ACTIVITY & AIM To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without iron core. WHAT YOU REQUIRE Ade ammeter and voltmeter, ac ammeter and voltmeter, an ac source, a battery eliminator (0-15 Vy a resistance box, an induction coil or choke, a step down transformer (= 12 V) with taping (0-6 V, 00 Hay, plug keys, connecting wires, an iron core THEORY Inductor: A hollow cylindrical coil of copper wire consisting of a large number of turns is known ax an inductor or choke. The symbol of an air cored inductor is shown in the figure The resistance of an inductor or conductor in de circuit is defined as the ratio of the potential difference developed across its ends and the current flowing through it, mathematically, WOOOOONONOT Vy vUUY y Resistance (R) = Vie i toed ea where V,. = de voltage across inductor and J, = direct current through inductor. Reactance: Reactance of an inductor or inductive reactance is defined as the opposition to flow of alternating, current offered by it. It is denoted by X,, which is equal to wL where L is the inductance of the enil and o = 2nv where v is the frequency of ac. Impedance: Impedance of an inductor is defined as the total effective opposition to flow of current offered by a coil of resistance R and inductance L in ac circuit. Mathematically, SRY (ob? Impedance (Z) = Yims = REF X} where Vy, and Inn, are de equivalents of ac voltage and current, respectively. What we measure by ae meters are rms values only. Note: In practice, some ohmic resistance (R) is always associated with every coil of inductance (L). The the effective opposition to current (called impedance) in a coil, when it is put to an alternating current source, is given by Z = /R?+ (oL)*. But when a direct current (de) is passed through the same induction tail then, the component al of impedence will be absent and only ohmic resistance (A) will remain effective SYSTEMATIC STEPS TO PERFORM THE ACTIVITY 1. Measurement of resistance of an inductor without soft iron core: (i) Draw a circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 1.1 and make awe electrical connections according to the circuit diagram. — Find least count of all electrical measuring instruments L. (ii) Connect the inductor in parallel to de voltmeter. TONES (iii) The connections should be clean and tight. Je weer (iv) Now adjust the value of battery eliminator to 2 V and ” put the plug in key K. (HHH — (v) Observe and record the de ammeter and de voltmeter aoe readings. Fig. 1.1. Measurement of de resistance of a (vi) Repeat the experiment for at least two more settings Peerage pearly of battery eliminator. Section A: Activities 652. Measurement of resistance of inductor with soft iron core: Now insert the sof iron core fully inside the induction coil. The circuit will look like Fig 12 (a) Repeat steps (iv) to (vi) of step 1 Note. In particular. observe and record if there is any change in the current through the inductn when soft iron core is introduced. 3, Measurement of impedance of an induction coil without soft iron: ( Draw a circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 1.3 and make electrical connections according to ciruig diagram, wi) Comes the induction coil, ac ammeter, a step down transformer and ac voltmeter 25 shown ip ig. 1.3. (iti) Repeat steps (iv) to (vi) of step 1. ‘4, Measurement of impedance of an induction coil with soft irom core: \®) Now introduce the soft iron core fully inside the induction coil so that the circuit diagram now becomes as shown in Fig. 1.4 (it) Repeat steps (iv) to (vi) of 1 again, ‘ac votmeter gure = _ dc volmeter wont | “0 -~ Induction coi ‘Soft wor core, a on TOOTTTTTT ammeter inductor A) ma With sof ron core : ogi oo 7 a) Battéry eliminator ‘ac mains 220 a mains 220 v Measurement of resistance Fig. 1.3. Measurement of impedance of Fig. 1.4. Measurement of mpecance of tuctor with soft iron core {an induction coll without soft iron core Induction coll wit sof ron sore OBSERVATIONS, 1, Measurement of resistance of the induction coil: (i) The least count of de ammeter = _ (ii) The range of de ammeter = _ (iii) The least count of de voltmeter = _ (iv) The range of de voltmeter = TABLE FOR RESISTANCE OF INDUCTION COIL 66 Together with® Physics Lab Manual—12Measurement of impedance of the induction coil: Pony Range of ac ammeter = mA is) Range of ac voltmeter = ‘The least count of ac ammeter and ac voltmeter is not fixed. ‘TABLE FOR IMPEDANCE OF INDUCTION COIL | is introduced i init. RESULT 1. Resistance of given coil without soft iron core, R 2. Resistance of given coil with soft iron core, R’ = 3, Impedance of given coil without soft iron core, Z 