Driving License 2023

Theory Book
Driving Licence Book (körkortsboken på engelska)
2023
Theory Book
Driving Licence Book 2023 (körkortsboken på engelska)
Körkortonline.se
Swedish driving licence theory in English (car, category B). Traffic rules that
may be hard to understand are explained with particular care, and the use of
bullet points ensures the book is easy to read and understand.
One of the strengths of the book is the large number of photographs depicting
real-life traffic situations from throughout the whole of Sweden – from dense
traffic on city streets to narrow country roads.
At the end of each chapter, you can test your knowledge by answering
questions that are taken from the theory tests on Körkortonline.se. The correct
answers and an explanation of the theory involved are included on the
following page.
At the back of the book, you will find all of Sweden’s road signs and selected
examples of interesting court cases.
If you wish to obtain a Swedish driving licence in 2023, Theory Book is just
the book for you!
Edition
2023-4
Published
2023-11-28
© 2007–2023 Hagberg Media AB
[email protected]
Theory Book
Table of contents
Traffic regulations
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Priority rules (priority-to-the-right rule, priority roads, etc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Crossings (pedestrian crossings, bicycle passages, etc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Roundabouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Stopping & parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Country roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Motorways & clearways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Overtaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Railway crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Special streets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
People
Learning & maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Tiredness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Impairments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Traffic accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Vehicles
Classification of vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Distances (reaction, braking & stopping distances) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
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Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Crash safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Child safety seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Length & width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Loads (weight terminology, trailers, etc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Safety checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Roadworthiness tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Registration certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Environment
Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Eco-driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Road signs
Road signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Court cases
Court cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
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Theory Book
Introduction
5
Introduction
Fundamental traffic rules
Show consideration and care.
Be considerate of those using the road and those who live near it.
Be especially considerate of children, school traffic wardens, people with

disabilities and the elderly.
Do not cause any unnecessary disturbance or obstruction.
No-one has any rights, only joint obligations.
Road, carriageway, lane & hard shoulder

The road is everything
ROAD
(carriageway, lane and hard
shoulder) put together.
The carriageway is both lanes CARRIAGEWAY
HARD SHOULDER
combined.
The lane is where the cars are

LANE
driving. The road will normally
have two lanes going in opposite
directions.
The hard shoulder is the area

outside the carriageway.
This is a safety zone that shall primarily be used by pedestrians, cyclists,

moped drivers and slow-moving vehicles.
You may drive briefly on the hard shoulder in order, for example, to
facilitate an overtaking. However, be very careful if you have limited
visibility.
Anyone on the hard shoulder has an obligation to give way to the road users
on the carriageway.
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Theory Book
Basic safety
Clearly show your intentions.
Make eye contact with the people who, for example, are using a pedestrian
crossing or other drivers crossing your path.
Always keep a safe distance. There is always the possibility of someone

suddenly opening a car door or of a cyclist swerving.
You need to maintain a wide margin of safety when passing the cyclist. The cyclist
will probably veer towards the centre of the road due to the parked car.
Defensive driving
Driving defensively makes for safer traffic. Examples of how to drive defensively:
Do not take any unnecessary risks.
Be sure to maintain wide safety margins.
Stay vigilant.
Do not stress, make sure you have plenty of time.
Be prepared for unexpected things to happen.
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Analyse the situation before doing anything else.
Think ahead and imagine what could happen.
Drive smoothly and brake in good time.
Precedence
Sometimes you receive several messages simultaneously. You must then decide
which to observe first. This is the order you should follow:
1. Police signals.
2. Traffic signals.
3. Road signs.
4. Rules (the priority-to-the-right rule, etc.).
You are not supposed to stop. The green traffic signal takes precedence over the
stop sign.
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Theory Book
Speed
Adapt your speed, which means you must:
Be in control of the vehicle.
Be able to stop in the event of foreseeable obstacles.
Take other traffic into consideration.
Take the vehicle’s condition and load into consideration.
Take the weather and road conditions into consideration.
You may not brake suddenly or drive excessively slowly for no reason.
The speed signs always take priority. However, there are a few basic speed
limits, which may be of help if there are no signs:
Built-up area: 50 km/h.
Outside of built-up area: 70 km/h.
The speed limit is 70 km/h. However, driving at 70 km/h here is not appropriate as
you are approaching a bend with limited visibility. The road is also icy.
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Ambiguous traffic rules
Some rules are very clear,
for example that you are not
permitted to stop or
park within 10 metres of
a pedestrian crossing. It is
simply a matter of judging
the distance.
However, there are more

ambiguous rules, such as
you having an obligation to Is the pedestrian waiting for the car to pass by? Or
give way to pedestrians who is he just about to cross the road?
“are about to step on to the
pedestrian crossing”. What does “about to” mean? There is no exact answer; instead,
the following process is used to discern whether or not you have adhered to the rule:
1. You are reported for not giving way to a pedestrian.
2. A court looks at the rules and relates them to your specific case.
3. The court then decides whether you have violated those rules.
When it comes to ambiguous rules, you must therefore make a reasonable

assessment and hope that your conclusion is shared by the judicial system.
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Theory Book
Test your knowledge
You intend to turn right at the junction. Are you

obliged to give way to vehicles approaching from the
left?
A) Yes
B) No
The correct answer is shown on the next page.
11
Correct answer
B) No
Explanation
Traffic signals always take priority over road signs. The road sign indicating the
obligation to give way only applies if the traffic signals are not functioning.
“An instruction by means of a non-flashing light at a traffic signal applies ahead of

an instruction concerning an obligation to stop or an obligation to give way that is
provided by means of a road sign.” (Road Traffic Ordinance)
Green (SIG3)
Find more questions at:
korkortonline.se/theory-test
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Theory Book
Lanes
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Lanes
Different types of lanes
Lanes can take two different forms:
Marked: The lanes are separated by lines. This is the most common type.
Unmarked: If there is enough room to drive a four-wheeled vehicle, this is also

considered to be a lane.
Positioning of the car inside the lane

The basic rule is that you should be in the middle of your lane. However, there are
situations in which another position is more appropriate.
Daylight with good visibility to the sides

If you have a good line of sight to the
sides (no forest or deep ditches), you
may position your car slightly
further to the right in the lane.
This gives you a good margin for A
oncoming vehicles.
In the dark B
Drive closer to the middle of the

road (left side of the lane). This
gives you a greater margin in the C
event that an elk steps out on to the
road, for example. However, when
there is oncoming traffic, it is Car A has the best positioning for driving
appropriate to move a little to the in dark conditions.
right to create a wider safety margin
to the other vehicle.
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Theory Book
When turning
Left turn: As close to the left edge of your lane as possible. You must not hinder
oncoming traffic.
Right turn: As close to the right edge of the lane as possible.
When turning on a one-way road

