T1160(E)(J29)T

AUGUST EXAMINATION

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

POWER MACHINES N6
(8190046)

29 July 2016 (X-Paper)

09:00–12:00
REQUIREMENTS: Steam Tables (BOE 173)

Calculators may be used.

This question paper consists of 6 pages and 1 formula sheet of 5 pages.

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DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
POWER MACHINES N6
TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100

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NOTE: If you answer more than the required number of questions, only the
required number of questions will be marked. All work you do not want to

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be marked must be clearly crossed out.

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

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1. Answer only FIVE questions. rs
2. Read ALL the questions carefully.

3. Number the answers according to the numbering system used in this question
paper.
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4. Questions may be answered in any order, but subsections of questions must

be kept together.

5. ALL formulae used must be written down.

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6. Show ALL the intermediate steps.

7. Use only BLUE or BLACK ink.

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8. ALL sketches and diagrams must be done in pencil in the ANSWER BOOK.

9. Write neatly and legibly

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QUESTION 1

A two-stage single-acting air compressor is designed to receive 6 m 3/min of free air at

100 kPa and 20 °C and deliver the air at 1 400 kPa. When the first-stage piston is at
the beginning of the compression stroke, the air in the cylinder is at 86 kPa and 35 °C .
Mechanical efficiency is 85 per cent. Compression for both stages follows the law
PV1, 25 = C. Intercooling is complete and the compressor is designed for minimum work
done per cycle. Ignore free volume.
Assume R for air as 0, 287 kJ/kg.K and Cp as 1, 005 kJ/kg.K.

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Calculate each of the following:

1.1 Volumetric efficiency of the compressor (6)

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1.2 Working rate required to drive the compressor in kW (6)

1.3 Flow of heat in the intercooler per minute (4)

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1.4 Flow of heat through the cylinder walls per minute (4)
[20]
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QUESTION 2

Steam is generated at a pressure of 1 900 kPa and 250 °C and at a tempo of

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6 500 kg/h in a steam boiler plant consisting of an economiser, evaporator and

superheater. The supply water enters the economiser at a temperature of 37, 7 °C and
leaves it at 75, 9 °C. The dryness factor of the steam, leaving the boiler is 0,92. The
fuel consumption is 620 kg/h with a heat value of 38 MJ/kg. The air is supplied at 25 kg
Pa

of air per kg of fuel. The atmospheric temperature is 22 °C. The inlet temperature of
the economiser is 480 °C. The Cp for superheated steam is 2,04 kJ/kg.K and for the air
is 1,008 kJ/kg.K.

2.1 Calculate each of the following by using steam tables:

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2.1.1 Thermal efficiency of the boiler (7)

2.1.2 Equivalent evaporation from and at 100 °C (3)

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2.1.3 Temperature of the exhaust gas at the outlet of the economiser (5)

2.2 Draw up a heat balance in kJ/kg coal and as percentage to determine the
percentage heat lost to radiation. (5)
[20]

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QUESTION 3

The compressor and turbine of a closed-cycle gas-turbine plant receive air at 87 kPa
and deliver it at 620 kPa. The total volume entering the compressor is 1,57 m 3 /s and
that leaving the compressor is 0,386 m3/s. The temperature prior to compression is
15 °C and the highest temperature in the cycle is 800 °C. Assume isentropic
compression of the air and isentropic expansion takes place in the turbine.
Assume R for air = 0, 287 kJ/kg.K, ɣ = 1, 4 and Cp = 1, 005 kJ/kg.K.

Calculate each of the following:

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3.1 Air standard efficiency (2)

3.2 Circulating mass of air in kg/s (2)

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3.3 Work done in the compressor in kJ/s (4)

3.4 Work done in the turbine in kJ/s (4)

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3.5 Heat rejected and heat gained in kJ/s rs (4)

3.6 Power developed in kW if the index of expansion and compression is equal to

1,4 (4)
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QUESTION 4

Carbon dioxide passes through a converging-diverging nozzle at a rate of 3 kg/s. The

pressure at the inlet is 600 kPa and the temperature is 180 °C.
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Assume R for the gas = 0,189 kJ/kg.K, ɣ = 1, 3 and Cp = 0, 63 kJ/kg.K.

