Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 10 views

    Nucleic Acid Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    mujahidatinstitute
    This document discusses the structural organization of nucleic acids. It begins by defining nucleic acids as macromolecules composed of nucleotides that encode and transmit genetic information. The two main types are DNA and RNA. DNA has a double-stranded helical structure formed by base pairing between complementary strands. It consists of deoxyribonucleotides with the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. RNA is single-stranded and can have uracil instead of thymine. The document describes the nucleotides, nucleosides, bases and polymerization of nucleic acids, as well as the primary, secondary and tertiary structures of DNA including the double helix, base pairing, and supercoiling. It also distingu

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Nucleic Acid Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    mujahidatinstitute
    10 views35 pages
    This document discusses the structural organization of nucleic acids. It begins by defining nucleic acids as macromolecules composed of nucleotides that encode and transmit genetic information. The two main types are DNA and RNA. DNA has a double-stranded helical structure formed by base pairing between complementary strands. It consists of deoxyribonucleotides with the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. RNA is single-stranded and can have uracil instead of thymine. The document describes the nucleotides, nucleosides, bases and polymerization of nucleic acids, as well as the primary, secondary and tertiary structures of DNA including the double helix, base pairing, and supercoiling. It also distingu

    Original Title

    19. Nucleic Acid Chemistry.pptx

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses the structural organization of nucleic acids. It begins by defining nucleic acids as macromolecules composed of nucleotides that encode and transmit genetic information. The two main types are DNA and RNA. DNA has a double-stranded helical structure formed by base pairing between complementary strands. It consists of deoxyribonucleotides with the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. RNA is single-stranded and can have uracil instead of thymine. The document describes the nucleotides, nucleosides, bases and polymerization of nucleic acids, as well as the primary, secondary and tertiary structures of DNA including the double helix, base pairing, and supercoiling. It also distingu

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    10 views35 pages

    Nucleic Acid Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    mujahidatinstitute
    This document discusses the structural organization of nucleic acids. It begins by defining nucleic acids as macromolecules composed of nucleotides that encode and transmit genetic information. The two main types are DNA and RNA. DNA has a double-stranded helical structure formed by base pairing between complementary strands. It consists of deoxyribonucleotides with the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. RNA is single-stranded and can have uracil instead of thymine. The document describes the nucleotides, nucleosides, bases and polymerization of nucleic acids, as well as the primary, secondary and tertiary structures of DNA including the double helix, base pairing, and supercoiling. It also distingu

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 35

    STRUCTURAL

    ORGANIZATION OF
    NUCLEIC ACIDS
    Dr. Ralph Cylon Jacinto
    Objectives
    ◻ Identify the different types of nucleic acids and
    their corresponding chemistries.
    ◻ Describe the DNA structure.
    ◻ Distinguish the different types of RNA.
    Nucleic Acids
    Macromolecules
    ◻ Carbohydrates
    ◻ Lipids
    ◻ Proteins
    ◻ Nucleic Acids
    Nucleoproteins
    Nucleic acid Proteins
    * Histones (DNA)
    DNA RNA * Ribosomal (RNA)

    Deoxyribonucleotides Ribonucleotides
    H3PO4
    Deoxyribonucleoside Ribonucleoside
    Deoxyribose Ribose
    Nitrogenous bases Nitrogenous bases

    Pyrimidines Purines Pyrimidines


    *Cytosine * Adenine * Cytosine
    *Thymine * Guanine * Uracil
    Nucleic Acids
    ◻ Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

    ◻ Monomer: Nucleotides

    ◻ Function in encoding, transmitting and expressing genetic


    information 🡪 conveyed through nucleic acid sequence

    ◻ Composition: 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group,


    nitrogenous base 🡪 covalently bonded
    Nucleic acid bases
    ◻ “Nucleobases/Nitrogenous bases”
    ◻ 1- to 2-ring nitrogenous aromatic compound
    ◻ Types:
    1. Pyrimidine base – single-ring aromatic cpd
    Cytosine, Thymine; Uracil
    2. Purine base – 2-ring aromatic cpd
    Adenine, Guanine
    Pyrimidine bases
    ◻ Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Uracil (U)
    Purine bases
    ◻ Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
    Properties of Nitrogenous Bases

    ◻ Free nitrogenous bases are relatively insoluble in


    water.

    ◻ Weakly basic cpds. that may exist in two or more


    tautomeric forms depending upon the pH; e.g. lactam
    & lactim forms.

