PHYSICS

UNIT I: PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT

Units of measurements. System of Units, S I Units, fundamental and derived units, least count. significant
figures, Errors in measurements, Dimensions of Physics quantities. dimensional analysis, and its
applications.
UNIT 2: KINEMATICS
The frame of reference, motion in a straight line. Position- time graph. speed and velocity: Uniform and
non-uniform motion. average speed and instantaneous velocity. uniformly accelerated motion. velocity-
time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated motion.
Scalars and Vectors. Vector. Addition and subtraction, scalar and vector products. Unit Vector. Resolution
of a Vector. Relative Velocity. Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion. Uniform Circular Motion.
UNIT3: LAWS OF MOTION
Force and inertia, Newton's First law of motion: Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion, Impulses:
Newton's Third Law of motion. Iaw of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Equilibrium
of concurrent forces.
Static and Kinetic friction, law of friction. rolling friction. Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal
force and its applications: vehicle on a level circular road. vehicle on a banked road.
UNIT 4: WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER
Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies. work-energy
theorem, power. The potential energy of spring conservation of mechanical energy.
Conservative and nonconservative forces; motion in a vertical circle: Elastic and inelastic collisions in one
and two dimensions.
UNIT 5: ROTATIONAL MOTION
Centre of the mass of a two-particle system, Centre of the mass of a rigid body: Basic concepts of
rotational motion; moment of a force; torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum
and its applications
The moment of inertia, the radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical
objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems. and their applications.
Equilibrium of rigid bodies. rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparison of linear
and rotational motions.
UNIT 6: GRAVITATION
The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth.
Kepler's law oi planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity,
Motion of a satellite, orbital velocity, time period and energy of satellite.
UNIT 7: PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
Elastic behavior, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law. Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of
rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications. Effect of gravity on fluid
pressure.
Viscosity. Stokes' law. terminal velocity, streamline, and turbulent flow. Critical velocity Bernoulli's
principle and its applications.
Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface,
application of surface tension - drops, bubbles, and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion;
specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer conduction, convection,
and radiation.
UNIT 8: THERMODYNAMICS
Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, the concept of temperature. Heat, work, and
internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic processes. The second law of
thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes.
UNIT 9: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, Kinetic theory of gases -
assumptions, the concept of pressure.
Kinetic interpretation of temperature: RMS speed of gas molecules: Degrees of freedom. Law of
equipartition of energy and applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path. Avogadro's
number.
UNIT 10: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES
Oscillations and periodic motion - time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic
functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase: oscillations of a spring -restoring
force and force constant: energy in S.H.M. - Kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum - derivation
of expression for its time period.
Wave motion, Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of travelling wave. Displacement relation for a
progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves. Standing waves in strings and
organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics- Beats
UNIT 11: ELECTROSTATICS
Electric charges: Conservation of charge. Coulomb's law forces between two-point charges, forces
between multiple charges: superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field:
Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines. Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole. Torque
on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
Electric flux, Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight
wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Electric potential
and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges, potential difference,
Equipotential surfaces,
Electrical potential energy of a system of two-point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitances, the
combination of capacitors in series and parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and
without dielectric medium between the plates. Energy stored in a capacitor.
UNIT 12: CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Electric current. Drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current. Ohm’s law. Electrical
resistance. V-l characteristics of ohmic and non-ohmic conductors. Electrical energy and power. Electrical
resistivity and conductivity.
Series and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature dependence of resistance. Internal resistance,
potential difference and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and parallel. Kirchhoff’slaws and
their applications. Wheatstone bridge. Meter Bridge.
UNIT 13: MAGNETIC ETFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM
Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere’s law and its applications to
infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic
and electric fields. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The force between
two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a
uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity, and conversion to ammeter and
voltmeter.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an equivalent
solenoid. magnetic field lines; Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and
perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field. paramagnetic,
diamagnetic- and ferromagnetic substances with examples, effect of temperature on magnetic
properties.
UNIT I4: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS
Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law. Induced emf and current: Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and
mutual inductance.
Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage: reactance and impedance: LCR
series circuit, resonance: power in AC circuits, wattles current. AC generator and transformer.
UNIT 15: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Displacement current. Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, Transverse nature of
electromagnetic waves, Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible,
ultraviolet. X-rays. Gamma rays), Applications of e.m. waves.
UNIT 16: OPTICS
Reflection of light, spherical minors, mirror formula. Refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces,
thin lens formula and lens maker formula. Total internal reflection and its applications.
Magnification. Power of a Lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact. Refraction of light through a prism.
Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
Wave optics: wave front and Huygens' principle. Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens
principle. Interference, Young's double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources,
and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum.
Polarization, plane-polarized light: Brewster's law, uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroid.
UNIT 17: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION
Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect. Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric
equation.
particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation.
UNIT 18: ATOMS AND NUCLEI
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels' hydrogen
spectrum.
Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per
nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission, and fusion.
UNIT 19: ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a
rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED. the photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage
regulator. Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR).
 CHEMISTRY
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

