CERTIFICATE This is to certify that “Sayan Mandal” of Class XII Section-D Roll no -26 of Hem Sheela Model School, Durgapur has completed the assigned practical notebook on Health & Physical Education (048) for Term-|. | have prepared and submitted the practical notebook by following guidelines and instruction given by the teachers and within speculated time of submission allotted for the partial fulfilment of AISSCE 2021-22 Internal Teachers Signature External Teachers Signature Page 3 of 43CONTENTS Topics PAGENO. | REMARKS 1) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2 2) CERTIFICATE 3 3) INTRODUCTION 5 4) RULES AND GAME-PLAY 6 A. Summary 6 8. Format of The Game 6 C. Pitch 7 D. Umpires and scorers a E. Innings 8 F. Overs 3 G. Team structure 3 H. Extras 10 1. Dismissals 1 J. Results 13 5) MEASUREMENT AND DIMENSIONS 14 A. Playing Surface 14 6) SKILLS 15 A. Bowling 15 B. Fielding 16 ¢. Batting Ww D. Running 18 E. Wicket-Keeping 19 S)TERMINOGLOGY 20 6)EQUIPMENTS 24 7) TOURNAMENTS 28 8) GOVERNING BODIES OF CRICKET 31 3) RANKINGS 32 10) FAMOUS PERSONALITIES 36 11) BIBLIOGRAPHY 43 Page 4 of 43RULES AND GAME-PLAY Summary ‘Cricket is a bat and ball game, played between two teams of eleven players each, One team bats, attempting to score runs, while the other bowls and fields the ball, attempting to restrict the scoring and dismiss the batsmen. The objective of the game is for a team to score more runs that its opponent. In some forms of cricket, it may also be necessary to dismiss the opposition in order to win the match, which would otherwise be drawn Format of the game Acticket match is divided into périods called innings. During an innings (innings ends with "s" in both singular and plural form), one team fields and the other bats. The two teams switch between fielding and batting after each innings. All eleven members of the fielding team take the field, but only two members of the batting team (twO batsman) are on the field at any given time. The two batsmen face each other at opposite ends of the pitch, each behind a line on the pitch known as a crease. The fielding team's eleven. members stand outside the pitch, spread out across the field. Behind each batsman is a target called a wicket. One designated member of the fielding team, called the bowler, is given a ball, and attempts to bowl the ball from one end of the pitch to the wicket behind the batsman on the other side of the pitch. The batsman tries to prevent the ball from hitting the wicket by striking the ball with a bat. If the bowler succeeds in hitting the wicket, or if the ball, after being struck by the batsman, is caught by the fielding team before it touches the ground, the batsman is dismissed. A dismissed batsman must leave the field, to be replaced by another batsman from the batting team. If the batsman is successful in striking the ball and the ball is not caught before it hits the ground, the two batsmen may then ‘try to score points (runs) for their team by running across the pitch, grounding their bats behind each other's crease. Each crossing and grounding by both batsmen is worth one run. The batsmen may attempt one run, multiple runs, or elect not to run at all. By attempting runs, the batsmen risk dismissal, which can happen if the fielding team retrieves the ball and hits a wicket with the ball before either batsman reaches the opposite crease. If the batsman hits the bowled ball over the field boundary without the ball touching the field, the Page 6 of 43INTRODUCTION Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players ona field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch. One team bats, trying to score as many runs as possible while the other team bowls and fields, trying to dismiss the batsmen and thus limit the runs scored by the batting team. A run is scored by the striking batsman hitting the ball with his bat, running to the opposite end of the pitch and touching the crease there without being dismissed. The teams switch between batting and fielding at the end of an innings. In professional cricket the length of a game ranges from 20 overs of six bowling deliveries per side to Test cricket played over five days. The Laws of Cricket are maintained by the International Cricket Council (ICC) and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) with additional Standard Playing Conditions for Test matches and One Day Internationals. Cricket was first played in southern England in the 16th century. By the end of the 18th century, it had developed into the national sport of England. The expansion of the British Empire led to cricket being played overseas and by the mid-19th century the first international matches were being held. The ICC, the game's governing body, has 10 full members. The game is most popular in Australia and Asia, England, the Indian subcontinent, the West Indies and Southern Africa. Page Sof 43batting team scores six runs and may not attempt more. If the ball touches the ground and then reaches the boundary, the batting team scores four runs and may not attempt more, When the batsmen have finished attempting their runs, ‘the ball is returned to the bowler to be bowled again. The bowler continues to bowl toward the same wicket, regardless of any switch of the batsmen’s positions. After a bowler has bowled six times (an over), another member of the fielding team is designated as the new bowler. The new bowler bowls to the opposite wicket, and play continues. Fielding team members may bow! multiple times during an innings, but may not bowl two overs in succession. The innings is complete when 10 of the 11 members of the batting team have been dismissed, one