilitators and barriers to
/journals/index.php/medicine/arti retention in HIV care among HIV
cle/view/91. infected MSM attending Community
21. Vijayan V, Mohapatra A, Uthaman S, Health Center Yaba, Lagos Nigeria.
Park IK. Recent advances in Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
nanovaccines using biomimetic International. 2021;33(52B):10-9.
immunomodulatory materials. 28. Obeagu EI, Ogbonna US,
Pharmaceutics. 2019;11(10):534. Nwachukwu AC, Ochiabuto O,
22. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. An update Enweani IB, Ezeoru VC. Prevalence
on premalignant cervical lesions of Malaria with Anaemia and HIV
and cervical cancer screening status in women of reproductive
services among HIV positive age in Onitsha, Nigeria. Journal of
women. J Pub Health Nutri. 2023; 6 Pharmaceutical Research
(2). 2023;141:1-2. International. 2021;33(4):10-9.
links/63e538ed64252375639dd0df 29. Odo M, Ochei KC, Obeagu EI,
/An-update-on-premalignant- Barinaadaa A, Eteng UE, Ikpeme M,
cervical-lesions-and-cervical- Bassey JO, Paul AO. TB Infection
cancer-screening-services-among- Control in TB/HIV Settings in Cross
HIV-positive-women.pdf. River State, Nigeria: Policy Vs
23. Ezeoru VC, Enweani IB, Ochiabuto Practice. Journal of Pharmaceutical
O, Nwachukwu AC, Ogbonna US, Research International.
Obeagu EI. Prevalence of Malaria 2020;32(22):101-9.
with Anaemia and HIV status in 30. Obeagu EI, Eze VU, Alaeboh EA,
women of reproductive age in Ochei KC. Determination of
Onitsha, Nigeria. Journal of haematocrit level and iron profile
Pharmaceutical Research study among persons living with
International. 2021;33(4):10-9. HIV in Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.
24. Omo-Emmanuel UK, Chinedum OK, J BioInnovation. 2016;5:464-71.
Obeagu EI. Evaluation of laboratory links/592bb4990f7e9b9979a975cf
logistics management information /DETERMINATION-OF-
system in HIV/AIDS comprehensive HAEMATOCRIT-LEVEL-AND-IRON-
health facilities in Bayelsa State, PROFILE-STUDY-AMONG-PERSONS-
Nigeria. Int J Curr Res Med Sci. LIVING-WITH-HIV-IN-UMUAHIA-
2017;3(1): 21-38.DOI: ABIA-STATE-NIGERIA.pdf.
10.22192/ijcrms.2017.03.01.004 31. Kumar AR, Devan AR, Nair B, Vinod
25. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Musiimenta BS, Nath LR. Harnessing the
E, Bot YS, Hassan AO. Factors immune system against cancer:
contributing to low utilization of current immunotherapy
HIV counseling and testing approaches and therapeutic
services. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. targets. Molecular Biology Reports.
2023;9(2): 1-5.DOI: 2021:1-21.
10.22192/ijcrms.2023.09.02.001 32. Pires IS, Hammond PT, Irvine DJ.
26. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. An update Engineering strategies for
on survival of people living with immunomodulatory cytokine
HIV in Nigeria. J Pub Health Nutri. therapies: challenges and clinical
2022; 5 (6). 2022;129. progress. Advanced therapeutics.
links/645b4bfcf3512f1cc5885784/ 2021;4(8):2100035.
An-update-on-survival-of-people- 33. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU. The values
living-with-HIV-in-Nigeria.pdf. of prothrombin time among HIV
positive patients in FMC owerri.