On one-way roads you do not have to take oncoming traffic into consideration. The
correct placement is therefore the following:
Left turn: As close to the left edge of the lane as possible.
Right turn: As close to the right edge of the lane as possible.
You are driving on a one-way street and want to turn left. Position your car to the
left of the carriageway, as oncoming traffic is not allowed. Please note that the
road you are about to enter is a regular road with two-way traffic (warning sign
A25).
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Which lane to choose
The basic rule is that you must choose the lane that is furthest to the right.
However, in the following situations, you may choose the lane that is most suitable
for your continued journey:
There are at least two marked lanes for traffic travelling in your direction, and
the speed limit is 70 km/h or lower.
There are lane assignment signs (road sign F8).
You are driving towards Göteborg and have just overtaken another car. Unless you
want to overtake more cars, you must change lanes to D. This is because the speed
limit is 80 km/h and all lanes lead to the same destination. There will be an exit in
500 metres, but lane D continues straight ahead just like A, B and C.
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Theory Book
Changing lanes
How to change lanes, step by step
1. Check the traffic situation in front of you.
2. If the distance to the vehicle in front of you is good, check:
1. Rear-view mirror.
2. Side mirror.
3. Blind spot (turn your head).
3. If everything looks good, turn on your indicator.
4. Wait a few seconds. Keep your eyes moving and gauge the reactions of other
road users.
5. Check your blind spot one last time.
6. Calmly turn into the new lane. A small speed increase is appropriate when
changing lanes if there are vehicles close behind you in the new lane.
Prohibition on changing lanes

In dense traffic on roads with multiple lanes in your direction, there will sometimes
be gaps in the other lanes. It may then be tempting to change lanes in order to move
further ahead. However, you are not allowed to slalom between cars.
Example of unlawful slaloming.
You are not permitted to pass over into another lane if the line on your side is solid.
17
A is not permitted to pass over into B’s lane, as there is a solid centre line on A’s
side. B, on the other hand, is allowed to move into A’s lane (for example when
overtaking) as the line is not solid on B’s side.
Special lanes
Public transport lane (bus lane)
The purpose of public transport lanes is to ensure that buses do
not get stuck in queues, which would delay them. In addition to
regular bus services, the following vehicles may use the public Reserved lane
transport lane: or
carriageway
Bicycles.
for vehicles
Class II mopeds (not EU mopeds class I). operating a
regular
If any other vehicles are permitted to use the public transport service, etc.
lane, this is specified on an additional panel. There are places, for (D10)
example, where the public transport lane is only reserved during
rush hour in the morning and afternoon.
The public transport lane is indicated by the Reserved lane or carriageway for
vehicles operating a regular service, etc. sign. Road markings with the word
‘BUSS’ may also occur.
Reversible lane
The direction of traffic flow in a reversible lane can be changed as Reversible
needed. In the afternoon, many road users will be travelling home lane
from work, and it is then practical to have an extra lane for traffic (M7)
leaving the town centre in order to reduce the risk of queues
forming. The direction of traffic is controlled by traffic signals.
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Theory Book
Test your knowledge
How many lanes does this road have?

A) 0 lanes.
B) 1 lane.
C) 2 lanes.
D) 4 lanes.
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Correct answer
C) 2 lanes.
Explanation
Lane: “A longitudinal field on a carriageway shown by road markings or, if there
are no road markings, that is wide enough for traffic in one file of four-wheeled
vehicles”. (Ordinance on Road Traffic Definitions)
Because there are no road markings, you must use your own judgement. In this
example, it is clear that there is sufficient room for 2 cars to be driven alongside each
other. The road could perhaps be wide enough for 4 cars, but they would not be able
to be driven in a normal or safe manner.
You can interpret “wide enough for traffic in one file of four-wheeled vehicles” as
meaning that there must be reasonable safety margins between the vehicles, and not
that the vehicles are packed closely together with just 10 cm between them.
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Theory Book
Priority rules
21
Priority rules
No rights, only obligations
The basis of all priority rules is that no-one has any rights in traffic, only joint
obligations. Different perspectives on the same situation:
“I have priority, as I am driving on a priority road.”

The attitude that you have the right to something in traffic can be dangerous.
“The other cars are supposed to give way to me, as I am driving on a priority
road.”
Appropriate and safe attitude.
You intend to continue straight ahead. This is a situation where all drivers have
obligations. Driver A must let you pass according to the turning rule, B must give
way to A according to the priority-to-the-right rule, you must give way to B
according to the priority-to-the-right rule, and nobody is allowed to enter the
intersection if they risk having to stop in the middle of the intersection (the
obstruction rule).
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Theory Book
Obligation to give way

Let intersecting traffic pass.
You must clearly show that you intend to let the other road
users go first. For example: brake in good time rather than
creating uncertainty by braking hard just before the junction.
Stop if necessary, but this is not a requirement as in the Give way

obligation to stop. (B1)
The traffic signals are not functioning. You should follow the give way sign.
Clarification of the obligation to give way

Your obligation to give way applies to
all traffic on the entire road that you
are joining. C
In the example, B is overtaking C in B
direct proximity to the junction. A has

an obligation to give way to B, even A
though B is on the wrong side of the
road.
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Obligation to stop
Same as the obligation to give way, only you have to
stop regardless of whether you think it is necessary.
You are not permitted to move slowly forwards, you have to

come to a complete stop (a few seconds is often enough).
Stop just before the stop line. If there is no stop line, stop just
Obligation to
before entering the road.
stop
If there is a queue, each car must still come to a stop at the (B2)
stop line. Immediately following the car in front of you is not
permitted.
All-way stop means that all the adjoining roads have an obligation to stop. The
easiest solution is for whoever stopped first to also start driving again first. All-
way stops are rare.
Not respecting the obligation to stop is a serious violation. It is one of the things that
are specifically mentioned in the law, under the section on criteria to revoke a
driving licence. In other words, you can lose your licence if you continue creeping
forwards instead of stopping!
You have to stop. If there are 100 cars in a line, every single one must stop
regardless of how good the visibility is.
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Theory Book
Priority roads
All those entering the priority road must give way to traffic
already on it.
Indicated by a Priority road sign at the start.
This sign is normally displayed after every junction,

unless it is evident that the priority road continues after
Priority road
the junction.
(B4)
Ends when a Priority road ends (B5) sign is displayed.
Clarification about the Priority road sign

The Priority road sign is displayed after every junction, not before.
Why after the junction and not before?