always remaining “not out", or when a set number of overs has been played. The number of innings and the number of overs per innings vary depending on the match. Field Sightscreen Umpires and Scorers The game on the field is regulated by two umpires, one of whom stands behind ithe wicket at the bowler's end, the other in a position called "square leg", a position 15-20 metres to the side of the "on strike" batsman. The role of the umpires is to adjudicate on . Umpires also decide on the suitability of the playing conditions and can interrupt or even abandon the match due to Page 7 of 43The main aim of the bowler, supported by his fielders, is to dismiss the batsman. Abatsman when dismissed is said to be "out" and that means he must leave the field of play and be replaced by the next batsman on his team. When ten batsmen have been dismissed (i.e., are out), then the whole team is dismissed and the innings is over. The last batsman, the one who has not been dismissed, is not allowed to continue alone as there must always be two batsmen "in". This batsman is termed "not out". An innings can end early for three reasons: because the batting side's captain has chosen to "declare" the innings closed (which is a tactical decision), or because the batting side has achieved its target and won the game, or because the game has ended prematurely due to bad weather or running out of time. In each of these cases the team's innings ends with two "not out" batsmen, unless the innings is declared closed at the fall of a wicket and the next batsman has not joined in the play. In limited overs cricket, there might be two batsmen still "not out" when the last of the allotted overs has been bowled. Overs The bowler bowls the ball in sets of six deliveries (or "balls'') and each set of six balls is called an over. This name came about because the umpire calls "Over!" when six balls have been bowled. At this point, another bowler is deployed at the other end, and the fielding side changes ends while the batsmen do not. A bowler cannot bowl two successive overs, although a bowler can bow! unchanged at the same end for several overs. The batsmen do not change ends and so the one who was non-striker is now the striker and vice-versa. The umpires also change positions 50 that the one who was at square leg now stands behind the wicket at the non- striker's end and vice-versa, Team structure A team consists of eleven players. Depending on his or her primary skills, a player may be classified as a specialist batsman or bowler. A well-balanced team usually has five or six specialist batsmen and four or five specialist bowlers. Teams nearly always include a specialist wicket-keeper because of the importance of this fielding position. Each team is headed Page 9 of 43circumstances likely to endanger the players, such as a damp pitch or deterioration of the light. Off the field and in televised matches, there is often a third umpire who can make decisions on certain incidents with the aid of video evidence. The third umpire is mandatory under the playing conditions for Test matches and limited overs internationals played between two ICC full members. These matches also have a match referee. whose job is to ensure that play is within the Laws of cricket and the spirit of the game. The match details, including runs and dismissals, are recorded by two official scorers, one representing each team. The scorers are directed by the hand signals of an umpire. For example, the umpire raises a forefinger to signal that the batsman is out (has been dismissed); he raises both arms above his head if the batsman has hit the ball for six runs. The scorers are required by the Laws of cricket to record all runs scored, wickets taken and overs bowled; in practice, they also note significant amounts of additional data relating to the game: Innings The innings (ending with 's' in both singular and plural form) is the term used for the collective performance of the batting side.[9] In theory, all eleven members of the batting side take a turn to bat but, for various reasons, an innings can end before they all do so. Depending on the type of match being played, each team has one or two innings apiece. Page @ of 43by a captain who is responsible for making tactical decisions such as determining the batting order, the placement of fielders and the rotation of bowlers. A player who excels in both batting and bowling is known as an all- rounder. One who excels as a batsman and wicket-keeper is known as.a “wicket- keeper/batsman", sometimes regarded as a type of all-rounder. True all- rounders are rare as most players focus on either batting or bowling skills. Extras ‘Additional runs can be gained by the batting team as extras (called "sundries" in Australia) due to errors made by the fielding side. This is achieved in four ways: - No ball: a penalty of one extra that is conceded by the bowler if he breaks the tules of bowling either by (a) using an inappropriate arm action (b) overstepping the popping crease {c) having a foot outside the return crease. In addition, the bowler has to re-bowl the ball. In limited overs matches, a no ball is called if the bowling team's field setting fails to comply with the restrictions. In shorter formats of the game (20-20, ODI) the free hit rule has been introduced. The ball following a front foot no-ball will be a free-hit for the batsman, whereby he is safe from losing his wicket except for being run-out. + Wide: a penalty of one extra that is conceded by the bowler if he bowls so that ‘the ball is out of the batsman's reach; as with ano ball, a wide must be re- bowled. If a wide ball crosses the