7
Obeagu et al
www.iaajournals.org
IAA Journal of Biological Sciences 11(1):1-11, 2023. ISSN: 2636-7254
©IAAJOURNALS
https://doi.org/10.59298/IAAJB/2023/1.2.23310
International Journal of Current E-IN-HIV-SEROPOSITIVE-CHILDREN-
Microbiology and Applied Sciences. IN-AN-URBAN-COMMUNITY-OF-
2015;4(4):911-6. ABIA-STATE-NIGERIA.pdf.
https://www.academia.edu/downl 38. Igwe CM, Obeagu IE, Ogbuabor OA.
oad/38320140/Obeagu_Emmanuel Clinical characteristics of people
_Ifeanyi_and_Obeagu__Getrude_Uz living with HIV/AIDS on ART in
oma2.EMMA1.pdf. 2014 at tertiary health institutions
34. Izuchukwu IF, Ozims SJ, Agu GC, in Enugu, Nigeria. J Pub Health
Obeagu EI, Onu I, Amah H, Nwosu Nutri. 2022; 5 (6). 2022;130.
DC, Nwanjo HU, Edward A, Arunsi links/645a166f5762c95ac3817d32
MO. Knowledge of preventive /Clinical-characteristics-of-people-
measures and management of living-with-HIV-AIDS-on-ART-in-
HIV/AIDS victims among parents in 2014-at-tertiary-health-
Umuna Orlu community of Imo institutions-in-Enugu.pdf.
state Nigeria. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. 39. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU, Ijeoma FO,
Sci. 2016;3(10): 55-65.DOI; Chioma UI. The values of activated
10.22192/ijarbs.2016.03.10.009 partial thromboplastin time (APTT)
35. Chinedu K, Takim AE, Obeagu EI, among HIV positive patients in FMC
Chinazor UD, Eloghosa O, Ojong OE, Owerri. Int J Curr Res Aca Rev.
Odunze U. HIV and TB co-infection 2015;*3:139-44.
among patients who used Directly https://www.academia.edu/downl
Observed Treatment Short-course oad/38320159/Obeagu_Emmanuel
centres in Yenagoa, Nigeria. IOSR J _Ifeanyi3__et_al.IJCRAR.pdf.
Pharm Biol Sci. 2017;12(4):70-5. 40. Obiomah CF, Obeagu EI, Ochei KC,
links/5988ab6d0f7e9b6c8539f73d Swem CA, Amachukwu BO.
/HIV-and-TB-co-infection-among- Hematological indices o HIV
patients-who-used-Directly- seropositive subjects in Nnamdi
Observed-Treatment-Short-course- Azikiwe University teaching
centres-in-Yenagoa-Nigeria.pdf hospital (NAUTH), Nnewi. Ann Clin
36. Oloro OH, Oke TO, Obeagu EI. Lab Res. 2018;6(1):1-4.
Evaluation of Coagulation Profile links/5aa2bb17a6fdccd544b7526e
Patients with Pulmonary /Haematological-Indices-of-HIV-
Tuberculosis and Human Seropositive-Subjects-at-Nnamdi-
Immunodeficiency Virus in Owo, Azikiwe.pdf
Ondo State, Nigeria. Madonna 41. Omo-Emmanuel UK, Ochei KC,
University journal of Medicine and Osuala EO, Obeagu EI,
Health Sciences ISSN: 2814-3035. Onwuasoanya UF. Impact of
2022;2(3):110-9. prevention of mother to child
37. Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI, Nkwocha BC, transmission (PMTCT) of HIV on
Nwanna CA, Nwanjo HU, Amadike positivity rate in Kafanchan,
JN, Elendu HN, Ofoedeme CN, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.
Ozims SJ, Nwankpa P. Change in 2017;3(2): 28-34.DOI:
Lipid Peroxidation Marker (MDA) 10.22192/ijcrms.2017.03.02.005
and Non enzymatic Antioxidants 42. Aizaz M, Abbas FA, Abbas A,
(VIT C & E) in HIV Seropositive Tabassum S, Obeagu EI. Alarming
Children in an Urban Community of rise in HIV cases in Pakistan:
Abia State. Nigeria. J. Bio. Innov. Challenges and future
2016;5(1):24-30. recommendations at hand. Health
links/5ae735e9a6fdcc5b33eb8d6a/ Science Reports. 2023;6(8): e1450.
