M_BANK\YR12-4U\COMPLEX02.

CAT

Complex Numbers 2: 1984-1990

1)! 4U84-3i
Indicate on an Argand diagram the region in which z lies given that both |z − (3 + i)| ≤ 3 and
π π
< arg [z − ( 1 + i)] ≤ are satisfied.†
4 2
y

(1 + i) (3 + i)
6 x
«→ »
2)! 4U84-3ii
Find the locus in the Argand diagram of the point P which represents the complex number z
where z z − 4(z + z ) = 9.†
zz − 4( z + z ) = 9 ,
( x + iy)( x − iy) − 4( x + iy + x − iy) = 9
«→ »
x 2 + y 2 − 8 x = 9, ( x − 4) 2 + y 2 = 25
This is a circle centre (4 , 0) and radius 5.
3)! 4U84-3iii
Show by geometrical considerations or otherwise that if the complex numbers z1 and z2 are
z + z2
such that |z1| = |z2| when 1 is purely imaginary.†
z1 − z 2
«→ Let O, P, Q, R represent the complex numbers 0, z1, z2, z1 + z2 respectively on the Argand
y R
P
z1 + z2
z1
z1 – z2
z2 Q
x
diagram. O
Since | z1 | = | z 2 | then OQRP is a rhombus.
The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other.
OR = z1 + z 2 , QP = z1 − z 2 »
z1 + z 2 = ki ( z1 − z 2 ) where k is a real number
z1 + z 2
∴ = ki which is purely imaginary.
z1 − z 2
4)! 4U84-3iv
Sketch the circle C with Cartesian equation x2 + (y − 1)2 = 1. The point P, representing the
non zero complex number z, lies on C.
a. Express |z| in terms of θ, the argument of z.
1
b. Given that zʹ′ = find the modulus and argument of zʹ′ in terms of θ.
z
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Show that, whatever the position of P on the circle C, the point Pʹ′ representing zʹ′ lies on a
certain line and determine the equation of this line.†
y
2
P(z)
C
A 1
θ
−1 O 1 x

«→ y= –0⋅5
P
1
A θ
θ
1 D

a) O In Δ OAD, OD = sin θ ∴ OP = 2 sin θ, |z| = 2 sin θ, 0 < θ < π

b) z ʹ′ = z −1 = [| z | (cosθ + i sin θ )]−1
= | z |−1 [cos(−θ ) + i sin (−θ )]
1
∴| z ʹ′ | = | z |−1 = , arg ( z ʹ′) = − θ , 0 < θ < π .
2 sin θ
1 »
∴ z ʹ′ = [cos(−θ ) + i sin(−θ )]
2 sin θ
1 1
= cot θ − i , 0 < θ < π .
2 2
1
So z ʹ′ lies on the line y = −
2
5)! 4U85-3i
The complex numbers z1 = 4i, z2 = 2 3 − 2i, z3 = −2 3 − 2i are represented on an Argand
diagram by the points A, B, C respectively.
a. Show that the triangle ABC is equilateral.
b. Show that z12 and z2z3 are represented by the same point on the Argand diagram.†
y

x
C B
«→ a)

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AB = | z1 − z 2 | = | − 2 3 + 6 i | = (2 3 ) 2 + 6 2 = 4 3
AC = | z1 − z 3 | = | 2 3 + 6 i | = (2 3 ) 2 + 6 2 = 4 3
BC = | z 2 − z 3 | = | 4 3 | = 4 3 ∴ Δ ABC is equilateral.
b) z1 2 = (4i ) 2 = − 16 , z 2 z 3 = (2 3 − 2i )(−2 3 − 2i )
= (2i ) 2 − (2 3 ) 2 = − 4 − 12 = − 16
»
2 2
∴ z1 = z 2 z 3 . So z1 and z 2 z 3 represent
the same point on the Argand diagram.
6)! 4U85-3ii
1+i
Find the exact value of the modulus and argument of the complex number z = . Find
3 −i
the smallest possible integer n such that zn is real. For this value of n find the value of zn.†
|1+ i | 2
| z|= = , arg z = arg (1 + i ) − arg ( 3 − i )
3 −i 2