boundary, five runs are awarded to the batting side (one run for the wide, and four for the boundary). - Bye: extra(s) awarded if the batsman misses the ball and it goes past the wicketkeeper to-give the batsmen time to run.in the conventional way (note that one mark of a good wicketkeeper is one who restricts the tally of byes toa minimum). : Leg bye: extra(s) awarded if the ball hits the batsman's body, but not his bat, while attempting a legitimate shot, and it goes away from the fielders to give Page lO of 43the batsmen time to run in the conventional way. When the bowler has bowled a no ball or a wide, his team incurs an additional penalty because that ball (i.e., delivery) has to be bowled again and hence the batting side has the opportunity ta score more runs from this extra ball. The batsmen have to run (i.e., unless the ball goes to the boundary for four) to claim byes and leg byes but these only count towards the team total, not to the striker's individual total for which runs must be scored off the bat. Dismissals There are ten ways in which a batsman can be dismissed; five relatively ‘common and five extremely rare, The commen forms of dismissal are "bowled", “caught”, "leg before wicket" (Ibw), “run out", and “stumped”. Less common methods are “hit wicket", “hit the ball twice”, "obstructed the field", "handled the ball" and "timed out" — these are almost unknown in the professional game. if the dismissal is obvious (for example when "bowled" and in most cases of “caught") the batsman will voluntarily leave the field without the umpire needing to dismiss them. Otherwise before the umpire will award a dismissal and declare the batsman to be out, a member of the fielding side (generally the bowler) must "appeal". This is invariably done by asking (or shouting) “how's that?" — normally reduced to howzat? If the umpire agrees with the appeal, he will raise a forefinger and say "Out!". Otherwise he will shake his head and say "Not out". Appeals are particularly loud when the circumstances of the claimed dismissal are unclear, as is always the case with'lbw and often with run outs and stumpings. - Bowled : the bowler has hit the wicket with the delivery and the wicket has “broken" with at least one bail being dislodged (note that if the ball hits the wicket without dislodging a bail it is not out) : Caught : the batsman has hit the ball with his bat, or with his hand which was holding the bat, and the ball has been caught before it has touched the ground by a member of the fielding side. - Leg before wicket (lbw): the ball has hit the batsman's body (including his clothing, pads etc. but not the bat, or a hand holding the bat) when it would have gone on to hit the stumps. This rule exists mainly to prevent the batsman from guarding his wicket with his legs instead of the bat. To be given out lbw, ‘the ball must not bounce outside leg stump or strike the batsmen outside the Pagel of 43line of leg-stump. It may bounce outside off-stump. The batsman may only be dismissed |bw by a ball striking him outside the line of off-stump if he has not made a genuine attempt to play the ball with his bat. - Run out : a member of the fielding side has broken or “put down" the wicket with the ball while the nearest batsman was out of his ground; this usually occurs by means of an accurate throw to the wicket while the batsmen are attempting a run, although a batsman can be given out Run out even when he is not attempting a run; he merely needs to be out of his ground. - Stumped is similar except that it is done by the wicketkeeper after the batsman has missed the bowled ball and has stepped out of his ground, and is not attempting a run. + Hit wicket : a batsman is out hit wicket if he dislodges one or both bails with his bat, person, clothing or equipment in the act of receiving a ball, or in setting off for a run having just received a ball. + Hit the ball twice is very unusual and was introduced as a safety measure to counter dangerous play and protect the fielders. The batsman may legally play the ball a second time only to stop the ball hitting the wicket after he has already played it. + Obstructing the field : another unusual dismissal which tends to involve a batsman deliberately getting in the way of a fielder. + Handled the ball: a batsman must not deliberately touch the ball with his hand, for example to protect his wicket. Note that the batsman's hand or glove counts as part of the bat while the hand is holding the bat, so batsmen are frequently caught off their gloves (i.e. the ball hits, and is deflected by, the glove and can then be caught). - Timed out usually means that the next batsman did not arrive at the wicket within three minutes of the previous one being dismissed. In the vast majority of cases, it is the striker who is out when a dismissal occurs. If the non-striker is dismissed it is usually by being run out, but he could also be dismissed for obstructing the field, handling the ball or being timed out. A batsman may leave the field without being dismissed. If injured or taken ill the batsman may temporarily retire, and be replaced by the next batsman. This is recorded as retired hurt or retired ill, The retiring batsman is not out, and may resume the innings later. An unimpaired batsman may retire, and this is treated as being dismissed retired out; no player is credited with the dismissal. Batsmen cannot be out bowled, caught, leg before wicket, stumped or hit wicket off ano Page 12 of 43ball. They cannot be out bowled, caught, leg before wicket, or hit the ball twice off a wide, Some of these modes of dismissal can occur without the bowler bowling a delivery. The