CHANGE-IN-LIPID-PEROXIDATION- 43. Obeagu EI, Amekpor F, Scott GY. An
MARKER-MDAAND-NON- update of human
ENZYMATIC-ANTIOXIDANTS-VIT-C- immunodeficiency virus infection:

8
Obeagu et al
www.iaajournals.org
IAA Journal of Biological Sciences 11(1):1-11, 2023. ISSN: 2636-7254
©IAAJOURNALS
https://doi.org/10.59298/IAAJB/2023/1.2.23310
Bleeding disorders. J Pub Health /Seroprevalence-of-human-
Nutri. 2023; 6 (1). 2023;139. immunodeficiency-virus-based-on-
links/645b4a6c2edb8e5f094d9bd9 demographic-and-risk-factors-
/An-update-of-human- among-pregnant-women-attending-
immunodeficiency-virus-infection- clinics-in-Zaria-Metropolis-
Bleeding.pdf. Nigeria.pdf.
44. Castelli V, Lombardi A, Palomba E, 49. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. A Review of
Bozzi G, Ungaro R, Alagna L, knowledge, attitudes and socio-
Mangioni D, Muscatello A, Bandera demographic factors associated
A, Gori A. Immune checkpoint with non-adherence to
inhibitors in people living with antiretroviral therapy among
HIV/AIDS: facts and controversies. people living with HIV/AIDS. Int. J.
Cells. 2021;10(9):2227. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2023;10(9):135-
45. Obeagu EI, Scott GY, Amekpor F, 42.DOI:
Ofodile AC, Edoho SH, Ahamefula C. 10.22192/ijarbs.2023.10.09.015
Prevention of New Cases of Human links/6516faa61e2386049de5e828
Immunodeficiency Virus: Pragmatic /A-Review-of-knowledge-attitudes-
Approaches of Saving Life in and-socio-demographic-factors-
Developing Countries. Madonna associated-with-non-adherence-to-
University journal of Medicine and antiretroviral-therapy-among-
Health Sciences. 2022 Dec people-living-with-HIV-AIDS.pdf
20;2(3):128-34. 50. Obeagu EI, Onuoha EC.
https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng Tuberculosis among HIV Patients: A
/journals/index.php/medicine/arti review of Prevalence and
cle/view/86. Associated Factors. Int. J. Adv. Res.
46. Walter O, Anaebo QB, Obeagu EI, Biol. Sci. 2023;10(9):128-34.DOI:
Okoroiwu IL. Evaluation of 10.22192/ijarbs.2023.10.09.014
Activated Partial Thromboplastin links/6516f938b0df2f20a2f8b0e0/
Time and Prothrombin Time in HIV Tuberculosis-among-HIV-Patients-
and TB Patients in Owerri A-review-of-Prevalence-and-
Metropolis. Journal of Associated-Factors.pdf.
Pharmaceutical Research 51. Obeagu EI, Ibeh NC, Nwobodo HA,
International. 2022:29-34. Ochei KC, Iwegbulam CP.
47. Odo M, Ochei KC, Obeagu EI, Haematological indices of malaria
Barinaadaa A, Eteng EU, Ikpeme M, patients coinfected with HIV in
Bassey JO, Paul AO. Cascade Umuahia. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.
variabilities in TB case finding 2017;3(5):100-4.DOI:
among people living with HIV and 10.22192/ijcrms.2017.03.05.014
the use of IPT: assessment in three https://www.academia.edu/downl
levels of care in cross River State, oad/54317126/Haematological_ind
Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical ices_of_malaria_patients_coinfecte
Research International. d_with_HIV.pdf
2020;32(24):9-18. 52. Jakheng SP, Obeagu EI, Abdullahi
48. Jakheng SP, Obeagu EI. IO, Jakheng EW, Chukwueze CM,
Seroprevalence of human Eze GC, Essien UC, Madekwe CC,
immunodeficiency virus based on Madekwe CC, Vidya S, Kumar S.