– This is so that the vehicles joining the road will also see the sign and realise
they are on a priority road.
If the sign is displayed after the junction, how will I know that the
road is a priority road before the junction?
– Normally, there will also be several indications that you are on a priority
road before the junction:
If you are driving on the

priority road, you will surely
have seen Priority road signs
earlier on (compare to how you
remember the speed limit).
If you are turning onto a

priority road, there will often
be a sign or a road marking
Priority road before the junction as
telling you that you have an
well.
obligation to stop or give way.
In addition, the Swedish Transport Agency specifies that a Priority road sign
is not displayed directly after a junction if the road was not a priority road
before the junction as well.
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The priority-to-the-right rule
Give way to traffic from the right.
Applies in the absence of other priority rules.
The Junction sign is sometimes displayed to clarify that the

priority-to-the-right rule is to be applied.
Junction
The priority-to-the-right rule does not only apply at
(A28)
junctions, but at any time when vehicles cross paths.
Clarification about the Junction sign

The Junction sign does not have to be displayed for the priority-to-the-right
rule to apply.
The sign is simply a clarification at particularly difficult junctions, and will

not usually be displayed where the priority-to-the-right rule is applicable.
But how come the sign is not always displayed?

– The priority-to-the-right rule is applicable in so many places that this sign
would fill up the whole traffic environment. The priority-to-the-right rule
applies in parking areas, for example, and it would be unreasonable to display
signs at every little intersection of the parking area.
The priority-to-the-right rule does not apply

When you are entering a priority road.
When you are driving on a priority road.
Where there are functioning traffic signals.
At roundabouts.
Where the Give way or Obligation to stop signs are displayed.
When you leave an acceleration lane.
When you are reversing.
When you are entering a road from a car park, etc. (the exit rule).
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Theory Book
Examples of the priority-to-the-right rule
Priority-to-the-right rule, example 1
A
A
C
C
B must give way to A, and A must in turn give way to C. This means that
according to the priority-to-the-right rule C is to drive first, then A and finally
B.
However, in this case, it may be appropriate for B and C to drive at the same
time and for A to go last, as A must also take the obstruction rule into account
(A may not go into the junction and obstruct B).
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A is approaching from the right from B’s perspective, which means that B
must give way to A. The fact that A is turning onto B’s road or that B’s road is
bigger is of no importance.
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Theory Book
The roads do not have to intersect at a 90° angle. The priority-to-the-right rule
is applicable here as well. A must give way to B.
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The priority-to-the-right rule is also applicable in open areas. B must give way
to A.
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Theory Book
The priority-to-the-right rule applies here, as there are no indications that say
otherwise (for example, road signs).
You enter an open area. The priority-to-the-right rule applies.
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The Junction sign (priority-to-the-right rule sign) is displayed here. However, this
sign is unusual. It is absent from most intersections where the priority-to-the-right
rule applies.
You are not obliged to give way to the red car, as the priority-to-the-right rule is
not applicable when reversing or when exiting a parking space. However, be
careful, as the reversing driver may not see you.
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Theory Book
The turning rule

Do not obstruct oncoming road users when turning at a junction.
Do not obstruct road users on the carriageway you are joining.
Example of the turning rule
B
B
A
A
As A’s intended direction of travel crosses B’s path, A must give way to B. This
rule applies even if A has a green light (B can have a green light at the same
time).
The turning rule also states that you may not obstruct pedestrians or cyclists who are
crossing the carriageway you are turning into. This applies even if there is no
pedestrian crossing, footpath, bicycle passage, bicycle crossing or bicycle path. When
pedestrians and cyclists cross the road, they are road users on the carriageway you
are joining.
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There is no pedestrian crossing to the right, and the footpath does not cross the
road. Despite this, you may not obstruct pedestrians who cross the road when you
are turning. The pedestrians are road users on the carriageway you are joining.
You want to turn left. Wait until the lorry has passed to see if there is oncoming
traffic. The turning rule also means that you are not allowed to obstruct the lorry
while waiting (e.g. by driving too far into the junction).
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Theory Book
The exit rule

The exit rule means that you have an
obligation to give way when exiting:
A car park (both from

the parking space and the
parking area itself).
A property (house), a petrol

station or any other similar area
in connection to the road.
A pedestrian street, home zone,

bicycle street, hard shoulder or
off-road area. The car is entering a road from a property
A footpath or bicycle path that and has an obligation to give way.
you have crossed.
Clarification about crossing a footpath or bicycle path

The exit rule does not apply if there is a pedestrian crossing, a bicycle passage
or a bicycle crossing at the junction. The exit rule only applies at
uninterrupted footpaths or bicycle paths. A pedestrian crossing, a bicycle
passage or a bicycle crossing always interrupts the footpath or bicycle path.
Crossing a footpath or bicycle path in connection to a regular road junction is

unusual. In most cases, the footpath or bicycle path ends before the junction
and starts again after the junction. This means that the exit rule does not
apply.
See examples on the next page.
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The exit rule does not apply here, as the footpath/cycle path is interrupted. The
raised ground does not make any difference in this case, as it is clear that the
footpath/bicycle path is replaced by a combined pedestrian crossing and bicycle
passage. Instead, it is the priority-to-the-right rule that applies.
Here, it is the exit rule that applies, if you are driving out onto the road as indicated
by the red arrow. You are crossing an uninterrupted bicycle path, as designated by
the municipality’s detailed plan. You have an obligation to give way to vehicles on
the bicycle path and vehicles on the road. In addition, you are driving out from a
property, which also means that you have an obligation to give way in accordance
with the exit rule.
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Theory Book
Example 1: The exit rule applies here
A
B
A is coming from a delimited area, the sole purpose of which is exit from/entry
to a few homes with parking spaces. B is driving on a regular road for normal
traffic. A has an obligation to give way to B, in accordance with the exit rule.
Example 2: The exit rule does not apply here
A
B
A is coming from an area with several side-roads, and there is also a

connecting road to another road for normal traffic. B has an obligation to give
way to A, in accordance with the priority-to-the-right rule.
37
Example 3: Two exits meet = priority-to-the-right rule
A
B
A and B are coming from areas with similar characteristics. In such an

instance, the priority-to-the-right rule applies. B has an obligation to give way
to A.
Clarification of the exit rule