batsman who is not on strike may be run out by the bowler if he leaves his crease before the bowler bowls, and a batsman can be out obstructing the field or retired out at any time. Timed out is, by its nature, a dismissal without a delivery. With all other modes of dismissal, only ‘one batsman can be dismissed per ball bowled. An innings is closed when: + Ten of the eleven batsmen are out (have been dismissed); in this case, the team is said to be "all out" + The team has only one batsman left who can bat, one or more of the remaining players being unavailable owing to injury, illness or absence; again, the team is said to be "all out" - The team batting last reaches the score required to win the match - The predetermined number of overs has been bowled (in a one-day match ‘only, commonly 50 overs; or 20 in Twenty20) +A captain declares his team's innings closed while at least two of his batsmen are not out (this does not apply in one-day limited over matches) Results If the team that bats last is all out having scored fewer runs than their opponents, the team is said to have “lost by n runs" (where n is the difference between the number of runs scored by the teams). If the team that bats last scores enough runs to win, it is said to have "won by n wickets", where nis the number of wickets left to fall. For instance a team that passes its opponents’ score having only lost six wickets would have won “by four wickets". In a two- innings-a-side match, one team's combined first and second innings total may be less than the other side's first innings total. The team with the greater score is then said to have won by an innings and n runs, and does not need to bat again: nis the difference between the two teams' aggregate scores. If the team batting last is all out, and both sides have scored the same number of runs, then the match is a tie; this result is quite rare in matches of two innings a side. In the traditional form of the game, if the time allotted for the match expires. before either side can win, then the game is Page 13 of 43declared a draw. If the match has only a single innings per side, then a maximum number of deliveries for each innings is often imposed. Such a match is called a “limited overs" or "one-day" match, and the side scoring more runs wins regardless of the number of wickets lost, so that a draw cannot occur. If this kind of match is temporarily interrupted by bad weather, then a complex mathematical formula, known as the Duckworth- Lewis method after its developers, is often used ‘to recalculate a new target score. A one-day match can also be declared a “no- result" if fewer than a previously agreed number of overs have been bowled by either team, in circumstances that make normal resumption of play impossible; for example, wet weather. Playing Surface ‘Cricket is played on a grassy field. The Laws of Cricket do not specify the size or shape of the field but it is often oval. In the centre of the field is a rectangular strip, known as the pitch. The pitch is a flat surface 10 feet (3.0 m) wide, with ‘very short grass that tends to be worn away as the game progresses At either end of the pitch, 22 yards (20 m) apart, are placed wooden targets, known as the wickets. These serve as a target for the bowling (also known as the fielding) side and are defended by the batting side, which seeks to accumulate runs.SKILLS means when the ball is defended by a batsman to save his cricket. A player who has skills to bow! known as a bowler. When the ball is thrown to the batsman is called a ball or delivery. One over has six sets of the ball usually a bowler bowls six balls in an over when one over bowled by any bowler another player from his teammates bowl the next over. There are some laws of cricket for bowlers on how to bow! a ball of the bowls an illegal bowl, an umpire will rule ita 'No Ball’. If a bowler bowl very far from the batsman then it's known as ‘Wide’ and the bowler has to bowl another Seam Bowing ‘Swing Bowling Bouncer In dipper In swinger+ Leg Cutter + Off Cutter + Slow Ball + Reverse Deliveries + Full Toss + Beamer Spin bowling + Off-Spin + Leg-Spin + Chinaman + Doosra + Googles Leg Break Teesra - Arm Ball OFF SIDE on SIDE Page 16 of 43fielder. Being a good fielder he should have more flexibility, and body right behind the ball. He must have judgment where the going for a catch fielder eye must to on batsman strictly he should look at all the activities performed by the batsman to react to catch the ball. A good fielder should have great concentration even when the team field is out of the blazing sun for more than five hours. A team should have a geod fielding side to win more matches for his country a good fielder saves more runs and force him to come in under pressure. Fielding is an important part of cricket fielding creates pressure that wins many matches. Now a day the standard of fielding ison a top-level. Every player of any team is a great fielder because of their fitness and flexibility. |Batting:- Begin a batsman he must have good wrist power, eye coordination, stamina, running speed, a judgment of speed, bat speed, and other knowledge and statistics for cricket. Some basic following skills batsman required: He should try to save his cricket by the bat. Avoid the ball which hits to legs. Avoid playing aerial shots as this can result in batsmen getting caught and dismissed. He should have perfect guidance when to take a run. Hit the ball by prefect chooses of shot, timing, and strength. Different types of shots The good batsman plays different shots to make more runs. He has perfect knowledge and skills to play different types of shots. Usually