4. Impedance of given coil with soft iron core, Z’ CONCLUSION 1, In de circuit, an inductor has ohmie resistance only ohmic resistance. and insertion of soft iron core does not affect its 2. In an ac circuit, the impedance of given coil increases on insertion of soft iron core. PRECAUTIONS . All the connections should be clean and tight enough. . The ends of connecting wires should be cleaned with sand paper. |. Close the key only when you are taking observation, Soft iron core must be inserted fully inside the induction coil. ‘Least count of all instruments should be determined before the start of experiment. SOURCES OF ERROR ‘The least count of ae voltmeter and ac ammeter (mA) may not be small enough to record the difference m impedance accurately on inserting the iron core. Section A: Activities 67ACTIVITY = AIM ‘To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit. WHAT YOU REQUIRE 'A battery of two primary cells, two resistors, an ammeter, a voltmeter, a theostat, one way Key and connecting wires. THEORY In an electrical circuit, an ammeter is always connected in series and a voltmeter is always connected in parallel to the two points of a circuit across which potential difference is to be measured. Two resistors may be joined in parallel or in series combination in the circuit SYSTEMATIC STEPS TO PERFORM THE ACTIVITY 1. Draw a cireuit diagram as given below eo Y —_-Rheostat nes arog A Te . 7 : ie : Fig. 4.2. Parallel combination of two resistors Fig. 4.1. Series combination of two resistors as shown in the circuit diagram Fig. 4.1 or Fig. 42. You must note that the current should enter at the posit’ mmeter and the voltmeter should increase or decresss Otherwise the connections should be checked 2. Connect all electrical components 3, Test the connections by closing the key terminal of a meter. The readings of the a simultaneously when the connections are made correctly, again. CONCLUSION ‘As the circuit is working properly the given components have been assembled correctly: PRECAUTIONS 1. The ends of the connecting wires should be cleaned properly with sand paper. 2. While connecting different electrical components, make tight connections 3. In the circuit, always connect the ammeter in series ant +d, Ammeter and voltmeter should be connected such that the current enters & and leaves from the negative terminal. \d the voltmeter in parallel to the resistet 1 their positive tern SOURCES OF ERROR 1. Voltmeter/ammeter may not be connecte 2. Ammeter may be connected in parallel 3. Voltmeter may be connected in series. 14 with correct polarity in the cireuit 18 “Together with® Physics Lab Manual—12ACTIVITY Am asemble the components of a given ¢ WHAT YOU REQUIRE THEORY SYSTEMATIC STEPS ‘TO PERFORM THE ACTIVITY 5 o & PRECAUTIONS res should be eleand praperty i feted pe ha th ES OF ERKOR Physics Lats Munuut—t 78 “Tagether withi ACTIVITY J AIM ‘jo draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order wed correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram. wHAT YOU REQUIRE ‘A battery or battery eliminator, a key, a rheostat, a de ammeter (range 0-2 A) and a de voltmeter (0-3 V), yesistance wire and connecting wires. THEORY Electric circuit is a conducting path consisting of electric components connected between the two terminals of a cell. Circuit diagram is a diagram indicating the arrangement of various components in an electric circuit with the help of their symbols. Open circuit is a combination of primary components of electrical cireuit in such a manner that no current is drawn from the cell. Closed cireuit: A circuit is said to be closed circuit if all the primary components in an electric circuit are connected in proper order and current is drawn from the cell. SYSTEMATIC STEPS TO PERFORM THE ACTIVITY 1. Suppose we are given a set up in which various components are connected as shown in Fig, 6.1 Battery Key pHi Rheosiat R (Resistance) ‘Ammeter Volimeter ‘ammeter Fig. 6.1. Given set of circuit components 2. Draw the circuit diagram and check whether all the connections are correct. The circuit is shown in Fig. 62. Here, we find two major errors in the (i) Voltmeter is connected in series and ammet (ii) Current enters from negative terminals in meters. \e cireuit. ter in parallel Section A: Activities 833. Redraw the circuit disgram correcting the errors as shown in Fig 63 Batery Key pate Rheostat sevmater(® a R (Resistance) > Volenter ter Voltmeter Fig. 6.3. Crrout diagram with components connected Fig. 6.4. Given set of circuit components connected ‘properly in order In proper order 4. Rearrange the circuit components in accordance with the corrected circuit. 