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Water Pollution: Causes and Prevention

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Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 60(2), January - February 2020; Article No. 16, Pages: 94-101 ISSN 0976 – 044X

Review Article

A Review on Water Pollution: Causes, Effects and Treatment methods

Abambagade Abera Mitiku*

Arba Minch University, College of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Ethiopia.
*Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Received: 20-12-2019; Revised: 25-01-2020; Accepted: 03-02-2020.

ABSTRACT
Water is a natural resource which is considered as a superb solvent and a critical component that make the processes of life possible.
It is used in many ways from drinking to industrial and agricultural purposes. This review focuses on the main source of water
pollution, health effects of water pollution and methods used to treat polluted water. Suitability of water for various uses depends
on biological and physico-chemical properties of water (pH, alkalinity, TDS, DO, BOD, salinity, turbidity, heavy metals, anion
measurements etc.), which are used to quantify the quality of water. Water is said to be polluted when it contains micro-organisms
of human or animal origin, poisonous chemical substances, industrial or domestic sewage, agricultural chemicals, organic and
inorganic substances etc. The treatment of waste water is not only important for our own health but also to keep our environment
clean and healthy. Inorganic salts and polymeric organic coagulants are used for primary coagulation, as coagulant. Use of natural
coagulants instead of synthetic coagulants is more advantageous in most rural communities of the world. Natural coagulants are
derived from seeds, leaves, bark, sap, jel, roots, and fruits of various plants such as Moringa oleifera.
Keywords: Alum, Coagulation, Natural coagulant, Moringa oleifera, Waste water.

INTRODUCTION cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis A, etc. are directly

linked to the unhygienic and contaminated potable water.

L ife on earth was established and has been sustained

due to one very essential resource, water. Water
plays a considerable role in every aspect of our lives-
from being the integral part of our bodies to having
colossal importance in many operations 1. Water is the
It is estimated that each year more than 842,000 people
die from diarrhea globally 10.
Due to industrialization and urbanization, it is becoming
more polluted and risk of this polluted water consumption
most important natural and vital source for the survival of and its sanitation problem is increasing day to day in most
life on the earth 2. Almost 71% of the earth's total surface of the developing countries 11. This growing problem of
is covered with water 3. It is a well-known fact that fresh water scarcity has significant negative influence on
water is an important necessity for our health 4. economic development, human livelihoods, and
environmental quality throughout the world. Hence it has
Fresh water is a resource that has many uses, including
become an essential need for today’s environment to
drinking, irrigation recreation, transportation,
protect water from getting polluted or to develop cost
hydroelectric power and domestic, industrial, commercial
effective remedial method for its protection 12.
uses, and habitat for economically important animals 5.
Contaminated water causes problems to health and leads
Water is said to be pure when it is colorless, free from
to waterborne diseases.
turbidity and abnormal taste and smell. Water is said to be
polluted when it contains micro-organisms of human or High turbidity, which decreases the quality of drinking
animal origin, poisonous chemical substances, industrial or water, is one of the major problems of sources of drinking
domestic sewage, organic and inorganic substances. Water water in Africa 13. Conventional methods used for water
pollution is the contamination of natural water bodies (like purification include coagulation, sedimentation, filtration,
lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater) by chemical, aeration and also disinfectant processes 14. The various
physical, radioactive or pathogenic microbial substances conventional methods for waste water treatment are
that change in the quality of water that has a harmful present since ancient times but they are very costly and
effect on any living thing that drinks or uses or lives (in) it6. not economical. Common coagulants are aluminum
sulphate, ferric chloride, polyaluminum chlorides and
The most common source of drinking water for the rural
synthetic polymers 15. Aluminium salts are most commonly
people is groundwater 7. Groundwater gets polluted as a
used in water purification all over the world 16. Due to the
result of human activities including extensive use of
environmental concerns many authors put their doubt
pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, leaking fuel, chemical
towards the application of aluminium salts. Serious draw
tanks, industrial chemical spills, drainage of house hold
backs linked to the use of aluminium salts such as
chemicals and badly managed landfills etc 8. About 1.2
Alzheimer’s disease associated with high aluminum
billion people in the world do not have safe, potable and
residuals in treated water, excessive sludge production
affordable water for their domestic use 9. Diseases:
during water treatment and considerable changes in water
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Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 60(2), January - February 2020; Article No. 16, Pages: 94-101 ISSN 0976 – 044X

chemistry due to reactions with OH and alkalinity of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water