From B’s perspective in examples 1–2, it is very difficult to determine what the
area looks like. In such situations, it is best to exercise caution – it is better to
give way unnecessarily than to fail to give way. Ultimately, it is a court of law
that determines whether something is to be classed as an exit or not.
In real life situations, however, there are usually road signs to denote priority
road and/or obligations to give way in such situations.
The obstruction rule

Try to never stop in a junction, on a pedestrian crossing or similar.
38
Theory Book
The bus rule

50 km/h or slower: You must give way to the
bus if it indicates to exit (only applicable to the
lane furthest to the right). A
Over 50 km/h: The bus must give way to you. B
Give way to and do not Only car B is obliged to give

obstruct way to the bus.
Emergency vehicles (ambulances, police cars and fire engines) with sirens
and/or flashing blue lights turned on.
Trains and trams.
Military convoys.
Processions of different kinds (such as children with teachers and funeral

processions).
Cars are obliged to give way to you. This does not apply to trams. You have to give
way to trams crossing your path. (“Lämna fri väg för spårvagn” = “Give way to
trams”)
39
Test your knowledge
Do you have an obligation to give way to vehicles

coming from the right?
A) Yes
B) No
40
Theory Book
Correct answer
B) No
Explanation
Vehicles coming from the right are exiting a ‘home zone’. This means that they have
an obligation to give way to you. The priority-to-the-right rule does not therefore
apply.
Home zone (E9)
“A driver also has an obligation to give way to any vehicle when its path crosses
their own path when the driver joins a road [...] from [...] a home zone.” (Road
Traffic Ordinance)
41
Crossings
42
Theory Book
Crossings
Pedestrian crossings
A pedestrian crossing is always indicated by
the sign and/or road marking for pedestrian
crossing. Pedestrian crossings are
primarily intended for pedestrians. In Road marking
addition to those walking, pedestrians also for pedestrian
include: Pedestrian
crossing
crossing
Persons in wheelchairs. (M15)
(B3)
Persons on roller skates, roller skis and
kicksleds.
Cyclists and moped drivers may use the pedestrian crossing, but car drivers have no
obligation to give way to them.
The easiest way to avoid misunderstandings and accidents is to seek eye

contact with the pedestrians. However, you should not wave the pedestrian
over, as this creates a false sense of security, especially if there are multiple lanes. If
you wave them over, the pedestrian will perhaps relax and assume that the whole
road is clear, although a car could be approaching fast from another lane with no
intention of stopping.
Uncontrolled pedestrian crossings

Drivers have an obligation to give way to pedestrians who have stepped out onto
the pedestrian crossing or who are about to do so.
Controlled pedestrian crossings

Have a functioning traffic signal (or a police officer).
Both drivers and pedestrians shall respect the traffic signals.
If you are driving and get a green light, you must still let any pedestrians
pass who began crossing during a green light but who did not make it all the
way across before the red light.
43
An uncontrolled pedestrian crossing. You have an obligation to give way to the
pedestrian, as he is just about to step out onto the pedestrian crossing.
This is a tricky pedestrian crossing. There are traffic signals, but they are not
functioning. This means that the pedestrian crossing is uncontrolled.
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Theory Book
Footpath
A footpath (sidewalk/pavement) is a path for pedestrians.
Drivers are only allowed to cross the footpath.
Drivers have an obligation to give way to pedestrians on

the footpath.
Lacks a standardised design. Is sometimes (but not always)

Footpath
marked with the Footpath sign.
(D5)
Crossing a footpath on a normal road for car traffic is rare, as
such a road design would be dangerous for pedestrians. Footpaths are often
crossed when entering/exiting a property.
This is a junction for normal car traffic. The design of the junction (e.g. the road
surface and lack of raised ground) makes it clear that the footpath does not cross
the road. Pedestrians coming from the footpath (red arrows) may only cross the
road if it is possible to do so without causing a hazard or an obstruction to traffic.
Your obligation to let pedestrians pass according to the turning rule does not apply
here, as you are not turning. However, be careful and keep in mind that
pedestrians are unprotected road users.
45
If you enter/exit the property marked by the red arrow, you will cross a footpath.
You have an obligation to give way to pedestrians on the footpath.
This is a place designed to make it easier for pedestrians to cross the road.
However, the footpath does not cross the road, and there is no pedestrian crossing.
Even though car traffic is prioritised here, you should keep in mind that pedestrians
are unprotected road users.
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Theory Book
Bicycle passages
Always indicated by the road marking for bicycle passage.
When you are driving and approach a bicycle passage, you

must adapt your speed so that you do not endanger those
on the bicycle passage. Road marking
for bicycle
If you are crossing a bicycle passage while turning or exiting passage
a roundabout, you must reduce your speed and give cyclists (M16)
an opportunity to pass.
The cyclists have an obligation to give way to car drivers.
Clarification about bicycle passages

Some words used in connection with bicycle passages may seem unclear
(“adapt your speed”, “not endanger”, “an opportunity to pass”). The
lawmakers want to avoid saying that you have an obligation to give way, as
this could give the cyclists a false sense of safety. The fact that car drivers and
cyclists have far-reaching obligations towards each other is intended to
increase safety.
As a car driver, you should keep in mind that the purpose of bicycle passages is
to allow cyclists to cross the road. You should also keep in mind that cyclists
are unprotected road users. Allowing cyclists to pass is a good and safe habit.
The information concerning cyclists in the sections on bicycle passages, bicycle

crossings and bicycle paths also applies to riders of electric scooters and
class II mopeds.
47
A bicycle passage combined with a pedestrian crossing. Adapt your speed so that
you do not endanger those on the bicycle passage.
If you turn right, you will cross a bicycle passage. Because you are turning, you
have a greater obligation towards cyclists. Reduce your speed and give cyclists an
opportunity to pass.
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Theory Book
Bicycle crossings
A bicycle crossing is
always indicated by the
road sign for bicycle
crossing, the road Road marking Give way line
marking for bicycle for bicycle (for car
crossing, and a give way Bicycle
crossing traffic)
line for the cars. crossing
(M16) (M14)
(B8)
When driving, you have
an obligation to give way to cyclists who are using the bicycle crossing or are
about to use it.
The traffic environment around a bicycle crossing is supposed to be designed in

a way that makes it inappropriate to drive faster than 30 km/h – for example, by
locating the bicycle crossing on a raised hump.
You are approaching a bicycle crossing. You have an obligation to give way to
cyclists.
49
Bicycle paths
A road or part of a road
intended for bicycle traffic.
Other drivers are only
allowed to cross the bicycle
path.
Bicycle path Compulsory
Car drivers have an (D4) paths for Bicycles
obligation to give way to pedestrians, (M26)
cyclists on the bicycle path. cyclists and
moped
drivers
(D7)
Clarification about crossing a bicycle path

One problem is that, in a legal sense, the bicycle path does not usually cross
the road on which the cars are driving. The fact that mandatory signs for
bicycle path displayed on each side of the road does not automatically mean
that the bicycle path crosses the road. Most of the time, the bicycle path ends
before the road crossing and begins again on the other side. It is unusual that
an uninterrupted bicycle path crosses a road intended for cars. The Swedish
Transport Agency has said: “Generally, a bicycle path does not cross a
road/street”.
Also note that a bicycle passage or a bicycle crossing always means that the
bicycle path is interrupted. In other words, if you see the road marking for
bicycle passage/crossing, you can be sure that the bicycle path ends before the
junction.
How can I know if I am crossing an uninterrupted bicycle path?