good, the batsman has great balance throughout his body there are a variety of shots a batsman can play. Hits that reach the boundary of the field are automatically awarded four runs if the ball touches the ground enroute to the boundary or six runs if the ball clears the boundary without touching the ground within the boundary. Page 17 of 43Types of batting Biock Cut Drive Hook Leg Glance Paddle Sweep Pull Sweep Reverse Sweep Slog Sweep Slog to prevent the ball hitting the wicket and secondarily to score runs by hitting the ball with his bat so that he and his partner have time to run from one end of the pitch to the other before the fielding side can return the ball. To register a run, both runners must touch the ground behind the crease with either their bats or their bodies (the batsmen carry their bats as they run). Each completed run increments the score. More than one run can be scored from a single hit; but, while hits worth one to three runs are cammon, the size of the field is such that it is usually difficult to run four or more. To compensate for this, hits that reach the boundary of the field are automatically awarded four runs if the ball touches the ground en route to the boundary or six runs if the ball clears the boundary without touching the ground within the boundary. The batsmen do not need to run if the ball reaches or crosses the boundary. Hits for five are unusual and generally rely on the help of “overthrows" bya fielder returning the ball. If an odd number of runs is scored by the striker, the two batsmen have changed ends, and the one who was non- striker is now the striker. Only the striker can score individual runs, but all runs are added to the team’s total. The decision to attempt a run is ideally made by the batsman who has the better view of the ball's progress, and this is communicated by calling: "yes", “no” and "wait" are often heard Running is a calculated risk because if a fielder breaks the wicket with the ball while the nearest batsman is out of his ground (i.e., he does not have part of his Page 1B of 43body or bat in contact with the ground behind the popping crease), the batsman is run out, important role in cricket good wicket-keeper can save a number of runs for his teams. His function is to stop deliveries, which the batsman unable to play or passed by batsman wicket-keeper is the god in cricket because he can dismiss the batsman in various ways. The first way is when the bowler ball to a batsman and when it got an edge of the bat and keeper caught it before it, bouncer. The wicket-keeper position is the best position then other fielders for high air caught, he can easily catch that he sought another way to dismiss a batsman for the wicketkeeper. When the batsman miss to play the shot and he comes out of the crease wicketkeeper caught the ball and fall bails from the stumps and at last when the balls hit the outfield wicket-keeper come closer to the stumps and receive the ball and run out if it’s possible. Page 19. of 43by the bowler's skilful delivery. Bouncer: Abowling delivery by a fast bowler which is pitched short and fising towards the batsman’s head, or at least chest high. Also called shart-pitched delivery. Boundary: Outer limit of playing area, like bowing ring, soceer ground, etc. Break: Aslow bowler's délivery spins to either side after hitting the pitch surface Bye! A run not scored by the bat, usually refers to when the wicketkeeper failed to stop the bowling delivery, which allows a batsman to make run/runs, whether the bow! lconnected the bat or net. Century: When a batsman scored 100 runs in one inning. (Chinaman: Kind of leg-break delivery, when bowled by a left-handed bowler. Call: When both batsmen communicate, in order to refuse or confirm, for making arun or runs, usually by shouting "yes", "no", "wait". Chop: Kind of shot played by.a batsman, a formef late cut, According to law, chucker: | legal delivery by a bowler when he throws to bow! instead lof round-armbowling. (Creeper: A ball runs along the ground, also known as ‘shooter’ or ‘sneaker (Cut: kind of shot by a batsman. Cover drive: A batting stroke directed towards the cover area Deep: When fielder fields near the boundary e.g. Deep Mid-on, Deep Cover, Deep Third Man, etc. Duck: When a batsman out without scoring any run Duck (Golden): Golden duck is referred to when batsman out on zero on the very first détivery. Declaration: When captain decides to close an innings when hestill has wickets in hi i.e. batsmen still remaining to bat. Delivery: Act of bowling. Doosra: When a right-handed off-spinner bowls a delivery turning like.a leg break, turning from off to leg side. Drive: A stroke by batsman like 'cover-drive, 'on-drive. Edge: Gutermost perimeter of the bat. Also, refer to a bowler's bowl when only just struck by the edge of the bat. Extras: Runs added to a team's total which is not created by the bat/batsman e.g. bys, leg byes, no-ball, wide-ball, etc. Page 21 of 43Field: Playing area, also refers to a fielder or positioning of the fielders Fine Leg: Field position whether shortteg of long-leg Full Toss: Bower's ball which doesn'thit the pitch before reaching the batsman Finger Spin: A method that helps slow bowlers to spin the ball with the help of finger/fingers. Flight: Kind of slow ball which has a loop in the air, dropped sharply onto the pitch in order to deceive the batsman: Full Blooded: Batting stroke played with full physical power. Good Length: In terms of length this bowling delivery pitches in sucha position that a batsman faces difficulty to play a stroke. Usually, he plays it defensively. Googly: Leg break bowling to the right-arm