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Tcp/Ip Protocol Suite

The document summarizes the TCP/IP protocol suite and its layers. It states that TCP/IP has 5 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, and application. The first 4 layers correspond to the OSI model's first 4 layers and provide physical standards, network interfaces, internetworking, and transport functions. The top 3 OSI layers are represented by TCP/IP's single application layer. Key protocols at each TCP/IP layer are also described, including IP, TCP, UDP, and protocols that support them like ARP and ICMP.

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24 views6 pages

Tcp/Ip Protocol Suite

The document summarizes the TCP/IP protocol suite and its layers. It states that TCP/IP has 5 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, and application. The first 4 layers correspond to the OSI model's first 4 layers and provide physical standards, network interfaces, internetworking, and transport functions. The top 3 OSI layers are represented by TCP/IP's single application layer. Key protocols at each TCP/IP layer are also described, including IP, TCP, UDP, and protocols that support them like ARP and ICMP.

Uploaded by

hasnaa.h.abdulkareem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Networks Asst. Lec. Hasnaa H.

TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE:

The TCP/IP protocol suite was developed prior to the OSI model. Therefore,
the layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match those in the OSI
model. The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four
layers:
host-to-network, internet, transport, and application. However, when
TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the host-to-network layer is
equivalent to the combination of the physical and data link layers.

The internet layer is equivalent to the network layer, and the application
layer is roughly doing the job of the session, presentation, and application
layers with the transport layer in TCP/IP taking care of part of the duties of
the session layer.
So, we assume that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers:
physical, data link, network, transport, and application. The first four layers
provide physical standards, network interfaces, internetworking, and
transport functions that correspond to the first four layers of the OSI model.
The three topmost layers in the OSI model, however, are represented in
TCP/IP by a single layer called the application layer (see Figure 2.16).

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Computer Networks Asst. Lec. Hasnaa H.

Process/
Application

Host to host

Internet

Network
access

TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules, each of


which provides a specific functionality; however, the modules are not
necessarily interdependent.
Whereas the OSI model specifies which functions belong to each of its
layers, the layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite contain relatively independent
protocols that can be mixed and matched depending on the needs of the
system. The term hierarchical means that each upper-level protocol is
supported by one or more lower-level Protocols.
At the transport layer, TCP/IP defines three protocols: Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and Stream
Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP). At the network layer, the main
protocol defined by TCP/IP is the Internetworking Protocol (IP); there are
also some other protocols that support data movement in this layer.

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Computer Networks Asst. Lec. Hasnaa H.

Physical and Data Link Layers


At the physical and data link layers, TCP/IP does not define any specific
protocol. It supports all the standard and proprietary protocols. A network
in a TCP/IP internet work can be a local-area network or a wide-area
network.

Network Layer
At the network layer (or, more accurately, the internet work layer), TCP/IP
supports the Internetworking Protocol. IP, in turn, uses four supporting
protocols: ARP, RARP, ICMP, and IGMP.

Internetworking Protocol (IP)


The Internetworking Protocol (IP) is the transmission mechanism used by
the TCP/IP protocols. It is an unreliable and connectionless protocol-a best-
effort delivery service.
The term best effort means that IP provides no error checking or tracking.
IP assumes the unreliability of the underlying layers and does its best to get
a transmission through to its destination, but with no guarantees.
IP transports data in packets called datagram’s, each of which is transported
separately.
Datagram’s can travel along different routes and can arrive out of sequence
or be duplicated. IP does not keep track of the routes and has no facility for
reordering datagram’s once they arrive at their destination.
The limited functionality of IP should not be considered a weakness,
however.
IP provides bare-bones transmission functions that free the user to add only
those facilities necessary for a given application and thereby allows for
maximum efficiency.

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Computer Networks Asst. Lec. Hasnaa H.

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol


The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover
its Internet address when it knows only its physical address. It is used when
a computer is connected to a network for the first time or when a diskless
computer is booted.

Internet Control Message Protocol


The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a mechanism used by
hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the
sender. ICMP sends query and error reporting messages.

Internet Group Message Protocol


The Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP) is used to facilitate the
simultaneous transmission of a message to a group of recipients.

Transport Layer

Traditionally the transport layer was represented in TCP/IP by two


protocols: TCP and UDP. IP is a host-to-host protocol, meaning that it can
deliver a packet from one physical device to another. UDP and TCP are
transport level protocols responsible for delivery of a message from a
process (running program) to another process. A new transport layer
protocol, has been devised to meet the needs of some newer applications.

User Datagram Protocol


The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is the simpler of the two standard
TCP/IP transport protocols. It is a process-to-process protocol that adds only

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Computer Networks Asst. Lec. Hasnaa H.

port addresses, checksum error control, and length information to the data
from the upper layer.

Transmission Control Protocol


The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides full transport-layer
services to applications. TCP is a reliable stream transport protocol. The
term stream, in this context, means connection-oriented: A connection must
be established between both ends of a transmission before either can
transmit data. At the sending end of each transmission, TCP divides a stream
of data into smaller units called segments. Each segment includes a
sequence number for reordering after receipt, together with an
acknowledgment number for the segments received. Segments are carried
across the internet inside of IP datagram’s. At the receiving end, TCP
collects each datagram as it comes in and reorders the transmission based
on sequence numbers.

Stream Control Transmission Protocol


The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) provides support for
newer applications such as voice over the Internet. It is a transport layer
protocol that combines the best features of UDP and TCP.

Application Layer
The application layer in TCPIIP is equivalent to the combined session,
presentation, and application layers in the OSI model Many protocols are
defined at this layer.

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Computer Networks Asst. Lec. Hasnaa H.

ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP
protocols:
Physical (link) addresses, logical (IP) addresses, port addresses, and specific
addresses (see Figure below).

Each address is related to a specific layer in the TCP/IP architecture, as


shown in Figure 2.18.

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