String Concatenation

➢ The plus operator (+) is also used for arithmetic

addition
➢ The function that the + operator performs depends
on the type of the information on which it operates
➢ If both operands are strings, or if one is a string and
one is a number, it performs string concatenation
➢ If both operands are numeric, it adds them
➢ The + operator is evaluated left to right
➢ Parentheses can be used to force the operation order

1
What is the output of the following statements?

public static void main(String[] args) {

int numberOne=5,numberTwo=10;
System.out.println("Belaynesh+Chekol");
System.out.println("Belaynesh"+"Chekol");
System.out.println("numberOne+numberTwo");
System.out.println(numberOne+numberTwo);
System.out.println("numberOne"+numberTwo);

}
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Escape Sequences
➢ What if we wanted to print a double quote character?
➢ The following line would confuse the compiler
because it would interpret the second quote as the
end of the string
System.out.println ("I said "Hello" to you.");

➢ An escape sequence is a series of characters that

represents a special character
➢ An escape sequence begins with a backslash
character (\), which indicates that the character(s)
that follow should be treated in a special way

System.out.println ("I said \"Hello\" to you.");

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Escape Sequences
➢ Some Java escape sequences:

Escape Sequence Meaning

\b backspace
\t tab
\n newline
\r carriage return
\" double quote
\' single quote
\\ backslash

4
Write a program to display the following.

**
****
******
******
****
**
Write a program to display the following.

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println(" ** ");
System.out.println(" **** ");
System.out.println("******");
System.out.println("******");
System.out.println(" **** ");
System.out.println(" ** ");
}
Write a program to display the following.
public static void main (String args[])
{
System.out.println(" /\\ ");
System.out.println(" /\"\"\\ ");
System.out.println("/\"\"\"\"\\");
System.out.println("\\\"\"\"\"/");
System.out.println(" \\\"\"/ ");
System.out.println(" \\/ ");
}
Arithmetic Expressions
➢ An expression is a combination of one or more
operands and their operators
➢ Arithmetic expressions compute numeric results and
make use of the arithmetic operators:

Addition +
Subtraction -
Multiplication *
Division /
Remainder %

➢ If either or both operands associated with an

arithmetic operator are floating point, the result is a
floating point
9
Division and Remainder
➢ If both operands to the division operator (/) are
integers, the result is an integer (the fractional part is
discarded)
14 / 3 equals? 4

8 / 12 equals? 0

➢ The remainder operator (%) returns the remainder

after dividing the second operand into the first

14 % 3 equals? 2

8 % 12 equals? 8

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Operator Precedence
➢ Operators can be combined into complex
expressions
result = total + count / max - offset;

➢ Operators have a well-defined precedence which

determines the order in which they are evaluated

➢ Multiplication, division, and remainder are evaluated

prior to addition, subtraction, and string
concatenation

➢ Arithmetic operators with the same precedence are

evaluated from left to right

➢ Parentheses can be used to force the evaluation 11

order
Operator Precedence
➢ What is the order of evaluation in the following
expressions?

a + b + c + d + e a + b * c - d / e
1 2 3 4 3 1 4 2

a / (b + c) - d % e
2 1 4 3

a / (b * (c + (d - e)))
4 3 2 1

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Assignment Revisited
➢ The assignment operator has a lower precedence
than the arithmetic operators

First the expression on the right hand

side of the = operator is evaluated

answer = sum / 4 + MAX * lowest;

4 1 3 2

Then the result is stored in the

variable on the left hand side

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Assignment Revisited
➢ The right and left hand sides of an assignment
statement can contain the same variable

First, one is added to the

original value of count

count = count + 1;

Then the result is stored back into count

(overwriting the original value)

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Augmented Assignment Operators

➢ The operators +, -, *, /, and % can be combined with the

assignment operator to form augmented operators. Very
often the current value of a variable is used, modified, and
then reassigned back to the same variable.
For example, the following statement increases the variable
count by 1:
count = count + 1;
➢ Java allows you to combine assignment and addition
operators using an augmented (or compound) assignment
operator.
For example, the preceding statement can be written as
count += 1;
Augmented Assignment Operators

➢ The += is called the addition assignment operator.