– Unfortunately, it is very difficult to know, as an uninterrupted bicycle path
lacks a standardised design. If you ask the experts at the Swedish Transport
Agency, they will refer you to the municipality’s detailed plan.
Am I supposed to stop and check the municipality’s detailed plan at

every junction?
– No, the best thing to do is to act in the safest manner. Reduce your speed,
and allow the cyclists to cross the road.
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Theory Book
If you turn right at the red arrow, you will cross a bicycle path according to the
municipality’s detailed plan. You have an obligation to give way to cyclists. Note
that this is a small entry road. It is not a regular junction.
At this junction, the municipality says that the bicycle path ends at A and starts
again at B. In other words, the bicycle path is interrupted and does not cross the
road.
51
Test your knowledge
Are you obliged to give way to road-users who are

already on, or are about to enter, the bicycle crossing?
A) Yes, I must give way to cyclists and drivers of class II mopeds.
B) Yes, I must give way to cyclists, but I am not obliged to give way to drivers of class
II mopeds.
C) No, because the bicycle crossing is before the roundabout.
D) No, but I must adapt my speed so that I do not endanger cyclists or moped
drivers who are on the bicycle crossing.
52
Theory Book
Correct answer
A) Yes, I must give way to cyclists and drivers of class II mopeds.
Explanation
Bicycle crossing (B8)
“At a bicycle crossing, a driver has an obligation to give way to cyclists and drivers
of class II mopeds who are on, or are just about to enter, the bicycle crossing.”
(Road Traffic Ordinance)
Isn’t the final alternative answer also correct?

– Partly, but what makes this answer wrong is the use of the word “No”. You do have
an obligation to give way. This answer only extends to road-users who “are on the
bicycle crossing”. The obligation to give way is a stronger concept that also includes
road-users that are approaching the bicycle crossing. The Road Traffic Ordinance
states that:
“Drivers who have an obligation to give way must clearly show their intent to do so
by, in good time, reducing their speed or stopping. The driver may only drive on if,
with consideration to the positioning of other road-users, the distance to them, and
their speed, doing so does not cause any danger or obstruction.”
53
Roundabouts
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Theory Book
Roundabouts
Indicated by the Roundabout sign.
Obligation to give way to all those already driving on the

roundabout.
Turn right to enter the roundabout, and drive in an anti-

clockwise direction.
Roundabout
Benefits of roundabouts: (D3)
Safe – the low speeds do not lead to serious traffic accidents.
Easy to understand – it is very rare for cars to go in the wrong direction

or to not give way when entering.
More even traffic flow – traffic is spaced out, which means that the long
queues that form at junctions with traffic signals are rare.
Driving on a roundabout
Choose the most appropriate lane for your continued journey.
Follow road signs and road markings.
Use your indicators when changing lanes.
You are only allowed to change lanes if you can do so without obstructing or
endangering other road users.
Facilitate other drivers’ lane changes by adapting your speed.
Try to place yourself in the lane furthest to the right before exiting. This is
not a requirement, but it increases traffic safety.
You must indicate your intention to exit (i.e. to the right) when exiting the
roundabout.
55
Driving straight ahead at a roundabout
1. Position your car to the right. Do not indicate.
2. When you are alongside the traffic island or a similar device that marks the
exit before your intended exit, start indicating right.
3. Exit the roundabout.
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Theory Book
Turning right at a roundabout
3
2
1
1. Position your car to the right, and preferably signal your intention by
indicating to the right before entering the roundabout.
2. Keep to the right. Right-indicators must be turned on.
57
Turning left at a roundabout
3
2
B
1. Indicate to the left to signal to B and C that you intend to continue round to
the left. It is true that only indicating to the right when exiting the roundabout
should give the same information. The problem is that many drivers fail to
indicate to the right when they exit the roundabout. This could lead to B and C
taking a risk. Perhaps C might think: “Most people drive straight ahead
without indicating. I can take a chance and drive onto the roundabout.” This
would result in a collision. By indicating to the left, you are signalling to others
that: “I will be driving around the roundabout, so don’t even think about
pulling out in front of me!”
2. Indicate to the right to show that you are exiting the roundabout.
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Theory Book
Clarification on indicating left

Are there no clear rules about indicating left on roundabouts?
– No, indicating left is a grey area. The Swedish Transport Agency and Police
are very clear that you must always indicate right when exiting. Unfortunately,
the same clarity does not exist when it comes to indicating left.
“There are no specific rules about using your indicators on a

roundabout. You must always use them to show your intentions
when turning or manoeuvring the car sideways. Briefly put, you
could say that a small or regular-sized roundabout should be
treated as a junction, i.e. you indicate in the direction you are
headed. [...] A larger roundabout should instead be treated as a
curving one-way street, which means you indicate when […]
changing lanes.” (Bo Göingberg, Swedish Transport Agency
investigator. Translated from Swedish.)
The Swedish Transport Agency has published a brochure on

roundabouts, which states that “there are no special requirements
about using direction indicators when entering a roundabout” –
why is that?
– The full quote is: “There are no special requirements about using direction
indicators when entering a roundabout, as there is only one direction to
drive.” This quote from the Swedish Transport Agency only focuses on the
entry to the roundabout, stating that you must drive in the correct direction
(anti-clockwise). This is quite a strange thing to focus on. Driving schools that
advocate indicating to the left do so to signal the direction of the continued
driving on the roundabout, not to signal entry to it.
Is it always the best option to indicate to