water17. In addition, the use of alum salts is inappropriate
People on globe are under tremendous threat due to
in developing countries because of the high costs of
undesired changes in the characteristics of water 23.
imported chemical coagulants 18.
Humans need water in many daily activities like drinking,
Advanced new green technical methods are being washing, bathing, cooking etc. The quality of water usually
introduced to overcome the conventional methods of described according to its physical, chemical and biological
wastewater treatment. Natural coagulants have been characteristics 24. It is necessary that the quality of drinking
attracting wide interest of researchers because they have water should be checked at regular time interval before it
the advantages of biodegradability, safe for human health, is used for drinking, domestic, agricultural or industrial
environmental friendly, generally toxic free and produce purpose, because due to use of contaminated drinking
no secondary pollution 19. Not only this, the sludge volume water, human population suffers from varied of water
generated by the natural coagulants is smaller than borne diseases 25. The availability of good quality water is
chemical coagulants; it can further be treated biologically an indispensable feature for preventing diseases and
or can be disposed safely as soil conditioners because of improving quality of life.
their non-toxicity. These coagulants are extracted from
The physico-chemical parameters used to quantify the
natural and renewable sources, such as microorganisms,
quality of drinking water listed in Figure 1, which are used
animals or plants 20. The raw plant extracts are often
for testing of water quality.
available locally and hence, a low-cost alternative to
chemical coagulants. In recent years, numerous studies on The physicochemical properties help in the identification
natural coagulants are growing and there is an urgent need of sources of pollution, for conducting further
to establish the use of natural low-cost coagulants for investigation on the eco-biological impacts and also for
wastewater treatment. initiating necessary steps for remedial actions in case of
polluted water bodies 33. Guidelines of different physic-
The possibility of using plant-based coagulants in treating
chemical parameters also have been given for comparing
wastewater would prove useful for the country in terms of
the value of water sample 34.
such environmental, health, and sustainable development
objectives, as these coagulants are generally considered to Causes of Water Pollution
be safe to human health, inexpensive, locally available,
Water pollution is a major global problem which requires
affordable, biodegradable and result in low level sludge
ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy
production 21. Therefore, it is necessary to search for other
at all levels (international down to individual) 35.
cost effective and more environmentally acceptable
Wastewater may be defined as the outcoming used water
alternative coagulants from natural resources to present a
flow from different resources like municipal, industrial
viable alternative for water treatment processes.
plants and agriculture 36. A body of water, such as a lake,
Of the large number of plant materials that have been used stream, river, pond, ocean and even the water
over the years, the seeds from Moringa oleifera have been underground in the soil, can become polluted when it's
shown to be one of the most effective primary coagulants contaminated by sewage leaks, agricultural runoff or
for water treatment, especially in rural communities 22. chemical spills 37. When water is polluted, it becomes
unsafe for human consumption because the water
This review paper discusses on physico-chemical
contains dangerous or toxic substances and disease-
parameters of water, causes of water pollution, effects of
causing bacteria and organisms 38. Growing populations
water pollution, and methods used to treat contaminated
and expanding industries are pulling on water resources
water.
while adding nutrients and pollutants to water sources 39.

Figure 1: Physico-chemical parameters used for testing water quality 26-32.

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Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 60(2), January - February 2020; Article No. 16, Pages: 94-101 ISSN 0976 – 044X

Figure 2: Causes of water pollution 40.

