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com

( )= + + + ≠ ∀

!
"! #
! $
%! &

' ( ' = ×
) * +
!
"! ×
+
!
%!

{ , - . &} / 0
) 1
! 2
"!
!
%! .

# 3 /
( ) ( ) < > 3

! 4 5 6 +7 3
"! 5 6 6
! 6
%! +7 3

, 8 / 2 5 2
5! 9
9 '! 2
5 / 1
! + :
"! % :
! 5 : /
%! ' : / 7

$ 5;9 7
$ < =

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/ /
/ / 1 % = (

!
"!
!
%! #

- //
→ >
→
→ +
→
→
/ ( ) / /

! → >
! → +
! → +
0
9 9 / 1
! ! !
"! ! !
! ! !
%! 4

. ? / / : , @ /
/ / / : )
/ / : % 9 !
. A1
!

"!

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%!

& 5; #9 / !
) / / / !1
! #
"! ,
! $
%! -

2 = /

! ( )
"! ( / )
! ( / / )
%! ( )

/ / = {ν ν ν }
/ / (ν ν ) 9 / /
0
! −
"! −

%!

%B
: C / / /

! D

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"! E :
! <
%! "9

/ F 2
= / F
FG H 8 FGH
FG H / FG I H
( F
! /
"!
! +
%! −

# ) / / /
1
! D :
"! 2
! E
%! <

, / 9 / / /

( J BJ K L K M
J BIJ ) K

' ( )
) / 1
! ( ) =θ( / )
"! ( ) =θ( )
! ( ) =θ( )
%! ( ) =θ( / )

$ ' E 459 D 3 :
45 D E E 9
3 ) / 1
! 3 459
"! 3 459
! D 459
%! D 459

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- F /
/ F /
! E / /
"! E / /
! E / 7 θ ( / )
%! E θ ( )

. ) / ={ } = ⊆

/ = =

"!
!
%!

& ' = { +! !
!≥ } = { +! +! !
!≥ }
= { +! +! +!
!≥ } ) / / 46 = 1

!
"!
!
%!

/ / 7 :
//
,@

" J J
N J J
#
,
$ " J J ,
-
E B / - )
1
! ) / $ " ,
"! ) / $ " /

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! ) /
%! )

8 (
/
=

!
#

"!

%!

' +8 0
' = ( )−( ) = ( −( )) − ( − )
) / 1
! ⊂
"! ⊃
! =
%! − ≠∅ − ≠∅

× = × E
× ν ≠ν =" ν =" )
/ 1
! % (
"! #"
! ≠ =
%!

# 0 $= { }
%⊆ $ &⊆ $ O π 4 4
(π ( %) ) = (π ( &) ) ( ) /

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/ π ( ) / / π
1
! ( − % &) % &

"! (% + &)
% &
! O
% &

%! % &
% &

, ' ={ !} ! > ' E (

% ()
( )= { ∈ }
!
()
=

! !
"!
! !+
%! +
$ ) /
= /+ / 1
/ : /
! ∀ ( / ( )∧ ( ) ) → {( / ( )∨ ( )) → :( )}
"! ∀ ( / ( )∨ ( ) ) → {( / ( )∨ ( )) ∧ :( )}
! ∀ ( / ( )∨ ( )) → { :( )→( / ( )∨ ( ) )}
%! ∀ ( / ( )∨ ( ) ) → {( / ( )∨ ( )) → :( )}

- /
' ( ( %∧ &) → () ) ≡ ( ( %→ () ∧ ( &→ () )
' (( %∨ &) → () ) ≡ (( %→ () ∨ ( &→ () )
) / 1
! 5 / 5
"! 5 / 5
! 5 5 /
%! " 5 5 /

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. /

" % &

8
8 8
8 8

' P / 46 ! /
) / 7 %∧ &1
! (P % &)

"! P ( % P &)

! P (P % P &)

%! P (P % &)

( ) ())
>
& 2 ) / + C
) ()) C ) ) / / /
/ 1
! = {) ∈ ( + )> ()) 9 / }
"! {
= )∈( + )> =) ′ ) ( )′ ) − ( )′ ) ≤ }
! {
= )∈( + )> ()) − ()) ≤# }
%! = {) ∈ ( + )> ()) -= ( )) ,= }