π π 5π 2 5π 5π
= − (− ) = , zn = [ (cos + i sin )]n
4 6 12 2 12 12
2 5πn 5πn
«→ = ( ) n (cos + i sin ). For z n to be real : »
2 12 12
5πn 5πn
sin = 0, is a multiple of π ∴ n = 12 (least value)
12 12
2 1
z 12 = ( )12 (cos 5π + i sin5π ) = −
2 64
7)! 4U85-3iii
Given that, in the Argand diagram, the point P represents the complex number z and Q the
complex number z2, show that if P moves on a straight line parallel to (but not coinciding
with) the imaginary axis then Q will move on a certain parabola, and that all such parabolas
have a common focus. Also state what the locus of Q is when P describes the imaginary
axis.†
Let P move on the line x = a. (a ≠ 0)
∴ z = a + iy , z 2 = (a + iy) 2 = (a 2 − y 2 ) + i (2ay )
∴ The locus of Q is : X = a 2 − y 2 , Y = 2ay
«→ Y
∴ X = a 2 − ( ) 2 , 4a 2 X = 4a 4 − Y 2
2a
Y = − 4 a ( X − a 2 ). This is a parabola with a vertex
2 2

at (a 2 , 0) and a focal length of a 2 . The focus is the origin.

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Y
2a2

O a2 X

–2a2
Y2 = –4a2(X – a2)
If a = 0, then z = iy, z2 = – y2. The locus of Q is Y = 0 with X ≤ 0
Y

O X

»
8)! 4U85-7iii
Write down, in modulus-argument form, the five roots of z5 = 1. Show that when these five
roots are plotted on an Argand diagram they form the vertices of a regular pentagon of area
5 2π
sin . By combining appropriate pairs of these roots show that for z ≠ 1
2 5
z5 − 1 2π 4π
= ( z 2 − 2 zcos + 1)( z 2 − 2 zcos + 1) .
z −1 5 5
2π 4π
Deduce that cos and cos are the roots of the equation 4x2 + 2x − 1 = 0.†
5 5
z 5 = cis 2 nπ , n = 0 , 1, 2 ...
2 nπ 2π
z = cis , z0 = cis0 = 1, z1 = cis
5 5
«→ 4π 6π − 4π
z 2 = cis , z 3 = cis = cis ( )
5 5 5
8π − 2π
z 4 = cis = cis ( )
5 5
y
1 z
1
z2
2π
5 z0
–1 1 x

z3
z4
–1

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1
Area of Pentgon = 5 × ab sin C
2
1 2π 5 2π
= 5 × × 1 × 1 × sin = sin
2 5 2 5
5
z − 1 = ( z − z0 )( z − z1 )( z − z 2 )( z − z 3 )( z − z 4 )
z 5 − 1 = ( z − 1)[( z − z1 )( z − z 4 )][( z − z 2 )( z − z 3 )]
z5 − 1
= [ z 2 − ( z1 + z 4 ) z + z1 z 4 ][ z 2 − ( z 2 + z 3 ) z + z 2 z 3 ]
z −1
2π 2π 2π
Now, z1 + z 4 = cis + cis (− ) = 2 cos ,
5 5 5
2π − 2π
z1 z 4 = cis cis ( ) = cis 0 = 1.
5 5
4π
Similarly z 2 + z 3 = 2 cos , z2 z3 = 1
5
z5 − 1 2π 4π
∴ = ( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)
z −1 5 5
2π 4π
∴ z 4 + z 3 + z 2 + z + 1 = ( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)
5 5
2π 4π
Equating coefficients of z 3 : 1 = −2 cos − 2 cos
5 5
2π 4π 1
cos + cos =−
5 5 2
2π 4π
Equating coefficients of z 2 : 1 = 1 + 4 cos cos +1
5 5 »
2π 4π 1
cos cos =−
5 5 4
2π 4π
∴ cos and cos are the roots of the equation
5 5
2 1 1
4 x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 0 (i.e : α + β = − = − , αβ = − )
4 2 4
9)! 4U86-3i
a
The complex numbers z1 = and z2 = b where a and b are real, are such that
1+ i 1 + 2i
z1 + z2 = 1. Find the values of a and b.†
a b a (1 − i ) b(1 − 2i )
+ = 1, + =1
1 + i 1 + 2i (1 + i )(1 − i ) (1 + 2i )(1 − 2i )
a − ai b − 2bi 5 a + 2b 5 a + 4b
+ = 1, −( )i =1
«→ 2 5 10 10 »
5 a + 2b 5 a + 4b
Equating real and imaginary parts : = 1, = 0.
10 10
Solving simultaneously gives : a = 4 , b = −5.