Water pollutants herbicides (weed killers) and pesticides which exist as
residues on and in the soil 51.
Most pollutants result from non-point source pollution
activities including runoff from agricultural lands, urban Effects of Water Pollution on Human Health
areas, construction and industrial sites, and failed septic
There is a greater association between water pollution and
tanks 41. About 1500 substances have been listed as
health problem. The availability of portable water is one of
pollutants in freshwater ecosystems and a generalized list
the major challenges facing developing and under
of pollutants includes acids and alkalis, anions (sulphide,
developed countries of the world. Several chemical and
sulphite, cyanide), detergents, domestic sewage and farm
microbiological contaminants can contaminate private
manure, food processing water, gases chlorine, ammonia),
water supplies. Nutrients (e.g. nitrates), pathogens,
heat, metals (cadmium, zinc, lead), nutrients (phosphates,
pharmaceuticals, hormones, heavy metals, nanomaterials
nitrates), oil and oil dispersants, organic toxic wastes
and personal care products are some contaminants that
(formaldehydes, phenols), pesticides, polychlorinated
have been identified in well water 52.
biphenyls and radionuclides, in addition to oxidizable
materials, domestic sewage contains detergents, nutrients, Health risk associated with polluted water includes
pathogens and a variety of other compounds 42. different diseases such as respiratory disease, cancer,
diarrheal disease, neurological disorder and cardiovascular
Other water pollutants are natural sources (weathering of
disease. Nitrogenous chemicals are responsible for cancer
soil and rock, erosion, forest fires and volcanic eruptions),
and blue baby syndrome Bacterial, viral and parasitic
domestic wastes (sewage and laundry wastes), agricultural
diseases are spreading through polluted water and
chemicals and industrial wastes 43, 44, 45.
affecting human health. Disease causing microorganisms
Industries are the major sources of pollutants in all are known as pathogens and these pathogens are spreading
environments and various levels of the pollutants are disease directly among humans 53. Many water borne
discharged into the environment either directly or indirectly diseases are spreading man to man. The release of
46
. Industrial activities, especially electroplating, mining untreated sewage to natural water systems can spread
metal, refining metal, smelting and chemical industries and water-borne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis,
manufacturing processes are sources of anthropogenic and polio. Poor sanitation and unsafe water cause 88% of
heavy metals in water 47. Chemical industrial wastewaters the 4 billion annual cases of diarrhea, resulting in the death
usually contain organic and inorganic matter in varying of about 1.8 million people per annum, mostly of children
concentrations 48. Many materials in the chemical industry under five 54. The world health organization has estimated
are toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic or simply almost non- that up to 80% of all diseases and sickness in the world is
biodegradable. caused by inadequate sanitation, polluted water or
unavailability of water 55.
In agriculture, while the application of organic manure
and/or inorganic fertilizers boosts the production of crops, Industries disposing wastewater into the surface water
making food affordable to even the low socio-economic bodies without proper treatment, leads to several health
classes, nutrient application that exceeds plant needs is disorders such as Cadmium (Cd) causes Kidney damage,
potential to pollute surface and groundwater 49. The renal disorder, human carcinogen, Copper (Cu) causes Liver
increased use of metal-based fertilizer in agricultural damage, Wilson disease, insomnia, Nickel (Ni) causes
revolution could result in continued rise in concentration of Dermatitis, nausea, chronic asthma, coughing 56.
metal pollutions in fresh water reservoir due to the water
Therefore, the removal of contaminants of concern is now
run-off 50. Other sources of water pollution include water
as ever imported in the production of safe drinking water
runoff from fields carrying agricultural chemicals such as

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Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 60(2), January - February 2020; Article No. 16, Pages: 94-101 ISSN 0976 – 044X