batsman, it appears that the ball will spin leg to off or middle to off, but instead it will spin in opposite directions to deceive the batsman. \Grubber: A delivery after pitching the surface go very iow. Half Volley: 4 bowling delivery which pitches very near the bat that batsman has to strike the ball immediately Hook: A batting stroke when played on the side of the short-pitched delivery. Heowzat: "How's That?” An appeal by the fielding side to the umpire asking for dismissal of 2 batsman. Innings: Time period for batting by a team or individual King Pair: A batsman is out on the first ball for zero in both innings in a test match, he begged King Pair. Late Cut: With a horizontal bat a wristy stroke played outside the off-stump in the slip area Long Leg: Fielding position, near the boundary, behind the wicket. LBW: Leg Before Wicket. Method of dismissal credited to the bowler. When Batsman failed to play the delivery and ball struck on his leg whichis justin front of the wicket. Itis up to umpire judgment to give the batsman out or not under certain cricket law. Leg Break: On pitching a ball turns fromleg to off Leg Cutter: A fast leg-break bowled by the seam bowler. Long Leg: Fielding position near the boundary on the leg-side. A very deep fine-leg. Long-Off, Long-Oni: Fielding positions nearthe boundary on either side of the sightscreen at the bowler's end, Maiden Over: An over in which no run is scored by the batsman.Night Watchman: When a wicket falls shortly before the closing of the play, a low-order batsmanis sent in to play out time, in order to prevent a better batsman from risking his wicket. No Ball: An illegal delivery under a certain law. And the bowler has to bowl extra. A runis added to the score. \Off-Break: When a ball turns from off to leg. Off-Cutter: Fast off-break bowling cutting the fingers across the seam of the ball Off-Drive: Drive on the front foot which hits the ball between cover and mid-off. }On-Drive: Drivewhich hits the ball between mid-wicket and mid-on, Pitch: A specially prepared area, 5 feet width and 22 yards between the stumps. Point: A close fielding position square with the wicket on the off-side Pull: A force-fullstroke sending the ball between mid-on and mid-wicket. Reverse Sweep: When a right-handed or left-handed batsmen plays a sweep shot towards the other side by changing the stance from left-handed to right-handed and vice versa. This relative improvisation by the batsmen to play opposite to the set field position allowing the batsmen to scoreruns where there are no fielders. Run: Unit of scoring. Run-out: A method of dismissal not credited to the bowler. When a batsmanrunning fora run and failed to reach the stumps in time, meanwhile a fielder, by throwing the ball, hit the stumps. Seam: The stitching around the circumference of the ball that fastens together its leather segments Seamer: A bowler (medium or fast) who uses the seam to deviate the ball when it pitches Shooter: A ball does not rise off the ground after pitching. Short-Leg: A close fielding position on the leg side, it could be forward short-leg, backward or square. Slip: Fielding position on the off-side near the wicket-keeper. Square-Cut: A batsman's stroke which dispatches the ball just backward of point Stumps: Three wooden sticks when surmounted by the bails Sweep: Another stroke played off the front foot from the crouch position on the leg side. Tail: Lower order of players in the team of 11, who are not selected for their specialized batting skill Page 23-of 43TestMatch: A contest of two innings per side in S days between the two full members of the ICC (International Cricket Conference) Tie: Match ended up with equal runs scored by both sides and with the having completed its innings Tap Spin: Leg-breakb: Track: Substitute word for the cricket pitch Twelfth Man: An emergency fielder. UDRS: Umpire Decision Review System. link ¢ 's Hawk-Eye, Snickometer, and hotspottechnology Wicket: Three wooden stumps having bailed on top. Wickets are pitched opposite and parallel to each other, 22 yards apart. The term is also Used to describe the pitch Wicket-Maiden: An over in which no runs scored by the batsman but at least ane wicket falls. Wide: A ball high over of wide of the wicketand must be signalled by the umpire as "wide" land asa penalty, a run is added to the scare Yorker: A bail pitched justnear the bat or batsman's toes, the batsman hasta stop it very quickly otherwise ball passes underneath the bat to hit the wickets. EQUIPMENTS Ball — A red, white or pink ball with a cork base, wrapped in twine covered with leather The ball should have a circumference of 9,1 in (23 centimetres) unless it is a children's size. Page 24 of 43Bat — A wooden bat is used. The wood used is from the Kashmir or English willow tree. The bat cannot be more than 38 inches (96,5 cm) long and 4.25 inches (10.8 cm) wide. Aluminium bats are not allowed, The bat has a long handle and one side has a smooth face. Stumps — three upright wooden poles that, together with the bails, form the wicket placed on top of the stumps. Sight screen — Page 2S ot 43Wicket Keeper GlovesBoundary — A rope demarcating the perimeter of th vas the boundary Batsman’s Accessories (Helmet, Gloves, Leg Pads, Abdominal Guard) Page 26 of 43TOURNAMENTS 1, 1€C Cricket World Cup ‘This is possibly the most prominent and respected tournamentand the largest celebration of cricket, occurring every four years. Italso claims the best games in the world, and is the most watched cricket eventever. ‘The tournament comptises four stages, the Super 8, 6, as well as semi-finals and finals. ‘Teams from around the world put out their