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10)! 4U86-3ii
The complex number z has modulus r and argument θ where 0 < θ < 2π. Find in terms of r
and θ the modulus and argument of:
a. z2;
1
b. ;
z
c. iz.†
«→ a) |z2| = |z|2 = r2, arg z2 = 2arg z = 2θ
1 | 1| 1 1
b) | |= = , arg ( ) = arg 1 − arg z = 0 − θ = −θ
z |z| r z
π
c) |iz| = |i| |z| =1 × r = r, arg (iz) = arg i + arg z = +θ »
2
11)! 4U86-3iii
If z1 = 3 + 4i and |z2| = 13 find the greatest value of |z1 + z2|. If |z1 + z2| has its greatest
π
value and also 0 < arg z 2 < express z2 in the form a + ib where a and b are real.†
2
«→ |z1 + z2| will be a maximum when z1 and z2 have the same argument. Then |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z2|.
Max value = |3 + 4i| = 18 when z2 = 2⋅6(3+4i) »
12)! 4U86-3iv
If z = x + iy, where x and y are real, find and sketch the locus of the set of points P(x, y) such
1
that Re(z − ) = 0.†
z
1 x − iy
Re( x + iy − ) = 0 , Re( x + iy − 2 )=0
x + iy x + y2
«→
x 1
x− 2 2
= 0 , x(1 − 2 2
), x = 0 or x 2 + y 2 = 1
x +y x +y
y
x=0
1
x2 + y2 = 1

–1 0 1

–1
1
(The origin is excluded since z = 0 makes z − undefined) »
z
13)! 4U86-6i
1
If z = cos θ + i sin θ show that zn = = 2 cos nθ and hence show that
zn
1
cos4θ = (cos 4θ + 4 cos 2θ + 3).†
8
«→ zn = cos nθ + i sin nθ, z–n = cos(–nθ) + isin(–nθ) = cos nθ – i sin nθ

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1
Adding the above : z n + = 2 cos nθ
zn
1 4 1
(z + )4 = z 4 + 4 z 2 + 6 + 2 + 4
z z z
1 1 1
( z + ) 4 = ( z 4 + 4 ) + 4( z 2 + 2 ) + 6 »
z z z
4
(2 cosθ ) = (2 cos 4θ ) + 4 (2 cos 2θ ) + 6
1
cos 4 θ = (cos 4θ + 4 cos 2θ + 3)
8
14)! 4U87-3i
The quadratic equation z2 + (1 + i)z + k = 0 has a root 1 − 2i. Find, in the form a + ib, the
value of k and the other root of the equation.†
«→ Sum of roots: 1 – 2i + α = –(1 + i), α = –2 + i. Product of roots: (1 – 2i)(–2 + i) = k, k = 5i »
15)! 4U87-3ii
π
The complex number z satisfies arg(z + 3) = .
3
a. Sketch the locus of the point P in the argand diagram which represents z.
b. Find the modulus and argument of z when |z| takes its least value.
c. Hence find, in the form a + ib, z for which |z| is a minimum.†
y