    ◻ Absorb ultraviolet light in the region of 250 to 280


    nm.
    Nucleoside
    ◻ Base
    Base + Sugar + sugar
    5-carbon: Ribose
    ◻
    Purine linkage:
    Glycosidic Adenine (A) Adenosine
    C1’ carbon sugar linked to N-1 nitrogen of pyrimidines
    Guanine (G) Guanosine
    (or N-9 nitrogen of purines)

    Pyrimidine Cytosine (C) Cytidine


    Thymine (T) Thymidine
    Uracil (U) Uridine
    Nucleotide
    ◻
    Base+ Phosphate group
    Nucleoside + sugar + phosphate
    ◻ Most common form: 5’ nucleotides
    Purine Adenine (A) Adenosine Adenosine
    monophosphate
    Guanine (G) Guanosine Guanosine
    monophosphate
    Pyrimidine Cytosine (C) Cytidine Cytidine
    monophosphate
    Thymine (T) Thymidine Thymidine
    monophosphate
    Uracil (U)
    Adenosine Uridine Uridine
    monophosphate monophosphate
    DNA vs. RNA
    ◻ RNA – ribonucleic acid
    ◻ DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
    2’ Deoxy group
    Polymerization of nucleotides
    ◻ Combination of nucleotides 🡪 Nucleic acids
    ◻ Formed by linkage of phosphate to –OH groups of
    carbons: 3’ and 5’ 🡪 3’,5’-phosphodiester bond
    ◻ Naming: 5’ 🡪 3’
    Sugar + Phosphate = backbone
    Bases = directed inward
    Levels of Structure in Nucleic Acids
    ◻ Primary level – nucleic
    acid sequence
    ◻ Secondary level – 3D
    conformation
    ◻ Tertiary level –
    supercoiling of
    molecule
    Structure of DNA
    Structure of DNA
    ◻ “Double helix model”
    by James Watson &
    Francis Crick (1953)
    ◻ Consists of 2
    nucleotide chains
    wrapped around each
    other to form a helix
    Double helix structure
    ◻ Consist of 2 complementary strands running in
    antiparallel directions:
    5’🡪3’
    3’🡪5’
    ◻ Hydrogen bonds exist between complementary
    base pairs:
    2 bonds for A-T
    3 bonds for G-C
    ◻ Hydrogen bonds + hydrophobic interactions
    stabilize the structure
    Base pairing
    ◻ Adenine 🡪 Thymine
    ◻ Guanine 🡪 Cytosine
    ◻ Chargaff’s rule (double stranded DNA):
    Amount of A equals amount of T
    Amount of G equals amount of C
    Amount of purines equals amount of pyrimidines
    Examples
    DNA:
    ◻ 5’ 🡪 3’ strand: GGTATAAC
    ◻ 3’ 🡪 5’ strand: CCATATTG
    DNA & RNA:
    ◻ DNA strand: GGTATAAC

    ◻ RNA: CCAUAUUG

    RNA & DNA:


    ◻ RNA: UAGCAU

    ◻ DNA strand: ATCGTA


    Possible conformations of double helix

    ◻ B-DNA: most common form; base pairs


    perpendicular to the axis
    ◻ A-DNA: 11 base pairs for every turn of helix
    ◻ Z-DNA: left-handed conformation; 12 base pairs
    per turn; occurs when there is alternating
    purine-pyrimidine
    Supercoiling
    ◻ DNA molecule: Length >>> diameter
    Tendency to fold back on itself 🡪 supercoiling
    ◻ Topoisomerases: enzymes that act on the
    supercoiled of DNA
    ◻ Histones: proteins that hold supercoiled DNA
    ◻ Nucleosomes: DNA + histone core (bead-like)
    ◻ Chromatin: condensed nucleosomes
    ◻ Plasmids: Extrachromosomal DNA in prokaryotes
    Nucleosomes
    ◻ Structural units of the
    chromatin

    ◻ Repeating beadlike structures

    ◻ Composed of a segment of
    DNA duplex (about 200 base
    pairs) and

    ◻ Eight histone molecules (two


    each of H2A, H2B, H3 and
    H4)
    Melting Temperature of DNA
    Ribonucleic Acids
    Types of RNA
    ◻ The base sequence of all types of RNA are
    determined by that of DNA.
    Difference between DNA and RNA

    Difference DNA RNA


    Bases A, G, C, T A, G, C, U
    Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose
    Strands Double stranded Single stranded
    (single stranded in
    some viruses)
    Hydrolyzed by No Yes
    alkali
    Chargaff’s rule Yes No
    References

    1. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry 30th Edition


    by Rodwell, Bender, Botham, Kennelly and Weil
    2. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th Edition
    by Nelson and Cox
    3. Textbook of Biochemistry With Clinical Correlation
    6th Edition by Thomas M. Devlin
    4. Lippincott’s Biochemistry 5th Edition
    by Champe and Harvey
    Thank you!

    You might also like