UNIT I: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY

Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound. Laws
of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage
composition, empirical and molecular formulae. Chemical equations and stoichiometry.
UNIT 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of the hydrogen atom. Bohr model
of a hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of
the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; Dual nature of Matter, de Broglie's relationship.
Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics, the
quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features. Concept of atomic orbitals as one-
electron wave functions: Variation of𝜓 and 𝜓 2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals.
Various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their
significance; shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number: Rules for filling
electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle. Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic
configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.
UNIT 3: CHEMICAL BONDINC AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic
Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice
enthalpy.
Covalent Bonding: concept of electronegativity. Fajan's rule, dipole moment: valence Shell. Electron Pair
Repulsion (VSEPR)theoryandshapesofsimple molecules. Quantum mechanical approach to covalent
bonding: Valence bond theory - its important feature’s. the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d
orbitals; Resonance.
Molecular orbital Theory - Its important features. LCAOs, 'types of molecular orbitals (bonding,
antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic
molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy
Elementaryideaofmetallicbonding.Hydrogenbondinganditsapplications.
UNIT 4: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
Fundamentals of thermodynamics: system and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties' state
functions, types of processes.The first law of thermodynamics - concept of work, heat internal energy and
enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity Hess’s lawofconstantheatsummation;Enthalpiesofbond
dissociation, combustion' formation, atomization. sublimation. phase transition, hydration. ionization.
and solution. The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of process; 𝛥𝑆 ofthe universe and ∆G of
the system as criteria for spontaneity. 𝛥𝐺 0 (StandardGibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.
UNIT 5: SOLUTIONS
Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction.
percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure ofsolutions and Raoult’s law - Ideal andnon-
ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions: colligative
properties of dilute solution - a relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression or mass freezing point'
the elevation ofboiling point andosmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative
properties; Abnormal value ofmolar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance.
UNIT 6: EQUILIBRIUM
Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium.
Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, Henry’s liquid - gas and solid-gas equilibria, law.
General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.
Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant (𝑘𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑐 )
and their significance, the significance of ∆G and 𝛥𝐺 0 in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting
equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier’s principle.
Ionic equilibrium: weak. and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and
bases (Arrhenius and Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including
multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water. PH scale, common ion effect,
hydrolysis of salts and PH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility
products, buffer solutions.
Unit VII: Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
Electronic concepts of oxidation reduction, redox reactions, oxidation numbers, rules for assigning
oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.
Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their
variation with concentration, Kohlrausch's law and its applications.
Electrochemical Cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials
including standard electrode potential, half - cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its
measurement: Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs'
energy change: Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells.
Unit VIII: Chemical Kinetics
Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure,
and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate
constants and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their
characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions, Arrhenius theory,
activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)
 Inorganic Chemistry

Unit IX: Classification in Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Modern periodic law and present form of periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements, periodic
trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain
enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity.

Unit X: P-Block Elements

Group 13 to Group 18 Elements

General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical
properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behavior of the first
element in each group.

Unit XI: d and f Block Elements

Transition Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in

properties, of the first-row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy,
oxidation states, atomic radii, color, catalytic behavior, magnetic properties, complex
formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties and uses of
K2Cr207 and KMn04.

Inner Transition Elements

Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and lanthanoid contraction.

Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

Unit XII: Co-ordination Compounds

Introduction to coordination compounds. Werner’s theory; ligands, coordination number.

denticity. chelation;

IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism.

Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, color and magnetic
properties; importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis. extraction of metals
and in biological systems).
 Organic Chemistry

Unit XIII: Purification and Characterization of Organic Compounds

Purification - Crystallization. sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, chromatography -

principles and their applications.
Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, Sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.
Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon. hydrogen. nitrogen.
halogens. Sulphur. phosphorus.

Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae: Numerical problems in organic

quantitative analysis.