3 3

A
–3 O x
«→ a)
b) At A, |z| is a minimum.
A
3 3
3
2 2
π b π
3 6
O
a
3
3 π 9 3 π 3 3
a= 3 cos = 3,b = 3 sin =
2 6 4 2 6 4
3 π 5π
At A,| z | = 3 , arg z = π − =
2 6 6
−9 3 3
c) z = + i»
4 4
16)! 4U87-5i
The transformation w = (z + 1)2 + 3 maps the complex number z = x + iy to the complex
number w = u + iv.
a. Show that as z moves along the y-axis from the origin to the point (0, 2) in the z-
plane, w moves from the point (4, 0) to the point (0, 4) along a curve in the w plane.
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b. Find the Cartesian equation of this curve.†

«→ a) At the origin, z = 0. ∴w = (0 + 1)2 + 3 = 4. i.e. w starts at (4, 0). At (0, 2), z = 2i.
∴w = (2i + 1)2 + 3, = – 4 + 4i + 1 + 3, = 4i. i.e. w ends at (0, 4)
b) z = ai, where a is real. w = (ai + 1)2 + 3 = –a2 + 2ai + 1 + 3 = (4 – a2) + 2ai.
y
If w = x + iy: x = 4 – a2, y = 2a. ∴ x = 4 − ( ) 2 , y 2 = 4(4 − x), w moves on a parabolic arc »
2
17)! 4U87-5ii
a. Write down the general solution of tan 4θ = 1.
b. Use De Moivre’s theorem to express cos 4θ and sin 4θ in terms of cos θ and sin θ.
4tanθ − 4tan 3 θ
Hence show that tan 4θ = .
1 − 6tan 2 θ + tan 4 θ
c. Find the roots of the equation x4 + 4x3 − 6x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 in trigonometric form.
π 3π 5π 7π
Hence show that tan 2 + tan 2 + tan 2 + tan 2 = 28 .†
16 16 16 16
π π π
«→ a) 4θ = + nπ ,θ = + n , where n = 0 , ± 1, ± 2 , ...
4 16 4
b) cos 4θ + i sin 4θ = (cosθ + i sinθ ) 4
= (cosθ ) 4 + 4 (cosθ ) 3 (i sinθ ) + 6 (cos θ ) 2 (i sinθ ) 2 + 4 cosθ (i sinθ ) 3 + (i sinθ ) 4
Equating real and imaginary parts :
cos 4θ = cos 4 θ − 6 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ + sin 4 θ sin 4θ
= 4 cos 3 θ sinθ − 4 cosθ sin 3 θ
sin 4θ 4 cos 3 θ sinθ − 4 cosθ sin 3 θ 4 tanθ − 4 tan 3 θ
∴ tan 4θ = = =
cos 4θ cos 4 θ − 6 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ + sin 4 θ 1 − 6 tan 2 θ + tan 4 θ
after dividing numerator and denominator by cos 4 θ .
c) Let x 4 + 4 x 3 − 6 x 2 − 4 x + 1 = 0 , 4 x − 4 x 3 = 1 − 6 x 2 + x 4
4 x − 4 x3
= 1. Let x = tanθ , tan 4θ = 1
1 − 6 x2 + x4
π 5π 9π 13π
θ= , , , (A quartic equation can only have 4 solutions.)
16 16 16 16
π 5π 9π 13π 9π 7π
∴ x = tan , tan , tan , tan . Note that : tan = − tan
16 16 16 16 16 16
13π 3π
and tan = − tan . Call these roots α , β ,γ ,δ . α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 + δ 2
16 16
= (α + β + γ + δ ) − 2(αβ + αγ + αδ + βγ + βδ + γδ ) = (-4) 2 − 2(−6 ) = 28 »
2