the left if I intend to turn left?
– No. There are certain cases when this would
not be appropriate. In the example, A is
turning left, but chooses the right-hand lane
(not recommended). If A indicates to the left in B XA
this situation, B will think that A intends to
change lane. The clearest option is for A to
refrain from indicating to the left. Preventing
confusion concerning lane-changes is more
important that signalling the direction of the continued driving.
59
You want to continue straight ahead. When you exit the roundabout, you must
indicate to the right.
There are also some curved roads that are not roundabouts. Here, you are
approaching a round-shaped junction that is not a roundabout. You can see this by
the absence of road signs denoting a roundabout/obligation to give way upon
entry. You can also see the back of a ‘Give way’ sign that applies to traffic coming
from the left.
60
Theory Book
Certain pages are blank. The reason for this is to ensure that this electronic
version corresponds to the printed version of the book. Without the blank
page, the correct answers would be revealed without having to turn the
page.
The blank pages cannot just be removed from the electronic version as this
would mean that the page numbers would no longer correspond to those
used in the printed version.
61
Test your knowledge
Do you have an obligation to give way to vehicles

coming from A?
A) Yes, to all vehicles.
B) Yes, but only to motor vehicles.
C) No, because the priority-to-the-right rule applies.
D) No, because I am driving on a priority road.
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Theory Book
Correct answer
A) Yes, to all vehicles.
Explanation
Roundabout (D3)
“A driver who is entering a roundabout is obliged to give way to every vehicle that
is already driving on the roundabout.” (Road Traffic Ordinance)
63
Stopping & parking
64
Theory Book
Stopping & parking

Stopping
Stopping means that the vehicle has come to a halt for a
reason other than:
Avoiding danger.
It being required by the traffic conditions.
Parking. No stopping or
parking
(C39)
No stopping or parking
Where the No stopping or parking sign is displayed.
On a solid yellow line.
Where it creates a traffic hazard or unnecessary obstruction.
On or within 10 metres before a pedestrian crossing, footpath, bicycle passage,

bicycle crossing or bicycle path.
In a junction and within 10 metres from the junction.
Where you obscure visibility (top of a hill, a bend) or road

signs. No stopping or
parking
In an underpass or a tunnel.
(M21)
On a road where there is a solid centre line on your side, if
there is less than 3 metres between your car and the line.
On a roundabout.
In a public transport lane.
In a bicycle lane.
In a prohibited zone.
At the intersection between a road and a railway or tramway.
On a motorway or clearway.
65
Clarification on stopping and parking before/after a
pedestrian crossing
It is forbidden to stop or park within 10 metres before a pedestrian crossing,
but not after.
Before a pedestrian crossing After a pedestrian crossing
Margin Margin
You cannot see the red area. When Your view of the red area is still
a pedestrian comes out from the obscured, but the difference is that
red area, there is practically no you will have a much greater safety
margin, so if a pedestrian steps out margin in which to detect the
from the red area, you will have presence of a pedestrian.
almost no time to react in order to
prevent an accident.
But would it not be safest to prohibit stopping and parking both

before and after the crossing?
– Yes, but practical matters must also be taken into consideration. There is
limited space in towns and cities, and a prohibition on parking after a crossing
would mean the removal of many parking spaces. Compare with speed limits:
country roads would be much safer if the speed limit was 30 km/h, but it
would not be practical.
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Theory Book
The sign says that you are not allowed to park after the pedestrian crossing. Also,
you are not allowed to stop or park before the pedestrian crossing due to the 10
metre rule.
Parking
Parking means that a vehicle, with or without a driver, is
stationary for a reason other than:
Avoiding danger.
It being required by the traffic conditions. No parking

(C35)
Loading and unloading.
Dropping off or picking up passengers.
No parking (parking prohibition)

In places where stopping is prohibited, parking is always No parking
prohibited. (M22)
Where the No parking sign is displayed.
On a broken yellow line.
67
Within 30 metres of a railway or tramway crossing.
Where the vehicle is facing the direction of traffic (wrong side of the road).
On a priority road.
Exception: Not applicable if there is a parking sign.
If you would be blocking someone’s exit.
Alongside another vehicle or obstruction (double parking).
Exception: Not applicable if you park next to a bicycle, moped or

motorcycle (two-wheeled vehicles).
If one of the wheels is outside a parking space or similar line marking.
At a passing place (M sign, road sign E18).
More about stopping and parking

A single blue parking sign means that parking is permitted
for a maximum of 24 hours on weekdays. On Saturdays
(including days before public holidays) and Sundays
(including public holidays) there is no time limit. Note that
there are often additional panels that stipulate a time limit.
A parking disc is an alternative to a car park ticket. An Parking

additional panel indicates the use of a parking disc. Set the (E19)
parking disc to your arrival time (nearest subsequent half-
hour). The arrival time is when you arrive at the parking area and begin parking,
not when you intend to come back to collect the car.
Start parking at 13.02 – set the parking disc to 13.30.
Start parking at 14.40 – set the parking disc to 15.00.
It is prohibited to leave the car keys in a parked car. It should, for example, be
impossible for a child to start the car and cause an accident.
In the summer, it can get very hot in the car. Never leave children or pets alone
in a parked car during the summer.
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Theory Book
Parking spaces for disabled drivers may only be used by those with a
parking permit. Without a permit, you are only allowed to stop in order to drop
off or pick up passengers.
You are only permitted to stop or park on the right-hand side of the road.
Exception 1: You may park on the left-hand side of a one-way street.
Exception 2: You may park on the left if there are railway or tramway tracks
on the right-hand side.
Stopping and parking shall take place as far from the middle of the road as
possible.
If you park on the side of a road in the dark, you must turn on your parking
lights so that other road users can see your car.
Turn the wheels on an uphill or downward slope in order to prevent the car
from rolling out into the street:
Uphill slope: Away from the kerb – turn the steering wheel to the left so that
the wheels are turned towards the road.
Downhill slope: Towards the kerb – turn the steering wheel to the right so
that the wheels are turned towards the kerb.
No parking without a permit (dropping off or picking up passengers is allowed).
69
Time indications on additional panel
It is normally said that the times within parentheses “are applicable on Saturdays”.
This is nearly always the case. However, it would be more correct to say that the
times within the parentheses are applicable on the day before a Sunday or public
holiday. If New Year’s Day (public holiday) falls on a Wednesday, the day before (i.e.
Tuesday) is considered a Saturday, as it is the day before a Sunday or public
holiday.
Please note: In Swedish traffic law, a normal week has 6

weekdays: Monday–Saturday.
Zone sign
The Zone sign means that parking within the controlled zone No parking
is prohibited. zone
(E20)
Exception: Parking is permitted in allocated spaces
(where a parking sign is displayed).
Date parking
Even-numbered dates: It is prohibited to park on the side
of the road with even house numbers (e.g. 2, 16, 40).
Odd-numbered dates: It is prohibited to park on the side Date parking

of the road with odd house numbers (e.g. 3, 17, 41). (C38)
Applicable during the times indicated on the sign.
These areas exist to facilitate the work of snowploughs, etc.
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Theory Book
Bus stops
You may stop to drop off and pick up passengers, as long as you do not obstruct
a bus or tram.
If the bus stop is not marked, this is applicable 20 metres before and 5
metres after the bus stop, as the bus requires more room to pull into the stop
than to exit.
If doing so does not obstruct a bus, you may stop to drop off or pick up passengers.
You are never allowed to stop for loading and unloading.
The vehicle may be towed away if it