8 ∈( + )> ()) ) / ( ) = ,!
' = {) ∈ ( + ) > ()) ,= ()) - ≠ #}

) / 1
! '
"! ' =9
! ' =9 /
%! ' /

' E< N / < /

= (* ) * %< N /
< = / ) / 1

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! " %< N E< N 459

"! E< N 459 %< N
! %< N 459 E< N
%! 4 %< N E< N 459

/ = /
={ → → " →" →∈}

2 0 /
2
2 0 / 7 C C
2
220 +,
+! ), ' %
) = 01
! 2
"! 2 2
22
! 2
2 2
22
%! 2 2
2 2
22

' / / / =9 / /
/ / ) /
1
! 8'
"!
! =
%!

# / / / = ( + )>
%8 / / /
!
"! ,
! .
%! &

,
-.

-.

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) /
( )1
! + +

"! + +

! + +

%! + +

$ 0 """
/

! "+ "+ "+ "" + "" + "" + """

"! "+ "" + "" + "" + "+ "" + ""

! +"+( ⊕ ") ( +"+( ⊕ ") ( + "))

%! "+ "+ "+ "" + "" + "" + """

- / ⊕ +=963 % 9
( ( !

,
D % D % D %
7 7 7

/ Q R :
///
!
"!
!
%!

. " (0 ) =
/ 2
= 0 = 0 :
/
( = ) /

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' (0 )= (, - ,) ) /
7 1
! 0 0 0

"! 0 0 0

! 0 0

%! 0 0 0 0

& ) C "− "− "

− − / /
− − 9 ,

) / 1
! , ( − ⊕ "− )
"! − "− − + − "− −

! , ⊕ −

%! − ⊕ "− ⊕ −

# #9 / ' 1111 /
2222 /
( + )( $) ) /
1
! 2 (1 1 1 1 )= ( $ # ,)

"! 2 ( 1 1 1 1 )= (# & # ,)

! 2 (1 1 1 1 )= ( #, $ - ,)

%! 2 ( 1 1 1 1 )= ( $ - )

# 5; : ( $# :
: / − :
: 9 :
: ( :
: /
/ : + 7
/ : : )
: . 2 = = # /
: / (
! &
"! #
! -

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%! .#

# 5; 9 / 0<( 7 2
/
/ /
/ /
&
: / =
@ 2 :
/ = /
!
"!
! #
%! $

# 9 9 9 !
Q"") +2 ) "+RB ) /
+2 /
/ / /
"")
+! ← +23 ! )
,
" "+ 9(

,
+! / 8
: /
! ! ) ← × )
"! ! ) ← × )
! ! ) ← )
%! ! ) ← ×

## E : / E " / /
" .
: " . : )
( 1
!
"! #
! $
%!

#, / 2
5
&- , : ,, ,, . 2
5 &- -,
: ,, ,, & / 1

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! :
"! :
:
! :
:
%! :

#$ E / / & : E " /
/ ( ! /9 :9 / :
2 , :
/ : " / !
: / / "1
!
"! #
! $
%! .

#- //

,
$
#

) / 7 /
/ /S : C / 1
! ( − ") ( − ) ( "− ) ( − ) ( − +)

"! ( − ") ( − ) ( − ) ( "− ) ( − +)

! ( − ) ( − ") ( − ) ( "− ) ( − +)

%! ( − ) ( − ") ( "− ) ( − +) ( − )

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#. ' 4 / 0 T ν
4 / ν 0
/ 1
! = =0 B ν 0
"! = =0 ν 0
! = 0 / ν
%! = 0 / / 0

#& 7 D / : E E /
void insert (Q, x) {
push (S1, x);
}
void delete (Q) {
if (stack-empty(S2)) then
if (stack-empty(S1)) then {
print(“Q is empty”);
return;
}
else while (!(stack-empty(S1))){
x=pop(S1);
push(S2,x);
}
x=pop(S2);
}
' insert ! (≤ ) delete
7 D ' push pop
) /
! 1
! +!≤ < !≤ ≤ +!
"! +!≤ < !≤ ≤
! !≤ < !≤ ≤ +!
%! !≤ < !≤ ≤