Calculate each of the following:

4.1 Critical pressure and the temperature of the gas at the throat (5)
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4.2 Volume of CO2 flowing at the throat per second and its velocity in m/s (6)

4.3 Area of the nozzle in mm2 and the diameter in mm at the throat (4)
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4.4 Velocity and temperature at the exit if the Mach number is 1,65 (5)
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QUESTION 5

A four-cylinder two-stroke cycle petrol engine operates on the constant volume cycle.
The following data is applicable:

Bore size = 80 mm
Stroke length per cylinder = 90 mm
Engine speed = 2 400 r/min
Fuel consumption = 9,2 kg/h
Calorific value = 44 000 kJ/kg

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Brake mean effective pressure = 370 kN/m2
Compression ratio = 7:1
Efficiency ratio = 55 %
Gamma for air = 1,4

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Calculate each of the following:

5.1 Air Standard Efficiency (ASE) (3)

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5.2 Indicated thermal efficiency rs (3)

5.3 Friction power in kW (2)

5.4 Brake power in kW (4)

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5.5 Brake thermal efficiency (2)

5.6 Indicated power in kW (2)

5.7 Mechanical efficiency (2)

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5.8 Specific fuel consumption in kg/kW.h (2)

[20]
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QUESTION 6

A velocity-compounded two-stage impulse turbine has an average blade diameter of

1,5 m and it rotates at 31,83 r/s. The nozzle velocity is 652,5 m/s. The first row of
moving blades has a relative inlet velocity of 515 m/s. The gas leaves the fixed blades
at 350 m/s. The second row of moving blades has an inlet angle of 25 °. The gas
leaves the second row of moving blades at 75 m/s. The gas flow rate is 10 kg/s. There
is 10% loss of velocity across all blades due to friction.

6.1 Use a scale 1 mm = 5 m/s and construct velocity diagrams for the turbine in

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the ANSWER BOOK. Indicate the lengths of ALL the lines as well as the
magnitude of the angles on the diagrams. (10)

Determine each of the following from the velocity diagrams:

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6.2 6.2.1 Inlet and outlet angle of the first row of moving blades (2)

6.2.2 Inlet and outlet angle of the fixed blades (2)

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6.2.3 Power developed in MW rs (3)

6.2.4 Diagram efficiency (3)

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QUESTION 7

A compressor requires 28,3 kW to drive a refrigeration plant. The evaporator and

condenser temperatures are - 6,3 °C and 27, 4 °C respectively. The plant converts
water at 11,3 °C to ice at - 2 °C.
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The specific heat capacity of the ice at - 2 °C is 1,91 kJ/kg.K.

The latent heat of the ice is 334,7 kJ/kg.K.

Calculate each of the following:

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7.1 Refrigeration required in kJ to produce 1 600 kg of ice (6)

7.2 Work done in kJ to produce 1 600 kg of ice if the actual coefficient of

performance is 46 per cent of the ideal coefficient of performance (9)
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7.3 Mass of ice in kg produced by the plant in 24 hours (5)

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TOTAL: 100

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FORMULA SHEET

Any applicable formula may also be used.

ENGLISH GENERAL AFRIKAANS

PaVa  mRTa
R  Cp  Cv

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Cp
 
Cv
PV  c PV  k

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PV n  c PV n  k

PV   c PV   k

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n 1
n 1
T2  V1  P  n
    2 
T1  V2   P1 
rs
U  m . Cv . T
Q  U  Wd Q  U  Av
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 P V 
s  m  Cv . ln 2  Cp . ln 2 
 P1 V1 

P2
s  m . Cv . ln
Pa

P1

V2
s  m . Cp . ln
V1
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P1
s  m . R . ln
P2
Q  m . Cp . T
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Q  m . Cv . T
Tsu
S su  S g  Cp . ln
Ts

S fg  S g  S f

S  S f  xS fg

hsu  hg  Cp (tsu  t s )

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(8190046) -2- T1160(E)(J29)T

ENGLISH GENERAL AFRIKAANS

n 1
(hsu  1941)
hws  h f  xh fg Vsu  n hns  h f  xhfg
Psu
Vs  Vc
V ws  xV g r Vns  xVg
Vc