Is parked where it is unsafe, blocks traffic or hinders road maintenance.
Is stopped/parked where it is not allowed.
Is not suitable for traffic (e.g. driving ban, wreck or unpaid debts).
71
Test your knowledge
You park your car here at 16.54 on a Tuesday. What

time must you state on the parking disc?
A) 16.00
B) 16.30
C) 17.00
D) 09.00
E) 10.00
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Theory Book
Correct answer
C) 17.00
Explanation
“If a parking disc or an equivalent device is used, the stated time shall be set to the
nearest subsequent half-hour, counted from the time at which the parking was
commenced.” (Road Traffic Ordinance)
If you commence the parking at 16.54, the nearest subsequent half-hour will be
17.00.
73
Country roads
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Theory Book
Country roads
On country roads, the speed limit is higher than in built-up areas. For this reason, it
is important to have good safety margins and to pay attention to what is going
on further down the road.
Turning on a country road

Right turns
Indicate in good time and slow down gradually. If visibility is good, you may drive on
the hard shoulder just before the turn, as this makes it easier for the vehicles behind
you to pass.
You want to turn right. The visibility is good and the hard shoulder is wide. You can
use the hard shoulder to make it easier for vehicles behind you to pass.
75
Left turns
Turning left on a country road is the most dangerous type of turn you can make. The
reason for this is that you are driving at high speeds. A rear-end collision can be very
serious.
How to make a left turn, and possible ways to reduce the risks:
1. Check the traffic flow

In rush hour traffic, it can be difficult to find a gap to use for your turn. In that
case, it is safer not to make the turn, but instead drive straight ahead, turn at a
suitable location, and then come back and make a right turn. If there is less
traffic, continue to the next step.
2. Indicating and positioning

Indicate in good time, and position your car as close to the centre line as
possible. This makes it easier for other traffic users to see that you are turning. If
you position your car in the middle of the lane, it is possible that the cars behind
you will not notice you slowing down, which can result in a rear-end collision, or
a side collision if the car behind you starts overtaking at the same time as you
make the turn.
3. Avoid stopping
Adapt your deceleration before the turn so that you do not have to stop and wait
for the oncoming lane to be free of traffic. If you have to stop, be sure to not turn
the wheels to the left, as a collision from the rear would push your car forwards
into the lane of oncoming traffic.
4. Focus on making the turn

Once you are ready to turn, it is important to focus on the distance to the
oncoming traffic. Also remember to put the car in the right gear and accelerate
fairly quickly until you are safely on the new road. Stalling in the middle of the
oncoming lane is dangerous.
In order to reduce the number of left turns, the road is sometimes redesigned as a
jughandle turn (sometimes known as a Spanish turn). This means that you turn off
onto a small exit road on the right, and then cross the road.
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Theory Book
You want to turn left. Being hit from behind is a real danger here, as you will be
forced to stop and wait for oncoming traffic to pass.
This is a jughandle turn. You want to turn left, but if you turn at B you may be
forced to stop and wait for oncoming traffic to pass. Instead, you must turn at A
and cross the road, thereby avoiding the risk of a rear-end collision.
77
Maintain the appropriate distance
It is very common to see drivers not
maintaining a sufficient distance on
country roads. There are a few rules of
thumb below that you can use to ensure
you are keeping an appropriate distance.
The three-second rule

Start counting when the car in front
of you is at a fixed point (such as a
road sign) and stop counting when
The distance is insufficient. Note the
you reach that point yourself. If it
verge posts.
took less than 3 seconds, the distance
between you is too short.
Reflective verge posts

The distance between two white reflective verge posts is 50 metres. A good
distance to maintain from the car in front of you on a country road is 100
metres, which corresponds to the distance between 3 verge posts.
Km/h to metres
Change your speed in km/h to metres to give the distance that is appropriate to
maintain from the car in front – e.g. a distance of 90 metres when travelling at
90 km/h.
If the car behind you is too close

Cars that drive too close to you are both annoying and dangerous. You can reduce the
risks by maintaining a large distance from the car in front of you, which means that
you would not have to brake as hard if the car in front of you were to slow down. This
reduces the risk of you being hit from the rear.
Another option is to pull over into an appropriate lay-by or parking space, and allow
the stressed driver behind you to pass.
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Theory Book
Meeting oncoming traffic on a narrow road

The basic rule is that you should keep to the right in order
to have as great a safety margin as possible.
The first car to arrive at the passing place shall stop,

irrespective of which side the passing place is on.
If there is an obstacle on the road, the car whose side the

Passing place
obstacle is on shall stop and allow oncoming traffic to pass.
(E18)
Roadworks
Drive slowly. The road workers must do their jobs while also keeping an eye on
traffic.
Temporary orange road signs and yellow road markings take priority over the
regular signs.
You are approaching an area with roadworks. Maintain a low speed and be
particularly attentive. The marking for obstacle on the side (road sign X3) is placed
so that the yellow panels lean downwards on the side where traffic must travel.
79
Horses
Horses in traffic require special consideration:
Lower your speed.
Ensure you leave more space to the side of the car than normal.
Do not sound your horn or dazzle with your headlights.
Accelerate calmly (the sound of the engine may frighten the horse).
Also remember that riders may often be young, with little experience of traffic. It is
very helpful to make eye contact with the rider.
Private roads
If you encounter a sign indicating a private
road, you should be prepared for the following:
Poor road standard.
Lack of road signs.
Narrow roads with sharp turns.

Sign indicating a private road.
Think also about your speed. Just because the
speed limit is often 70 km/h, it is not always appropriate to drive at 70 km/h. If you
were to crash on a bend on a narrow road with obscured visibility, this could be
classed as reckless driving if you were driving at 70 km/h.
Clarification on private roads

Does the priority-to-the-right rule apply at junctions between a
private road and a regular public road?
– Yes. There are no special rules for giving way at junctions between a private
and a public road. If there are no road signs denoting priority road/obligation
to give way, it is the priority-to-the-right rule that applies, as long as the
private road is not classed as an exit. Read more about the exit rule in the
section on Priority rules.
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Theory Book
81
Test your knowledge
You are going to A. Which statement is true?