strongest players in an-effort to win to the competition. This is a cup that all players want to win, and all fans want their country to win. 2. T20 World Cup An important sporting event, the trophy for the competition weighs a whopping 7.5 kilograms. The T20 formatis popular as it consumes less time, and strives to be as exciting and fast-paced as possible. The tournament has witnessed some of the highest volumes of sixes in the sport. Viewer considered this one of the most entertaining cricket competitions available to spectators. Promoted by the ICC, 120 first arrived in 2007 in India. Since then it has exploded in popularity across all cricketing nations. It energy and excitement are unmatched in the game. In this tournament, technique and defenceare superseded by shot selection and power, making it one of the most popular events in the cricket calendar. 3. The Ashes Series ‘The Ashes Series is fought out by England and Australia, two traditional power-housesof the cricketing world. They compete to wina small urn every two years, As legend has it, the urn contains. the bails burnt to symbolise the death of English cricket in 1882. The bails were burnt because of the shock and ouitrage felt after England's firstever loss to the newly formed nation of Australia, ‘The urn was then taken to Australia, with England vowing to win back the Ashes the next year',as they promptly did. The fierce rivalry has continued from then onwards with the winner claiming back the Ashes for their country, and the defeated country vowing to win it back next series. This is one of the most personal and hotly contested competition in sport. Page 28 of 434. Indian Premier League The Indian Premier League is India’s most watched sporting event and a well-established name in world cricket. Teams are a blend of young, Indian and expensive international players in one squad, The tournamentis a two-month summer bonanza of excitement and nerve-wrecking cricket, Ranking Sth as the worlds most watched domestic league, the first six seasons have been a must-watch for cricket fans. Great viewingin terms of quality of cricket and for sheer drama, providingglamc 5, ICC Champions Trophy Another ICC initiative, the tournamentis one of the most important cricket events behind the World Cup. Originally named the ICC Knockout Tournamentin 1998 and then renamed in 2002, the event was a one-day international completion taking place every fouryears. 6. Champions League Twenty20 ‘One of most renowned global cricket tournamentat domestic level. The top played cricketing nations take partin this tournament every year. Three countries compete with top teams coming from the Cricket Australia, Cricket South Africa and the BCCI. In this league, experienced professionals play alongside exciting youth talent, The eventis a fine cricket spectacle with teams putting on an excellent display of the sportat the highest level. Only launched in 2008 the competition was relatively young and needed to time to establish itself to its full potential with fans and players alike. Unfortunately, it was not given this time, as some home- leagues banned their players from joining, This subsequent caused a fatal lack of interest, and the competition was cancelled after 2014. 7. Asia Cup Page 29 of 43This is a competition fought-out between all Asian cricketing nations, Including driving forces in the game, like Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India and UAE. The tournament started in 1984, and was created by the Asian Cricket Council, [t is arguably the biggest eventon the Asian continent, witnessing heated Pakistan vs India fixtures. Organisers have been forced to cancel on two occasions because of political tensions in the continent. Itis also true, not all nations are selected or willing to join, but the competition is hugely popularamountfans and considered a great honour for player ‘8, Ranji Trophy ‘The Ranji Trophy started back in the 1934-35 season and is named after KS Ranjit Sinhji Vibhaji, the Prince of Nawanagar. The Ranji Trophy is the premier domestic cricket competition of India. ‘Teams representing regional and state cricket associations battle against each other to win this prestigious tourney. With time, Ranji Trophy has survived many changes in formats. It started out as a Zonal Competition, changed to a two-tier league-cum-knockeut format which then started to include relegation and promotion between the tiers. Currently, a total of 37 teams will take partin the Ranji Trophy this year, which includes 9 new teams, GOVERNING BODIES OF CRICKET Full Membersare the governing bodies for cricket in a country or a group of associated countries representing a geographical area. All Full Members have a right te send one representative team to play official Test matches and have full voting rights at meetings of the ICC. Also, all Full Member nations are automatically qualified to play ODIs and T201s.