π 3π 5π 7π
∴ tan 2 + tan 2 + tan 2 + tan 2 = 28
16 16 16 16
18)! 4U88-3i
Obtain the solutions of the quadratic equation (1 − 4i)z2 − 4z + 1 = 0 in the form a + ib.†

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Δ = 4 2 − 4(1 − 4i ) = 12 + 16 i . Let (a + ib) 2 = 12 + 16 i

«→ a 2 − b 2 = 12 , 2ab = 16 ,∴ a = ±4 , b = ±2 »
4 ± Δ 4 ± (4 + 2i ) 8 + 2i − 2i 4 −i
z= = = , = i,
2 − 8i 2 − 8i 2 − 8i 2 − 8i 17
19)! 4U88-3ii
Indicate on the Argand diagram the set of points P(x, y) where z = x + iy for which
π
0 ≤ arg(z + 1) ≤ and |z + i| < 2 hold simultaneously.†
4
Im (z)
y=x+1
1

− 3 3
−1 − 0
1 Re z
−2

−3 (x + 1)2+y2 = 4
«→ »
20)! 4U88-3iii
1 π
Let tan α = where 0 < α < .
3 2
24
a. Show that 4α = tan 1 . −

7
π
b. Given that 0 < α < express z = 7 + 24i in the form r(cos θ + i sin θ) giving all
2
the possible values of θ in terms of α.
c. Hence obtain in the form a + ib the four fourth roots of z.†
1
2( )
2 tan α 3 =3
tan 2α = =
1 − tan α 1 − ( 1 ) 2 4
2

3
3
2( )
2 tan 2α 4 = 24
«→ a) tan 4α = =
1 − tan 2 2α 1 − ( 3 ) 2 7
4
24
∴ 4α = tan −1 ( )
7
24
b) r = | z | = 7 2 + 24 2 = 25 , θ = arg z = tan −1
7
z = r (cos θ + i sin θ ) where θ = 4α + 2 nπ and n = 0 , ± 1, ± 2 , ...
1
4 θ θ
c) z = 25(cosθ + i sin θ ), z = 4
25 (cos + i sin )
4 4

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10
1
α
3
θ 3 1 3 i
n=0: = α , cosα = , sin α = ,z = +
4 10 10 2 2
θ π π −1 π 3 − 1 3i
n = 1 : = α + , cos(α + ) = , sin(α + ) = ,z = +
4 2 2 10 2 10 2 2
»
θ −3 1 −3 i
n = 2 : = α + π , cos(α + π ) = , sin(α + π ) = − ,z = −
4 10 10 2 2
θ 3π 3π 1 3π −3 1 3i
n = 3: =α + , cos(α + ) = , sin(α + ) = ,z = −
4 2 2 10 2 10 2 2
21)! 4U88-5i
Im(z) R(z3)

Q(z2)

P(z1)

O A(1, 0) Re(z)
In the Argand diagram above, P is the point representing the complex number z1, Q is the
point representing the complex number z2 and A is the point (1, 0). The triangle OQR is
constructed similar to triangle OAP. Let the point R represent the complex number z3.
a. Show that:
α. |z3| = |z1| |z2|;
β. arg z3 = arg z1 + arg z2
b. What is the significance of these results?†
OR OQ | z 3 | | z 2 |
«→ a) α) By similar Δ' s : = , = , | z 3 | = | z1 | | z 2 |
OP OA | z1 | 1
β) ∠ROA = ∠ROQ + ∠QOA. But, ∠ROQ = ∠POA (equal angles in similar Δ’s).
∴∠ROA = ∠POA + ∠QOA, arg z3 = arg z1 + arg z2.
b) This implies that z3 = z1z2. This construction could be used as a means of multiplying complex
numbers. »
22)! 4U88-7iii
a. Show that the equation x3 − 6x2 + 9x − 5 = 0 has only one real root α.
b. Determine the two consecutive integers between which α lies.