demographic and risk factors Distribution Rate of Chlamydial
among pregnant women attending Infection According to
clinics in Zaria Metropolis, Nigeria. Demographic Factors among
J Pub Health Nutri. 2022; 5 (8). Pregnant Women Attending Clinics
2022;137. in Zaria Metropolis, Kaduna State,
links/6317a6b1acd814437f0ad268 Nigeria. South Asian Journal of

9
Obeagu et al
www.iaajournals.org
IAA Journal of Biological Sciences 11(1):1-11, 2023. ISSN: 2636-7254
©IAAJOURNALS
https://doi.org/10.59298/IAAJB/2023/1.2.23310
Research in Microbiology. 57. Igwe MC, Obeagu EI, Ogbuabor AO,
2022;13(2):26-31. Eze GC, Ikpenwa JN, Eze-Steven PE.
53. Viola N, Kimono E, Nuruh N, Obeagu Socio-Demographic Variables of
EI. Factors Hindering Elimination of People Living with HIV/AIDS
Mother to Child Transmission of Initiated on ART in 2014 at Tertiary
HIV Service Uptake among HIV Health Institution in Enugu State.
Positive Women at Comboni Asian Journal of Research in
Hospital Kyamuhunga Bushenyi Infectious Diseases. 2022;10(4):1-7.
District. Asian Journal of Dental 58. Vincent CC, Obeagu EI, Agu IS,
and Health Sciences. 2023 ;3(2):7- Ukeagu NC, Onyekachi-Chigbu AC.
14. Adherence to Antiretroviral
http://ajdhs.com/index.php/journ Therapy among HIV/AIDS in Federal
al/article/view/39. Medical Centre, Owerri. Journal of
54. Okorie HM, Obeagu Emmanuel I, Pharmaceutical Research
Okpoli Henry CH, Chukwu Stella N. International. 2021;33(57A):360-8.
Comparative study of enzyme 59. Igwe MC, Obeagu EI, Ogbuabor AO.
linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) Analysis of the Factors and
and rapid test screening methods Predictors of Adherence to
on HIV, Hbsag, Hcv and Syphilis Healthcare of People Living with
among voluntary donors in. Owerri, HIV/AIDS in Tertiary Health
Nigeria. J Clin Commun Med. Institutions in Enugu State.
2020;2(3):180-83.DOI: DOI: Madonna University journal of
10.32474/JCCM.2020.02.000137 Medicine and Health Sciences.
links/5f344530458515b7291bd95f 2022;2(3):42-57.
/Comparative-Study-of-Enzyme- https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng
Linked-Immunosorbent-Assay- /journals/index.php/medicine/arti
ElISA-and-Rapid-Test-Screening- cle/view/75.
Methods-on-HIV-HBsAg-HCV-and- 60. Madekwe CC, Madekwe CC, Obeagu
Syphilis-among-Voluntary-Donors- EI. Inequality of monitoring in
in-Owerri-Nigeria.pdf. Human Immunodeficiency Virus,
55. Ezugwu UM, Onyenekwe CC, Ukibe Tuberculosis and Malaria: A Review.
NR, Ahaneku JE, Onah CE, Obeagu Madonna University journal of
EI, Emeje PI, Awalu JC, Igbokwe GE. Medicine and Health Sciences ISSN:
Use of ATP, GTP, ADP and AMP as an 2814-3035. 2022;2(3):6-15.