and the environmentally responsible release of great water pH Control

problems.
The pH of the wastewaters can vary significantly depends
Water Treatment Methods on the cleaning strategy employed. The pH of wastewater
also needs to be altered first because of the efficient
The rapid pace of agricultural development,
coagulation exclusively work only in certain pH and
industrialization and urbanization has resulted in the over
conditions 65. For acidic wastes (low pH): NaOH, Na2CO3,
exploitation and contamination of water resources,
CaCO3 or Ca(OH)2 are used. For alkali wastes (high pH):
resulting in various adverse environmental impacts,
H2SO4, HCl are used.
breakdown of the ecosystem, creating potential health risks
and threatening its long-term sustainability 57, 58. Water Coagulation
purification is the removal of contaminants from untreated
Coagulation refers to the way/ collecting small particles
water to produce water that is pure enough for an intended
dispersed in a liquid form into bigger aggregates or become
use.
flocs by adding chemical or natural coagulant 66. These
The fundamental reason for the treatment of wastewater is particulates (flocs) will adsorb dissolved organic matter. An
to circumvent the effect of pollution of water sources and important design and control parameter during
protect public health through safeguarding of water coagulation-flocculation is the size distribution of floc
sources against the spread of diseases. The treatments used aggregates. Aggregation size distribution as well as
in water purification are physical treatment, chemical aggregate structure and density are of great importance in
treatment and biological treatment 59. The selection of a solid-liquid separation processes such as sedimentation 67.
particular treatment technique primarily depends on a This whole process reduces turbidity and dissolved
variety of factors, like waste type and concentration, chemical species in liquids.
treatment objectives, effluent heterogeneity, required level
Coagulation is one of the most widely used physicochemical
of cleanup, as well as economic factors.
operations used in water, and wastewater treatment, as it
Table 1: Methods of water treatment 60, 61, 62. is efficient and simple to operate and can be achieved by
chemical and electrical means 68. Coagulation reduce the
Physical Screening, Sedimentation, Filtration, Flotation,
suspended/ dissolved (especially non-settleable solids and
treatment Membrane separation, Granular-medium,
colour), organic matter and colloidal materials responsible
Comminution, Flow equalization
for turbidity of the wastewater for removal from the water
Chemical Coagulation, Chemical precipitation, Ion being treated 69, 70, 71.
treatment exchange, Adsorption, Neutralization, Solvent
extraction, Disinfection, Chlorination, Other Steps of Coagulation
chemical applications
The steps involved in coagulation are: (i) formation of
Biological Aerobic digestion, Anaerobic digestion, Activated coagulant; (ii) destabilization of colloid/particle; and (iii)
treatment sludge process, Aerated lagoon, Trickling filters,
aggregation of particle 72. Therefore, coagulation is the
Rotating biological contactors, Pond stabilization,
Biological nutrient removal process of destabilizing the colloids, suspended substances
and other organic matter by adding coagulants to the
liquids and allowing them to be converted into a bigger
Wastewater treatment levels
form that is easier to remove later. Different mechanisms,
Wastewater Treatment levels are: Preliminary, Primary, such as neutralization of charge, adsorption, and sweep
Secondary, and Tertiary/advanced. flocculation can be responsible for the removal of organics
particles and compounds depending on the concentration
Table 2: Wastewater treatment levels 63, 64. of coagulant and properties of water 73.
Treatment Process description Coagulants
levels
A coagulant is a substance which in solution, furnishes ionic
Preliminary Physical separation of big sized impurities charges opposite to those of the colloidal turbid particles
Treatment like cloth, plastics, wood logs, paper, rags, present in water 74. Coagulants are added to the water to
sticks, debris etc
withdraw the forces that stabilizes the colloidal particles
Primary Removal of floating and settleable and causing the particles to suspend in the water75.
Treatment materials such as suspended solids and Coagulation takes place when coagulants contain
organic/inorganic particles significant quantities of water-soluble proteins which carry
Secondary To remove, or reduce the concentration of an overall positive charge when in solution. The proteins
Treatment organic and inorganic compounds bind to the predominantly negatively charged colloidal
Tertiary Removes remaining inorganic compounds, particles. Coagulation happens when the positively and
(Advanced) and substances, such as the nitrogen and negatively charged particles are chemically attracted
Treatment phosphorus. Bacteria, viruses and together 76. They can then accumulate to form larger and
parasites, are also removed at this stage heavier particles that settle easily, reducing turbidity level
of the given water sample. In the treatment of
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Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 60(2), January - February 2020; Article No. 16, Pages: 94-101 ISSN 0976 – 044X