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c. By considering the product of the roots of the equation express the modulus of each
of the complex roots in terms of α and deduce that the value of this modulus lies
5
between 1 and .†
2
«→ a) Let f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 9x = x(x – 3)2
y
y = f(x)

0 3 α x
–5
y = f(x) –5

y = f(x) cuts the x-axis at x = 0 and touches the x-axis at x = 3.

∴y = f(x) – 5 crosses the x-axis once at x = α.
b) 43 – 6(4)2 + 9(4) – 5 = –1 < 0, 53 – 6(5)2 + 9(5) – 5 = 15 > 0,∴4< α < 5
c) Since the equation has real coefficients any complex root also has its conjugate as a root. Let the
roots be a ± ib where a, b are real.
Product of roots : α (a + ib)(a − ib) = 5
5
a2 + b2 =
α
5 »
a2 + b2 = . Since 4 < α < 5 ,
α
5 5 5
< | a ± ib | < , i.e. 1 < | a ± ib | <
5 4 2
23)! 4U89-3a
i. If z1 = 1 − i and z2 = −1 + i 3 find |z1| and |z2| and write down |z1z2| in surd form.
Find also arg z1 and arg z2 and write down arg z1z2 in terms of π.
ii. Use the given forms of z1 and z2 to find z1z2 in the form a + ib. Deduce that
5π 3 −1
cos = .†
12 2 2
i) | z1 | = 2 , | z 2 | = 2 , | z1 z 2 | = | z1 || z 2 |
−π 2π
«→ = 2 2 , arg z1 = , arg z 2 =
4 3
5π
arg z1 z 2 = arg z1 + arg z 2 =
12
ii) z1 z 2 = (1 − i )(−1 + i 3 ) = (−1 + 3 ) + i (1 + 3 )
5π 5π
z1 z 2 = 2 2 (cos + i sin ). Equating real parts : »
12 12
5π 5π 3 −1
− 1 + 3 = 2 2 cos , cos =
12 12 2 2
24)! 4U89-3b
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If z is any complex number such that |z| = 1, show using an Argand diagram or otherwise
that:
i. 1 ≤ |z + 2| ≤ 3;
−π π
ii. ≤ arg( z + 2 ) ≤ .†
6 6
y
C 1 |z|=1
1
P A B
–2 –1 O 1 x
1
D
–1
«→ i)
| z +2| = distance from z to –2. At A: | z + 2 | = 1. At B: | z + 2 | = 3, 1 ≤ | z + 2 | ≤ 3.
ii) arg(z + 2) = angle between z and the x-axis, PC and PD are tangents to the circle.
1 π π π
sin ∠CPO = , ∠CPO = , − ≤ arg ( z + 2) ≤ »
2 6 6 6
25)! 4U89-3c
1
i. Let z = x + iy be any non zero complex number. Express z + in the form a + ib.
z
1
ii. Given that z + = k where k is real, show that either y = 0 or x2 + y2 = 1. Show
z
that if y = 0, then |k| ≥ 2 and that if x2 + y2 = 1, then |k| ≤ 2.†
1 1 x − iy
i) z + = x + iy + = x + iy + 2
z x + iy x + y2
«→
x y
= (x + 2 ) + i ( y − ).
x + y2 x2 + y2
y 1
ii) Since k is real : y − 2 2
= 0 , y (1 − 2 )=0
x +y x + y2
y = 0 or x 2 + y 2 = 1
1 | x2 + 1 |
If y = 0 : | k | = | x + |=
x | x| »
2
| ( x − 1) + 2 x | | 2 x |
= ≥ ≥ 2 (equality at x = 1, y = 0)
|x| | x|
If x 2 + y 2 = 1 : |k| =| 2 x |
=| 2 1 − y 2 | ≤ 2 (equality at x = ±1, y = ±1)
26)! 4U89-5a