[2] The West Indies cricket team does not represent one country, but rather an amalgamation of more than 15 countries and territories from the Caribbean. The English Cricket team represents both England and Wales and the freland cricket team represents all of the island of Ireland.FAMOUS PERSONALITIES Famous As: Cricketer Birthdate: November 5, 1988 Birthplace: New Delhi, India Counted amongst world’s best batsmen, Virat Kohli is presently the captain of Indian national cricket team. A cricket lover, he started training while still young and shot to fame when he led India’s Under-19 team to victory at the 2008 Under-19 World Cup. Since then, Kohli has proved his talent in all forms of the game. M. S. Dhoni Famous As: Cricketer Birthdate: July 7, 1981 Birthplace: Ranchi, Jharkhand, India Page 36 of 43Famous As: Cricketer Birthdate: July 10, 1949 Birthplace: Mumbai, India Sunil Gavaskar js an Indian former professional cricket player who represented the national team during the 1970s and 1980s. Considered one of the greatest batsmen in Test cricket history, Sunil Gavaskar was the first batsman to score over 10,000 rus in Test cricket. He also set many wortd records and held the record for most Test centuries for nearly 20 years. Brian Lara Famous As: Trinidadian Cricketer Birthdate: May 2, 1969 Birthplace: Santa Cruz Legendary Trinidadian cricketer Brian Lara, also known as "The Prince of Port of Spain,” is considered one of the greatest batsitien in history. His 501 not out for Warwickshire in 1994 remains the only quintuple-hundred in first-class cricket. He has also been inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame Page 42 of 43Shane Warne Famous As: Cricketer Birthdate: September 13, 1969 Birthplace: Upper Ferntree Gully He is an Australian cricket commentator and former international cricketer who captained ‘the Australian national team in One Day Internationals (OD). Widely considered one of the greatest bowlers in cricket history, Warne was named one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in the 1994 Wisden Cricketers’ Almanack. He was the Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World in 1997 (Notional Winner), He was banned from the sport in 2003 for testing positive for a prohibited substance. Following the ban, he was named Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World for the year 2004 in the 2005 Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. In 2000, he was selected by a panel of cricket experts as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Century, the only specialist bowler selected in the quintet and the only one still playing at the time. He officially retired from all formats of cricket in July 2013. Sunil GavaskarFormer Indian international cricketer M. S. Dhoni captained the Indian national team from 2007 to 2016. He played as a right-handed middle-order batsman and wicket-keeper. With more than 10,000 runs scored, heis one of the highest run-scorersin One Day Internationals (ODIs). He also became the first wicket-keeper to effect 100 stumpings in ODI cricket. Sachin Tendulkar Famous As: Cricketer Birthdate: April 24,1973 Birthplace: Mumbai, India Often referred to as the God of Cricket in India, Sachin Tendulkar is a retired cricketer. Also known for his humility on and off the field, Sachin is one of the most revered, celebrated, and decorated cricketers. Considered one of the greatest batsmen of all time, Sachin Tendulkar played a key role in turning India into-a cricket-frenzy nation. AB de Villiers Famous As: Cricketer Page 37 of 43Birthdate: February 17, 1984 Birthplace: Bela-Bela, South Africa |AB de Villiers, also known as “Mr, 360” and “Superman,” has captained the South African cricket team in Tests, ODIs, and 120s. Named the ICC ODI Player of the Year thrice, the Wisden "cricketer of the decade" is. a devout Christian, has written an autobiography, and released a pop album Kapil Dev Famous As; Cricketer Birthdate: January 6, 1959 Birthplace: Chandigarh, Punjab, India Kapil Dev is a former Indian all-rounder who captained | ndia to its first Cricket World ‘Cup win, in 1983, He started his career at 16, playing for Haryana. Wisden’ s Indian Cricketer of the Century became the first cricketer to take 400 Test wickets and aiso scored §,000 Testruns Jhulan Goswami ‘One of the fastest women bowlers in the realm of cricket, Jnulan Goswamiis known for her overall capacities. The ICC ‘Women Cricketer of the Year in 2007, Jhulan has 200 ODI wickets, 40 Test Wickets and 50720 wickets at an excellent average, It drove her to be at the highest point of the ICC’s reality rankings as the main OD! bowler and getting Page 38 of 43few years. In acareer spanning around two decades, he retired with a career test batting average of 99.94, He retained a pre-eminent position in the game for decades following his retirement. Viv Richards Famous As: Cricketer Birthdate: March 7, 1952 Birthplace: Saint John's, Antigua and Barbuda Viv Richards is an Antiguan retired cricketer who played for the West Indies national team. Inhis international playing career, he played 121 Test matches scoring 8,540 runs and 187 ODIs scoring 6,721 ruris. As partofthe team, he played a crucial role in West Indies winning the World cup in both 1975 and 1979. He also successfully captained the team between 1984 and 1991 and has the distinction of being the only West Indian captain who never lost a test series. A destructive batsman, he destroyed the opposition's bowling attack completely and played fearlessly without a helmet throughout his career. Some of the records that he set during his playing career stand even today. Page 40 of 43the Padma Shri grant for being the blessed skipper of India in October 2008. Smriti Mandhana At age nine, she made it to the Maharashtra under-15 group, and after two years she was playing for the under- 19 group. At 17, she turned into the first Indian lady to scorea twofold hundred of every an ODI amusement, when she made 224 in a match between Maharashtra and Gujarat state teams Sir Donald Bradman Famous As: Greatest Batsmen Ever Birthdate: August 27, 1908 Birthplace: Cootamundra, New South Wales, Australia Died: February 25, 2001 Australian cricketer, Sir Donald Bradman, is widely acknowledged as the greatest batsman of all time. He started playing cricket as a young man and scored numerous records withina Page 39 of 43