Unit XIV: Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry

Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p): classification of

organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen,
nitrogen and Sulphur; Homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism.
Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals. carbocations. and carbanions:
stability of carbocations and free radicals. electrophiles. and nucleophiles.
Electronic displacement in a covalent bond
Inductive effect, electromeric effect. resonance and hyperconjugation.
Common types of organic reactions- Substitution. addition. elimination, and rearrangement.

Unit XV: Hydrocarbons

Classification' isomerism. IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and

reactions.
Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane): Mechanism of
halogenation of alkanes, projections (of ethane).
Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen.
halogens, water. hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect): Ozonlysis and
polymerization.
Alkynes - Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides:
Polymerization.
Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature. benzene - structure and aromaticity: Mechanism of
substitution: halogenation, nitration.

Friedel- Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono-
substituted benzene.
Unit XVI: Organic Compounds Containing Halogen

General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; Nature of C-X bond: Mechanisms of
substitution reactions.
Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons, and DDT.

Unit XVII: Organic Compound Containing Oxygen

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses.

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration.
Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and
sulphonation. Reimer - Tiemann reaction.
Ethers: Structure.
Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative
reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition
reactions (addition of HCN. NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction
(Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen); the acidity of α-hydrogen. aldol condensation, Cannizzaro
reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.
Carboxylic Acids
Acidic strength and factors affecting it.

Unit XVIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses.

Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, and identification of primary,
secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character.
Diazonium Salts: Importance in Synthetic Organic Chemistry.

Unit XIX: Biomolecules

General introduction and importance of biomolecules.

CARBOHYDRATES - classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose)
and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose)
PROTEINS. Elementary Idea of α-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides. Proteins: primary.
secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins
enzymes.
VITAMINS - Classification and functions
NUCLEIC ACIDS - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA
Biological functions of nucleic acids
HORMONES (General Introduction)
 BIOLOGY
Unit I: Diversity in Living World

• What is living? Biodiversity; Need for classification; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of
species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature.
• Five kingdom classifications; salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi
into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroid’s.
• Salient features and classification of plants into major groups - Algae, Bryophytes,
Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two
examples of each category).
• Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to
classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples)

Unit II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

• Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering
plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and racemose, flower, fruit and seed (To be dealt
along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus). Family (malvaceae, Cruciferae,
Leguminosae, compositae, graminae).
• Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory,
respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach) and frog. (Brief account only)

Unit III: Cell Structure and Function

• Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant
cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelles-structure and
function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles;
mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, micro bodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra-
structure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.
• Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action, classification and
nomenclature of enzymes.
• B Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

Unit IV: Plant Physiology

• Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis take

place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic
phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non-cyclic and photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic
hypothesis; Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.
• Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle
and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations- Number of ATP molecules generated;
Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.
• Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant growth
rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; Sequence of
developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulators-auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene,
ABA.
Unit V: Human physiology

• Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in
humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of
gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma,
Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.
• Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood;
Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system-Structure of human heart and
blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double circulation; Regulation of
cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system-Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina
pectoris, Heart failure.
• Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism, ureotelism,
uricotelism; Human excretory system-structure and function; Urine formation, Osmoregulation;
Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes
insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi,
Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.
• Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, fiagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle
contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt with
the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal system
Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.
• Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans’ central
nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; Generation and
conduction of nerve impulse; Reflex action; Sense organs; Elementary structure and function of
eye and ear.
• Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine
system Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads;
Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of hormones as messengers and
regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism,
Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease).
(Imp: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt in brief.)

Unit VI: Reproduction

• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female
gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil
interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events- Development of endosperm and
embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy,
polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.
• Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis
and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo
development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation
(Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).
• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted
diseases (STD); Birth Control-Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of
Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT,
GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness)
Unit VII: Genetics and Evolution

• Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism- Incomplete

dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy;
Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes
and genes; Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex
linked inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia;
Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.
• Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material;
Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription,
genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon; Genome and human
genome project; DNA finger printing, protein biosynthesis.
• Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from
Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s
contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution-Variation
(Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection;
Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.

Unit VIII: Biology and Human Welfare

• Health and Disease; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis.
Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology
vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse, Tobacco abuse.
• Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage
treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

Unit IX: Biotechnology and Its Applications

• Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).

• Application of Biotechnology in Health and Agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production,
gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues
Biopiracy and patents.

Unit X: Ecology and Environment

• Organisms and environment: Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation,

parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
• Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of
number, biomass, energy.
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance
of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms,
extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries, Sacred Groves.