The augmented assignment operator is performed last after

all the other operators in the expression are evaluated.
Augmented Assignment Operators

➢ Example
double a = 6.5;
a += a + 1;
//a=a+(a+1)
Increment and Decrement Operators

➢ The increment operator (++) and decrement operator

(--) are for incrementing and decrementing a variable
by 1.
For example, the following code increments i by 1 and
decrements j by 1.
int i = 3, j = 3;
i++; // i becomes 4
J--; // j becomes 2
➢ These operators are known as postfix increment (or
postincrement) and postfix decrement (or
postdecrement), because the operators ++ and -- are
placed after the variable.
➢ These operators can also be placed before the variable.
int i = 3, j = 3;
++i; // i becomes 4
--j; // j becomes 2
➢ ++i increments i by 1 and --j decrements j by 1. These
operators are known as prefix increment (or preincrement)
and prefix decrement (or predecrement).
➢ The effect of i++ and ++i or i--and --i are the same in the
preceding examples.
➢ However, their effects are different when they are used in
statements that do more than just increment and
decrement.
int i = 10;
int newNum = 10 * i++;
System.out.print("i is " + i + ", newNum is " + newNum);
newNum = 10 * (++i);
System.out.print("i is " + i + ", newNum is " + newNum);

What will be the output of the above code fragment?

➢ What values result from the following expressions?
•9 / 5
• 695 % 20
•7 + 6 * 5
•7 * 6 + 5
• 248 % 100 / 5
•6 * 3 - 9 / 4
• (5 - 7) * 4
• 6 + (18 % (17 - 12))
Data Conversions
➢ Sometimes it is convenient to convert data from one
type to another
➢ For example, we may want to treat an integer as a
floating point value during a computation
➢ Conversions must be handled carefully to avoid
losing information
➢ Widening conversions are safest because they tend
to go from a small data type to a larger one (such as
a short to an int)
➢ Narrowing conversions can lose information because
they tend to go from a large data type to a smaller
one (such as an int to a short)
23
Data Conversions
➢ In Java, data conversions can occur in three ways:
• assignment conversion
• arithmetic promotion
• casting

➢ Assignment conversion occurs when a value of one

type is assigned to a variable of another
• Only widening conversions can happen via assignment

➢ Arithmetic promotion happens automatically when

operators in expressions convert their operands

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Data Conversions
➢ Casting is the most powerful, and dangerous,
technique for conversion
• Both widening and narrowing conversions can be
accomplished by explicitly casting a value
• To cast, the type is put in parentheses in front of the value
being converted

➢ For example, if total and count are integers, but we

want a floating point result when dividing them, we
can cast total:
result = (float) total / count;

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Selection statements
➢ The program can decide which statements to execute
based on a condition.

➢ For example, if a user enters a 0 or negative number

to a height or width of a square and compute area

Statement one: compute and display the result

Statement two: send an error message to the user
Code snippet:
If (height<=0|| width<=0)
{
S.o.p(“Enter a valid height or weight”);
26
}
Selection statements
else
{
Double area=width*height;
S.o.p(area);
}

➢ Selection statements use conditions that are Boolean

expressions.
➢ A Boolean expression is an expression that evaluates
to a Boolean value: true or false.

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Selection statements
➢ Java provides six relational operators (also known as
comparison operators).

28
if Statements
➢ An if statement is a construct that enables a program
to specify alternative paths of execution.
➢ Java has several types of selection statements: one-
way if statements, two-way if-else statements, nested
if statements, multi-way if-else statements, switch
statements, and conditional expressions.
➢ A one-way if statement executes an action if and only
if the condition is true.
➢ The syntax for a one-way if statement is:
if (boolean-expression)
{
statement(s);
} 29
Two-Way if-else Statements
➢ An if-else statement decides the execution path
based on whether the condition is true or false.
➢ A one-way if statement performs an action if the
specified condition is true. If the condition is false,
nothing is done.
➢ But what if you want to take alternative actions when
the condition is false?
➢ You can use a two-way if-else statement. The actions
that a two-way if-else statement specifies differ
based on whether the condition is true or false.

30
Two-Way if-else Statements
➢ syntax for a two-way if-else statement:
if (boolean-expression)
{
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
else
{
statement(s)-for-the-false-case;
}

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Two-Way if-else Statements
➢ Write a program that checks if a number is odd or
even.

32