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θ
i. Show that the complex number z = 1 + cos θ + i sin θ has modulus 2 cos and
2
θ
argument . Hence find the modulus and the argument of the complex number
2
(1 + cos θ + i sin θ)n where n is a positive integer.
ii. Hence show that
θ
1 + 4C1 cos θ + 4C2 cos 2θ + 4C3 cos 3θ + cos 4θ = 16 cos4 cos 2θ,
2
and obtain a similar expression for
4
C1 sin θ + 4C2 sin 2θ + 4C3 sin 3θ + sin 4θ.†
i) z = 1 + cosθ + i sinθ
θ θ θ
= 1 + (2 cos 2
− 1) + i (2 sin cos )
2 2 2
θ θ θ
«→ = 2 cos (cos + i sin )
2 2 2
θ θ
∴ | z | = | 2 cos | and arg z =
2 2
nθ n θ
| z n |=| 2 n cos |, arg z n =
2 2
ii) z = (1 + cos θ + i sin θ ) = [1 + (cos θ + i sin θ )]4
4 4

= 1+ 4C1 (cos θ + i sin θ ) + 4C2 (cos θ + i sin θ ) 2

+ 4C3 (cos θ + i sin θ ) 3 + (cos θ + i sin θ ) 4
= (1+ 4C1 cos θ + 4C2 cos 2θ + 4C3 cos 3θ + cos 4θ )
+ i ( 4 C1 sin θ + 4C2 sin 2θ + 4C3 sin 3θ + sin 4θ ).
θ 4θ 4θ
Also; z 4 = 2 4 cos 4 (cos + i sin )
2 2 2
θ
= 16 cos 4 (cos 2θ + i sin 2θ ).
2
Equating real parts : 1+ 4C1 cos θ + 4C2 cos 2θ + 4C3 cos 3θ
θ
+ cos 4θ = 16 cos 4 cos 2θ .
2
Equating real parts:4 C1 sin θ + 4C2 sin 2θ + 4C3 sin 3θ
θ »
+ sin 4θ = 16 cos 4 sin 2θ
2
27)! 4U89-7a
P(x) is a polynomial of degree 4 with real coefficients.
i. Show that if the complex number α is one zero of P(x), then its complex conjugate
is also a zero of P(x).
ii. The complex number α satisfies Im(α) ≠ 0, Re(α) = a, and |α| = r. Show that if α
is a zero of P(x), then P(x) has a factor x2 − 2ax + r2 over R, the field of real
numbers.