5. Plug in the key and check that the ammeter and voltmeter show reading 6. Move the sliding contact and check that the readings in ammeter and voltmeter change with the change in circuit resistance. OBSERVATIONS 1. Ammeter and voltmeter are not connected properly as clearly seen in the circuit diagram of Fig. 6.1 2. When ammeter and voltmeter are connected in proper order they show reading when circuit is closed RESULT 1. Cireuit diagram shown in Fig. 6.2 is not proper in which voltmeter and ammeter are wrongly connected. 2. Circuit diagram shown in Fig. 6.3 is proper and correct, PRECAUTIONS 1. All connections should be neat, clean and tight. 2. The insulated wires are to be used for connections. 3. A given circuit should not be checked by inserting plug into the key. This may damage any companest of the cireuit. Note: This is an open ended activity. The examiner may set the circuit in whatever way shehe likes. The following points may be kept in mind while checking the circuit diagrams: 1. Ammeter is always connected in series with the battery and voltmeter is connected in parallel to thé device across which potential difference is to be measured. Current always enters into the positive terminal of the meter and comes out of its negative termine! When rheostat is used as variable resistor, its sliding terminal and one of its base terminal is used One way plug key is connected in the circuit with one stud with terminal on either side of the £8? Normally, battery has series combination of cells, i.c., positive of one cell connected to the negsti™ of another cell and so on. 6. All connections should be clear and tight. oaenr 84 Together wetk® Physics Lab Manual—12ACTIVITY = To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items, WHAT YOU REQUIRE AIM Accollection of a diode, an LED, a resistor, a capacitor and a multimeter. THEORY/OBSERVATION For identification of different items from a collection, we have to consider both, their appearance and working 1. A diode: A diode is a semiconducting device which has two terminals. It conducts only when it is in forward biased and it does not conduct when reverse biased. 2. A light emitting diode (LED): It is a two terminals device, which gives out light when electric current passes through it. A diode and a LED both allow the flow of current in one direction only, A resistor: It is also a two terminals device. It conducts direct current and alternating current both, A resistor can conduct equally even when the terminals of battery connected across it are reversed. - A capacitor: It is also a two terminals device but it does not allow direct current (de) to flow through it but stores some charge when de voltage is applied. It conducts alternating current. DIAGRAMS | aa — | 5 me ae ~ ; | | SH, wea laa Siver | | ‘I Orange | Junction Diode ue er @ o nc | ronal ) —-)\ cathode | | | | Electrolytic Eepecter Mica capacitor tia CONCLUSION/RESULT All the items in the mixed coll table given below. ‘TABLE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF COMPONENTS WITH THE HELP OF TERMINALS lection have been identified and the result may be summed up as in the Diode, LED, Resistor and Capacitor | 132 Together with® Physics Lab Manual—12‘pABLE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF COMPONENTS WITH THE HELP OF CURRENT FLOW Unidirectional with no light emission Unidirectional with light emission - LED — - | je | Current in both direction (steady) . Resistor i 1 No flow of direct current in any way ~ Capacitor. Se pRECAUTIONS 1, Connections should be clean and tight. 9, Strong current should not be passed through the components. 3. Polarity should be reversed for identifying the items, e.g., diode, LED, etc. 4, Students must handle the multimeter carefully since it is very sensitive. SOURCES OF ERROR 1. Multimeter shows zero resistance on touching its metal leads. If it does not show zero resistance, bring the pointer to zero using zero adjustment knob on the multimeter. If zero adjustment is not done, the resistance measurement will not be true. 2. While checking resistance, if metal ends of multimeter leads are touched by hands, body resistance in parallel with the component resistance affect the value of the resistance. —IM Use of multimeter to see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an Ley check whether # given electronic component (e.g., diode) is in working order, ~ WHAT YOU REQUIRE A multimeter, a junction diode and an LED. PREREQUISITE 1. A diode: A diode is a semiconducting device which has two terminals. It conducts only when itis in forward biased and it does not conduct when reverse biased. 