, F

∈
=

/ / ( " (
algorithm zzz(x[ ], y[ ], z [ ] ) {
int i;

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for(i=0;i<n;++i)
z[i] = (x[i] ∧ ~y[i]) ∨ (~x[i] ∧ y[i])
U
* /
! ( )
"! ( )
! ( − ) ( − )
%! ( − ) ( − )

, /
4 ( )= 4 ( )+ 4 ( )=
) / 1
! 4 ( ) =θ( / / )
"! 4 ( ) =θ( / )
! 4 ( ) =θ ( )
%! 4 ( ) =θ( )

, ( ) ) /
= 7 :
1
! θ ( )
"! θ ( / )
! θ ( )
%! θ( )

, / 9 "! /
+! /
void xyz(int a[], int b [], int c []){
int i,j,k;
i=j=k=0;
while ((i<n) && (j<m))
if (a[i] < b[j]) c[k++] = a[i++];
else c[k++] = b[j++];
}

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) / ! !
1
! <! = + − − <" =

! < = !+ − "! − ≤ =!

! !
"! !
! ! !
%! ! !

,# 0 " "
/ / ( )
+ + + + = " + "+ + +"

! : ( ) Ω( ) /

"! : ( ) Ω( ,
) :

! : Θ( )
%! : ( )
,, E E

int work1(int *a, int i, int j) int work2(int *a, int i, int j)
{ {
int x = a[i+2]; int t1 = i+2;
a[j] = x+1; int t2 = a[t1];
return a[i+2] – 3; a[j] = t2+1;
} return t2 – 3;
}

E work1 work2 /
/ work2
/ work1

E work1 / work2
5; ! : work1
! E E
"! E E
! E E
%! E E

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,$ / 9 9 / / :
863 3 4

subroutine swap(ix,iy)
it = ix
L1 : ix = iy
L2 : iy = it
end
ia = 3
ib = 8
call swap (ia, 1b+5)
print *, ia, ib
end

E /
(
E 6 = / '
E 6 = / '
E# / .
E, / 9
+= / !
! E E
"! E E#
! E
%! E E,

,- /

> = > !V
> =J > =9 > K
> J > =I > K
> =J > 9 > =K
U

E /
E / / / /

E /
/

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E#

E, /
! E
"! E E
! E E#
%! E E,

,. //
→
→> ε
→
2 N /
- - W

! { → } { → ε}

"! { → } {}
! { → } { →> }
%! { → } { → ε}

,& /
→
→> (X{
>X)K} ε
→ + { (X )K
IX }
→( ) { ( }
)K
< : / +
/ / 8 X> + #X

! > +#
"! >+ #
! >#+
%! #I>

$ / /
for (i – 0, i<n; i++) {
for (j=0; j<n; j++) {
if (i%2) {
x += (4*j + 5*i);
y += (7 + 4*j);

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}
}
}
) / 1
!
"! 9 =
! /
%!

$ +,15 5)+, =
= = / /
= / 5
T
void P (binary_semaphore *s) {
unsigned y;
unsigned *x = &(s->value);
do {
fetch-and-set x, y;
} while (y);
}
void V (binary_semaphore *s) {
S->value = 0;
}
) / 1
! : = / 5
"! 2 / +,15 6)+, M
! T /
%!

$ 5; / 9 / ( # S"
:9 '"! . /
#9 ( '" /
!
"!
! ,
%!

$ 9 9
E (
/ / /
) / 1
! + 9 /

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"! / (
! < / /
%! 5; /

$# !
# . (
/ / '3 8! / / 2 '3 8 :
/ / /

!
"! #
! ,
%! $

$, / ( =
+ @ =
/2
M6 = - @ / @
/2
M6 / / /
/ /
/ / : 2M
6 /
2
M6
8 / 5; 1
! @
"! $@
! @
%! .& #@

$$ / / 5
/ 3 ≤ ≤ 3
8 7
/ =
/ = / = ) /
/ /
:1
! ( )<
/ =≠ /

"! + / ≥ ≠ /

! =( / )>
%! ( )>
/

$- !
: ) : : /
/ / / :