contaminated water, removal of turbidity is of paramount 2000 years in India, Africa, and China as effective
importance because suspended particles represent coagulants89.
transport vehicles for undesirable organic and inorganic
Natural coagulants are divided into three categories; plant,
contaminants, taste, odor and colour–causing compounds
microorganism or animal-based 90. However, available
as well as pathogenic organisms, in search of lowest cost
sources of plant-based coagulants are much more
deployment, operation, maintenance, and reduced
widespread than animal-based coagulants, thus plant-
environmental impacts to the contiguous 77. Once the
based coagulants could be potential alternatives to
coagulant is introduced in the water, the individual colloids
chemical coagulants and have gradually gained in
aggregate and grows bigger so that the impurities can be
importance over the years. The use of plant-based
settled down and separated from the water suspension 78.
materials as water treatment agents has long history,
Various types of coagulants show potential application in
particularly the wood charcoal as an excellent adsorbent91.
treating wastewater.
There has been considerable interest in the development
Types of Coagulants
and usage of plant (leaves, bark, sap, roots, and fruit) based
There are plenty of coagulant materials available in the natural coagulants as shown in Table 3.
market. They can be classified into two types (Inorganic and
Table 3: Plant-Based Coagulants 92, 93.
Organic) or (Synthetic and Natural) 79.
Plant coagulant Plant Plant coagulant Plant
Synthetic Coagulants
Part Part
Inorganic coagulants are commonly divided into Used Used
hydrolyzing metallic salts (like Alum, Ferric chloride and Moringa oleifera Seeds Habiscus Calyx
Ferric sulphate), pre-hydrolyzing metallic salts (like sabdariffa
Polyaluminium chloride, polyaluminum sulphate and Vigna Seeds Corchorus tridens Leaf
Polyferric chloride) and synthetic cationic polymers (like anguiculata
epichlorohydrindimethylamine, aminomethyl Parkinsonia Seeds Ocimum sanctum Leaf
polyacrylamide, polyalkylene polyamine, aculeate
80
polyethylenimine) . Opuntia spp Pods Vetiveria Root
zizanioides
Among all the available coagulants, including other
Jatropha curcas Seeds Triticum aestivum Root
inorganic and organic chemicals, Aluminium salts are the
Cicer arietinum Seeds Strychnos Seed
most widely used worldwide due to its proven
potatorum
performance, cost effectiveness, relative easy handling and
Prosopis Seed Phyllanthus Fruit
storage and availability 81. Aluminium sulphate (Alum, Al2
laevigata gum emblica
(SO4)3.18H2O) is easy to handle and apply; most commonly
Opuntia Ficus Mucilage Azadirachta indica Leaf
used; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5)82, 83. This
indica (ficus)
coagulant, under optimal conditions, can achieve between
Cassia alata Leaves Maerua Tuber
90 % and 99 % efficiency.
subcordata
High concentration of Alum causes several problems like Arachis hypogea Seeds Moringa Seed
neurotoxin and Alzheimer’s disease, aluminium (peanut seeds) stenopetala
accumulation in the environment and can enters the food Water melon Seeds Plantago ovata Seed
chain, causing potential health impacts 84, 85, 86. Another
drawback of alum coagulant is the production of huge Coccinia indica Mucilage Cassia obtusifolia Seed
amount of sludge which is non-biodegradable and causes Mustard and Seeds Surjana Seed
disposal problems leading to increase in cost of treatment Moringa
and requires treatment of the sludge 87. Strychnos Seeds Maize Seed
In view of the need to overcome the drawbacks of inorganic potatorum
coagulants and synthetic polymers associated with growing Opuntia dillenii Mucilage Tamarindus indica Seed
environmental concerns worldwide, there is a need to Trigonella Seeds Jatropha curcas Seed
consider other potential alternatives for water treatment in foenumgraecum
order to minimize environmental damage and improve the Nelumbo Flower Strychnos Nut
wellbeing of human populations 88. nucifera potatorum
Magnolia Flower Aloe vera Gel
Natural Coagulants champaca
The use of natural coagulants for the clarification of water Stereospermum Flower Solanum Leaves
and wastewater has been recorded throughout human suaveolens inacunum
history since ancient times and it is still current today. Mesua ferrea Flower Arachis hypogaea Seeds
Natural organic polymers have been used for more than (peanut)

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Moringa oleifera CONCLUSION

Moringa Oleifera is a tropical plant from the family of Water is a key substance in all natural and human activities.
Moringaceae, a single family of shrubs with 14 known Current misuse of water coupled with growing population
species. Moringa oleifera is native from India but is now size, industrialization, change in climate, and urbanization
found throughout the world. Moringa Oleifera is non-toxic has increased the shrink in cleaning the water reserve. An
natural organic polymer, a medicinal plant. It is drought access of getting pure water remains a problem especially
tolerant and has nutritional and medicinal value 94. for people who live in developing countries. The
physicochemical characteristics of water bodies should be
Many plants have been used to clarify water. These include
studied and documented time to time. Major sources of
Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala, and Vicia faba 95.
water pollution are discharge of domestic wastes,
Among the most studied natural coagulants Moringa
agriculture wastes, industrial wastes, excessive use of
oleifera is one of them. Moringa oleifera seeds are also used
pesticides and fertilizers and urbanization. Bacterial, viral
as a primary coagulant in wastewater treatment due to the
and parasitic diseases are spreading through polluted water
presence of a water-soluble cationic coagulant protein able
and affecting human health. Thus, water from all sources
to reduce the turbidity, COD, and TDS of the wastewater
should have some form of purification before consumption.
treated 96. Moringa oleifera seeds, stand out due to high
Plant-based natural coagulants have garnered growing
efficiency in turbidity removal in river waters and for not
interests from researchers over the years due to their
producing significant changes in pH and alkalinity of the
biodegradability and environmental friendly nature.
treated water 97. Moringa oleifera is used as a primary
Moreover, the use of natural coagulants can substantially
coagulant and does not carry any impact on human health,
save money on the cost of chemical materials and reduce
and has a high efficiency up to 99% in the removal of
to a minimum the sludge produced and, hence, require
turbidity from surface water and up to 98% in the removal
fewer disposals. Some natural compounds have coagulant
of heavy metals from surface water 98.
properties, and learning about these properties and
Moringa oleifera seeds possess antimicrobial, buffering understanding their exact mechanisms of action can lead to
capacity and also contains natural antioxidant compounds their correct application.
which are biodegradable, environmentally safe to humans
Acknowledgments: The author thanks anyone involved
and essential to the human’s system 99.
with manuscript preparation for their assistance.
In comparison with conventional inorganic coagulants,
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