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iii. α is a non-real double zero of P(x) = x4 − 8x3 + 30x2 − 56x + 49. Factorize P(x)
into irreducible factors over R, and find the four roots of
x4 − 8x3 + 30x2 − 56x + 49 = 0.†
«→ i) P(x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e where a, b, c, d, e are real. P(α) = 0,
aα4 + bα3 + cα2 + dα + e = 0
_______________________________
aα 4 + bα 3 + cα 2 + dα + e = 0 , aα 4 + bα 3 + cα 2 + dα + e = 0
aα 4 + b α 3 + cα 2 + d α + e = 0.
Since a , b , c , d , e are reals then a = a, b = b , c = c , d = d , e = e.
a(α ) 4 + b(α ) 3 + c(α ) 2 + d (α ) + e = 0 ,∴ P(α ) = 0.
So if α is a complex zero of P( x), then so is α .
ii) If α = r (cosθ + i sinθ ), α = r (cosθ − i sinθ )
α + α = 2r cosθ = 2a , αα = r 2 . Since α and α
are zeros of P( x) then a factor of P( x) is :
( x − α )( x − α ) = x 2 − (α + α ) x + αα = x 2 − 2ax + r 2
iii) P( x) = ( x 2 − 2ax + r 2 ) 2 , P(0) = 49 = r 4 ∴ r 2 = 7
P(1) = 16 = (8 − 2a) 2 , ± 4 = 8 − 2a , 2a = 4 or 2a = 12
P(2) = 9 = (11 − 4 a) 2 , 11 − 4 a = ±3, 2a = 4 or 2a = 7 »
∴ 2a = 4 and r 2 = 7 , P( x) = ( x 2 − 4 x + 7 ) 2 , ( x 2 − 4 x + 7 ) 2 = 0
x 2 − 4 x = −7 , ( x − 2) 2 = −3, x = 2 ± i 3 . Both roots occur twice.
28)! 4U90-3a
Express the complex number z = 1 + i 3 in modulus/argument form. Hence, or otherwise,
1
express each of the complex numbers and iz in modulus/argument form.†
z
π π
z = 1 + i 3 = 2(cos + i sin )
3 3
1 1 −π −π
= z −1 = [cos( ) + i sin( )]
«→ z 2 3 »3
π π π π
iz = (cos + i sin ) 2(cos + i sin )
2 2 3 3
5π 5π
= 2[cos( ) + i sin( )]
6 6
29)! 4U90-3b
2 + i and 1 − 3i are two roots of the equation x4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0, where b, c, d and e
are real numbers. Write down the other two roots of the equation and hence find the values
of b and e.†
«→ Since b, c, d and e are real, the roots are in complex conjugate pairs. So the other two roots are
(2 – i) and (1 + 3i). b = –sum of roots = –[(2 + i) + (2 – i) + (1 – 3i) + (1 + 3i)] = –6,
e = product of roots = (2 + i)(2 – i)(1 – 3i)(1 + 3i) = (5)(10) = 50 »
30)! 4U90-3c
i. Show that for any complex numbers z1 and z2: |z1 + z2|2 + |z1 − z2|2 = 2(|z1|2 + |z2|2).
†©CSSA OF NSW 1984 - 2003
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ii. In an Argand diagram P and Q are the points representing the complex numbers
z1 and z2 respectively. By considering the parallelogram OPRQ, where O is the
origin, interpret this result geometrically.†
«→ i) Let z1 = x1 + iy1, z2 = x2 + iy2, |z1 + z2|2 + |z1 – z2|2
= |(x1 + x2) + i(y1 + y2)| + |(x1 – x2) + i(y1 – y2)|
= (x1 + x2)2 + (y1 + y2)2 + (x1 – x2)2 + (y1 – y2)2
= 2(x12 + y12) + 2(x22 + y22) = 2(|z1|2 + |z2|2)
ii) The sum of the squares of the sides of a parallelogram is equal to the sum of the squares of the
diagonals. »
31)! 4U90-3d
i. The complex number z satisfies both |z − 1| ≤ |z − i| and |z − 2 − 2i| ≤ 1. In an
Argand diagram indicate the region which contains the point P representing z.
π
ii. If P moves on the boundary of this region and arg(z − 1) = , find the value of z in
4
the form x + iy where x and y are real.†
«→ i) |z – 1| ≤ |z – i|, |(x – 1) + iy| ≤ |x + i(y – 1)|, (x – 1)2 + y2 ≤ x2 + (y – 1)2, x ≤ y, |z – 2 – 2i| ≤ 1,
|(x – 2) + i(y – 2)| ≤ 1, (x – 2)2 + (y – 2)2 ≤ 1
y
y=x
3
y=x−1
(2, 2)

O 1 x
π
ii) If arg(z – 1) = then z lies on the line y = x – 1. Solving simultaneously with (x – 2)2 + (y –
4
2)2 = 1: (x – 2)2 + [(x – 1) – 2]2 = 1. x2 – 4x + 4 + x2 – 6x + 9 = 1, 2x2 – 10x + 12 = 0, 2(x – 2)(x –
3) = 0, x = 2 or x = 3 ∴ z = 2 + i or z = 3 + 2i »

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