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: : : = /
/ : : /

" !
D "
YJ"
/
I " !
D "
Y"
/

D D
D D

" D D
D D
# 4 D D
, / / : 7 : /
/ / / : /6%"
) 1
! ,
"!
! #
%! ,

$. ! !
: !
: / : /
0 / 7
D !
D !
D + + 5 + J5
D # =
> J !
) / 1
! 7
"! D D # =
D D
! = D
D

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%! = D # /

$& ! !
: !
: / : /
$ - . &
@ 7 5 5 / !
Q : =R

5 = E 7 5 = E 7

L=

2 = B 2 = B

5 B E L=

5 B

: : : # : N"M : /
/ : Z ) /
1
! 5 5
"! 5

! 8 =J , 5 = 5
%! 8 =J & 5 2= 5

- / /
%& → ( % → → (→ → → %
) / 1
{( } = { %( }
+
!

{& } = { %&( }
+
"!

{% } = { %( }
+
!

{ %&} = { %&( }
+
%!

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" #!
/ 0 ( ≥$
0 B / =

- / ( 0
!
"!
! +
%!

- = / = 0

−
"!
−
! ×
−
%!

- 0
!
"! +
!

%!

" $ !
/ ( S" 9 9
: ( ( (
9 9 = $ 9

/ ( 1 1
-# 1
! #
"!
! .
%! -

-, 1
! #

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"!
! .
%! -

% & ! ' (

) " % & '* !

9 = : =
9
GH = / GH
GH / G#H
= 9 /
/= GH /

-$ ) / 7
/ 9 = 1
! , $ . &
"! & $ . ,
! & $ . ,
%! & , $ .

-- E - # 9
= 7 D -$ ) /
7 / 1
! - & . , $ #
"! & . - $ , #
! & # , - $ .
%! . $ & - # ,

) " % & ( * +!
" ( ( /

' E
5 T /

void barrier (void) {

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1: P(S);
2: process_arrived++;
3. V(S);
4: while (process_arrived !=3);
5: P(S);
6: process_left++;
7: if (process_left==3) {
8: process_arrived = 0;
9: process_left = 0;
10: }
11: V(S);
}

[ [ /
( ( 2 /
( /

-. ) /
1
! / E
"! :

! ' $
%!

-& ) / 1
! ' $ [ 99
"! / /
[ ( / = 5 E!
! = / / 9

%! [

) " % & ( *( !
5; S" .9 : ( E 9
( , ×, .9
/ / 5 5
P1: for (i=0; i<512; i++) {
for (j=0; j<512; j++) {
x +=A[i] [j];
}
}

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P2: for (i=0; i<512; i++) {

for (j=0; j<512; j++) {
x +=A[j] [i];
}
}
5 5 =
/ ' =
5 - 5 -
. -
!
"! #.
! $ .#
%! $ ##

-
.
-
!

"!
$

!
.
%! $

) " % & ( * (#!

/ '4
! / 2 : / / /
/ / ( / 8 /
/ 4= !
/ / /
/
+ / ! /
/ 5 =
) / / '4
/ ! : / /
/

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"

< < < <#

#
", "

<, <$ <- <.

"# "

<& <
< <

. 8 / '4 / /
/ / 1
! " ", " "# "
"! " " ", " "#
! " ", " " "#
%! " " "# ", "

. / 7 ' <
/ : ) /
/ " 1
! "!

< 5
< < < <#
<, <$ <& <

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 < 5
ECTest ID: 00 < < www.gateforum.com
#
< <#
<- <. < < <, <$
<- <. <& < < <

! %!

< 5 < 5
< <# < < < <#
<, <$ <& < <, <- <& <
< < # <- <. < < #
<- <. < <

) " % & ($ * ( !

.# ) // / / / = { " ≠ }1
! "! → " "

→ %( (&
( → (" "
%→ %∈
& → &" ∈
! %!
→ %( (& → %( (&
( → (" ∈ ( → (" ∈
%→ %∈ %→ %
& → &" ∈ & → &""
., 2 / /
/ E! / / "! ≠ !1
! =( ! ) +

"! +!+
! +!+
%! =( ! ) +

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