Index of Energy Utilization and https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng
Storage in HIV Infected Individuals /journals/index.php/medicine/arti
at NAUTH, Nigeria: A Longitudinal, cle/view/69
Prospective, Case-Controlled Study. 61. Echendu GE, Vincent CC, Ibebuike J,
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Asodike M, Naze N, Chinedu EP,
International. 2021;33(47A):78-84. Ohale B, Obeagu EI. Weights Of
56. Emannuel G, Martin O, Peter OS, Infants Born to HIV Infected
Obeagu EI, Daniel K. Factors Mothers: A Prospective Cohort
Influencing Early Neonatal Adverse Study in Federal Medical Centre,
Outcomes among Women with HIV Owerri, Imo State. European Journal
with Post Dated Pregnancies of Pharmaceutical and Medical
Delivering at Kampala International Research, 2023; 10(8): 564-568
University Teaching Hospital, 62. Nwosu DC, Nwanjo HU, Okolie NJ,
Uganda. Asian Journal of Pregnancy Ikeh K, Ajero CM, Dike J, Ojiegbe
and Childbirth. 2023;6(1):203-11. GC, Oze GO, Obeagu EI, Nnatunanya
http://research.sdpublishers.net/i I, Azuonwu O. Biochemical
d/eprint/2819/. Alterations in Adult HIV Patients on
Antiretrqviral Therapy. World

10
Obeagu et al
www.iaajournals.org
IAA Journal of Biological Sciences 11(1):1-11, 2023. ISSN: 2636-7254
©IAAJOURNALS
https://doi.org/10.59298/IAAJB/2023/1.2.23310
Journal of Pharmacy and 2016;2(4):29-33.
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015; links/5711c47508aeebe07c02496b
4(3): 153-160. /Assessment-of-the-level-of-
links/5a4fd0500f7e9bbc10526b38 haemoglobin-and-erythropoietin-
/BIOCHEMICAL-ALTERATIONS-IN- in-persons-living-with-HIV-in-
ADULT-HIV-PATIENTS-ON- Umuahia.pdf.
ANTIRETRQVIRAL-THERAPY.pdf. 67. Vogenberg FR, Barash CI, Pursel M.
63. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Effect of Personalized medicine: part 1:
CD4 Counts on Coagulation evolution and development into
Parameters among HIV Positive theranostics. Pharmacy and
Patients in Federal Medical Centre, Therapeutics. 2010;35(10):560.
Owerri, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res. 68. Apostolopoulos V, Borkoles E,
Biosci. Plant Biol. 2015;2(4):45-9. Polman R, Stojanovska L. Physical
64. Obeagu EI, Nwosu DC. Adverse drug and immunological aspects of
reactions in HIV/AIDS patients on exercise in chronic diseases.
highly active antiretro viral Immunotherapy. 2014;6(10):1145-
therapy: a review of prevalence. Int. 57.
J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci. 69. Yang J. Using nutrigenomics to
2019;6(12):45-8.DOI: guide personalized nutrition
10.22192/ijcrcps.2019.06.12.004 supplementation for bolstering
links/650aba1582f01628f0335795 immune system. Health
/Adverse-drug-reactions-in-HIV- Information Science and Systems.
AIDS-patients-on-highly-active- 2023;11(1):4.
antiretro-viral-therapy-a-review-of- 70. Altice FL, Kamarulzaman A, Soriano
prevalence.pdf. VV, Schechter M, Friedland GH.
65. Obeagu EI, Scott GY, Amekpor F, Treatment of medical, psychiatric,
Obeagu GU. Implications of and substance-use comorbidities in
CD4/CD8 ratios in Human people infected with HIV who use
Immunodeficiency Virus infections. drugs. The Lancet.
Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2010;376(9738):367-87.
2023;9(2):6-13.DOI: 71. Kopelovich SL, Monroe-DeVita M,
10.22192/ijcrms.2023.09.02.002 Buck BE, Brenner C, Moser L,
links/645a4a462edb8e5f094ad37c Jarskog LF, Harker S, Chwastiak LA.
/Implications-of-CD4-CD8-ratios- Community mental health care
in-Human-Immunodeficiency- delivery during the COVID-19
Virus-infections.pdf. pandemic: practical strategies for
66. Obeagu EI, Ochei KC, Okeke EI, improving care for people with
Anode AC. Assessment of the level serious mental illness. Community
of haemoglobin and erythropoietin mental health journal. 2021;
in persons living with HIV in 57:405-15.
Umuahia. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.

CITE AS: Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Getrude Uzoma Obeagu, Esther Ugo Alum and
Okechukwu Paul-Chima Ugwu (2023). Advancements in Immune Augmentation Strategies
for HIV Patients. IAA Journal of Biological Sciences 11(1):1-11.
https://doi.org/10.59298/IAAJB/2023/1.2.23310

11