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
Vs  d2  L
4
P2  P1  P3

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Px  1
rps  x
P1

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Different formulae for Verskillende formules vir
work done (Wd)
rs arbeid verrig (Av)
 P  V
V2
 P1 V1 ln
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V1

P1V1  P2V 2

n 1
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P1V1  P2V 2

 1
 m . Cp . T
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 n 1 
xn  Px 1  xn 

n 1
P1Ve  P   1
 1  
 
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 n 1 
xn
 mRT1 (rps ) n  1
n 1  
 

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(8190046) -3- T1160(E)(J29)T

ENGLISH GENERAL AFRIKAANS

Different formulae for Verskillende formules

work done (Wd) vir arbeid verrig (Av)

= area of PV-diagram = area van PV-diagram

= work done first stage = arbeid verrig eerste

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+ work done second stadium + arbeid ver-
stage + ... rig tweede stadium +
...

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Wd nett  Wd t  Wd c Av nett  Av t  Av k

Wd nett  Qnett Avnett  Qnett

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Different formulae for Verskillende formules
air standard efficien-
rs vir lugstandaardrende-
cies (ASE) mente (LSR)

 1
1
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1  
r
rp rc 1
1
rv 1 rp
[( rp  1)   (rc  1)]
Pa

heat added  heat rejected  1 warmte toegevoeg  warmte afgestaan

 1 
heat added r   1   (   1) warmte toegevoeg
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Different volumetric Verskillende volumetriese

efficiencies, vol rendemente, vol

Volume of air taken in Volume lug ingeneem

 
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Swept volume Slagvolume

Volume of free air Volume vrylug
 
Swept volume Slagvolume
 1 
V  P2  n 
1 c  P   1
 1 
Vs

 

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(8190046) -4- T1160(E)(J29)T

ENGLISH GENERAL AFRIKAANS

Different thermal Verskillende termiese
efficiencies, therm. rendemente, term.
Wd Av
 
heat supplied warmte toegevoeg

BP RD
brak etherm.  rem term . 
m f / s  CV mb / s  WW

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IP ID
ind. therm.  ind . term . 
m f / s  CV mb / s  WW

ms (hs  hw) m s (hs  hw)

therm.   term. 

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m f  CV mb  WW

T2'  T1 T3 - T4 T2'  T1
c  ηt  k 
T2  T1 T2  T1

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T3 - T4'
BP RD
mech .  meg . 
IP ID
rs
Indicated efficiency ratio Indikateurrendementverhouding
ind. therm. ind. term.
 
ASE LSR
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Brake efficiency ratio Remrendementverhouding

brak etherm. rem. term.
 
ASE LSR
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TN TN
BP  2 T Fr RD  2
60 60
BP  Pbrakemean LANE RD  Prem gem. LANE

IP  Pind. mean LANE ID  Pind. gem. LANE

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mf /h mb / h
ISFC  ISBV 
IP ID
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mf /h mb / h
BSFC  RSBV 
BP RD
T1 T1
COP  KVW 
T2  T1 T2  T1
RE VE
COP  KVW 
Wd Av
P  m . U . ΔVw D  m . U . ΔVw

Fax  m . V f Faks.  m . V f

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ENGLISH GENERAL AFRIKAANS

2 . U . ΔVw
ηdia. 
V12

 2  1
Pc  P1 
   1
 2 
Tc  T1 

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   1

Cc  2  103 (h1  hc )  C12

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C2  2  103 (h1  h2 )  C12

Cc  2  103  C p (T1  Tc )  C12

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C2  2  103  C p (T1  T2 )  C12

mVc mV2
Ac 
Cc
rs A2 
C2
h1  hc T1  Tc
 
h1  hc' T1  Tc'
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hc  h2 Tc  T2
 
hc  h2' Tc  T2'
h1  h2 T1  T2
 
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h1  h2' T1  T2'
m s (hs  hw ) m s (hs  hw )
EE  EV 
m f  2 257 mb  2 257
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Wdiso. Aviso.
iso.  iso. 
Wd poly. Av poli.

Wd Av
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rank .  rank . 
Q Q
T2
carn .  1 
T1
h  u  pV

C12 C12
gZ1  U1  P1V1  Q gZ1  U1  P1V1  Q
2 2
C 22 C22
gZ 2  U 2  P2V2   Wd gZ2  U 2  P2V2   Av
2 2

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