2. A light emitting diode (LED): It is a two terminals device, which gives out light when electric current passes through it. A diode and a LED both allow the flow of current in one direction aly THEORY 1. Conduction of a diode and an LED: An LED and a diode, both conduct only when they are connected in forward biased mode, There will be no flow of electric current if they are connected is reverse biased mode. IC is a multiterminal device with a flat back. Normally, it consists of minimum 8 legs. 2. Working order of given component: In case of a diode and an LED, they will allow curren pass through them in forward biased mode only. SYSTEMATIC STEPS TO PERFORM THE ACTIVITY 1. For unidirectional flow of current [A] In case of the junction diode: (®) Turn the selector switch and set the multimeter to measure the de current of 10 mA. (ii) Make electrical connections as given in circuit diagram given below. fl Perce Orage ‘Multimeter Battery [Multimeter = Battery z P : p n Fig. 2.1. p-n junction in forward biasing Fig, 2.2. p-n junction in reverse biasing indicated bY (iii) The p-n junction diode conducts due to forward biasing. The forward current is in the deflection in multimeter. 134 “Together with® Physics Lab Manual—12ww tt the terminals of (iv) Now reverse als of the battery or batter “tow 9 ery eliminator and record the val o in the multimeter, No electric current is observed in the multimeter which mo de junction diode conducts in one direetion only, ic., the flow of elect: ? oe on link js unidirectional, ectris erential een (B} in ease of LED: Replace p-n junction diode with LED and repeat the steps (di) to (iv). It will be noted that the flow of current is also unidirectional i is ectional in the LED i i a iia and emits the light in forward When the connection of LED is reversed then multimeter shows no deflection and no light is emitted from LED. It means LED does not conduct when reversed biased. 2 Checking & diode (working mode) The pen junction diode allows the flow of current in forward biased but does not allow the flow of ent in the reverse biased. If it allows the flow of current in both biasing or does not allow the curr of current in both biasing then junction diode is damaged. flow pRECAUTIONS 1, The multimeter should be set for appropriate range t is a very sensitive device. h an electronic component otherwise the component 2, Handle the multimeter carefully since 4, Asuitable current should be allowed to pass throug! may be damaged.ACTIVITY 5 ie M leve diffraction of light due to a thin slit, ‘tool : yar YOU REQUIRE : dinary razor blades with sharp edges, a source of light, ée., a pencil laser or sodium lamp, screen, ‘wo 0 a black paper. THEORY When a beam of monochromatic light falls on a narrow slit of small width, the light bends around the edges of the slit. If a sereen is placed at a suitable distance, diffraction pattern due to the slit is obtained. “the phenomenon of bending of light around corners and spreading into the regions of geometrical shadow js called diffraction”, The diffraction pattern consists of a central maxima surrounded on either side by a number of alternate dark and bright bands called secondary minima and maxima. Fig. 5.1. To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit. SYSTEMATIC STEPS TO PERFORM THE ACTIVITY 1, Place two sharp edged, razor blades side by side on a stri close and parallel to each other as shown in figure, make fine slit. 2. Switch on the sodium lam| blades, ip of black paper keeping their sharp edges fix the blades with the help of cellotape and Pp or pencil laser and keep it at a distance of approximately 2 m from the Let the light coming out of the slit fall on a screen (or wall) situated at a distance of about 20 em. ‘You will observe a diffraction pattern consists of dark and bright bands on th lamp is used in place of sodium lamp, coloured fringes will be observed. 5. Repeat experiment. by increasing the slit width. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS |. Diffraction pattern (fringes) due to a single slit is formed when light passes through a narrow slit which consists of a central bright maxima and secondary minima and maxima on either side, 2 ie increasing the slit width, the width of central maxima decreases and the sharpness of fringes lecreases, PRECAUTIONS . ne razor blades should be unused so that the edges should be very sharp. ie slit | ; thould be formed as narrow as possible. 4 youre of light should be kept at least at a distance of 2 m from the thin slit. ‘am of monochromatic light should be used to obtain diffraction pattern. \e wall. If an ordinary Section B: Activities 143