A) I am allowed to turn left at B.
B) I am allowed to turn right at C and then cross the road.
C) I am not allowed to turn into A at all from this direction. I must instead make a
turn further down the road and drive back.
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Theory Book
Correct answer
B) I am allowed to turn right at C and then cross the road.
Explanation
This is an example of a jughandle turn.
Direction sign when junction turn is prohibited (F2)

“The sign provides preparatory information indicating that it is prohibited to turn
at a junction, but that another direction can be chosen.” (Road Sign Ordinance)
83
Motorways &
clearways
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Theory Book
Motorways & clearways

Motorways
Indicated by the Motorway sign.
Traffic travelling in different directions is always

separated. In other words, there are no oncoming cars.
No intersecting traffic on the same level.
Both exit and entry slip roads are part of the motorway,
which means that the same rules apply to them.
Motorway
(E1)
A typical motorway. Traffic is separated, and intersecting traffic crosses the road
via a bridge.
85
Motorway entry slip roads
If there is an acceleration lane, neither those in the acceleration lane nor
those already on the motorway have priority. Mutual consideration and
adaptation apply.
If there is no acceleration lane, those entering have an obligation to give way to

traffic already on the motorway.
Leave the entry slip road as soon as you can. Remember to check your blind
spot.
On a motorway, it is forbidden to
Stop or park.
Turn around (central barrier openings are only intended for

rescue vehicles and road workers).
Reverse.
Walk, cycle or drive a moped. No

pedestrians
Tow.
(C15)
Drive a vehicle that is not designed to travel at least 40 km/h.
Exception: Class I mopeds (45 km/h) are forbidden.
Drive a tractor.
Risks associated with motorways

Motorways are generally safe to drive on. However, there are a few risks that you
should pay particular attention to:
Distorted perception of speed after exit (speed blindness).
Multiple-vehicle collisions due to insufficient distance between vehicles.
Monotonous driving can lead to single-vehicle accidents.
The risk of aquaplaning increases with the speed.
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Theory Book
Notice the white car. Nobody has priority. Mutual consideration and adaptation
apply.
You are not allowed to stop at the red arrow, even though it looks like an
appropriate place to stop.
87
Clearways
A clearway is a mix of motorway and country road. Things to keep
in mind:
No intersecting traffic, but oncoming traffic may occur (rare,

cable barriers are often used).
The same rules and prohibitions as on motorways apply.
Accidents occur more frequently than on motorways (shorter

Clearway
entry slip roads, less space to the sides).
(E3)
Clearways are always indicated by the Clearway sign. There are
also country roads with cable barriers that are not clearways. On such roads,
intersecting traffic may occur.
Speed blindness
When you slow down after a prolonged
period of driving at high speeds, it often
feels that the speed you are driving at is
lower than it actually is. This
phenomenon is known as speed
blindness, and can result in
you misjudging distances. The risk of
A 2+1 road with cable barriers.
speed blindness increases with:
Wide roads without any distractions.
Quiet and comfortable cars.
Driving at high speeds for a prolonged period.
Heavy lorries
Heavy lorries may drive at a maximum 90 km/h on motorways and clearways.
On other types of road, their maximum speed is 80 km/h.
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Theory Book
89
Test your knowledge
Could there be intersecting traffic on the same level

further ahead on this road?
A) Yes, because the road is not a motorway or a clearway.
B) No, from this point onwards, there will not be any junctions on the same level.
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Theory Book
Correct answer
A) Yes, because the road is not a motorway or a clearway.
Explanation
Only motorways and clearways are guaranteed to be free from intersecting traffic on
the same level. (Clearways may have oncoming traffic, but not intersecting traffic.)
‘On the same level’ here refers to a regular junction where there is a risk of colliding
with intersecting traffic. Traffic that crosses the road via a bridge is not on the same
level.
Neither of these signs are shown:
Motorway (E1) Clearway (E3)
The road you are on is a priority road, and just here there is a central barrier. There
may however be junctions on the same level further ahead.
91
Overtaking
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Theory Book
Overtaking
Fundamental rules for overtaking
Overtake on the left (with
some exceptions).
Make sure there is plenty

of space between you and the
vehicle you are passing.
A
You must be able to see the
entire overtaking distance,
and it must be free of
obstructions and oncoming
traffic.
B
Overtaking A is turning left. In this case, B is permitted

to pass on the right.
1. Move out slightly to the left so
that you can see whether the
road is free from oncoming traffic.
2. Check that nobody is trying to overtake you:
1. Rear-view mirror.
2. Left side mirror.
3. Blind spot.
3. Indicate left.
4. Increase your speed (within the speed limit) and steer towards the left, ensuring
that you leave plenty of distance between you and the vehicle you are overtaking.
5. Once you have passed the other vehicle, you must indicate right and return to
your original lane as soon as possible. However, do not rejoin the lane too soon,
as this could lead to a collision with the other vehicle. A good rule of thumb is to
only rejoin the lane once you can see the car you have overtaken in the right side
mirror.
93
No overtaking
Where the No overtaking sign is displayed.
Where there is a risk of endangerment.
If someone behind you is overtaking you or is about to do so.
If you risk getting stuck in the opposite lane (e.g. because of a

long que in your lane). No overtaking
(C27)
If the car you intend to overtake is indicating left.
Exception: Permitted to pass on the right.
If you would need to cross the centre line and there is oncoming traffic.
If you would need to cross the centre line and there is limited visibility.
In conjunction with uncontrolled pedestrian crossings, bicycle passages and

bicycle crossings.
Exception: Passing at low speed (so that you are able to stop) is permitted if
there is more than one lane in your direction and one of the following
conditions is met:
The lanes have different destinations.
There is heavy queuing in all lanes.
It takes place at a junction.
On the right-hand side.
Exception 1: Permitted if the lanes have different destinations.
Exception 2: Permitted if there is heavy queuing in all lanes.
Exception 3: Permitted if the vehicles are in separate lanes at a junction.
Exception 4: Permitted if the speed limit is no higher than 70 km/h and

there are at least two marked lanes going in the same direction.
Exception 5: Permitted if the other vehicle is turning left.
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Theory Book
In conjunction with a junction where the priority-to-the-right rule applies, or

other junctions where you have an obligation to give way.
Exception 1: Permitted to overtake two-wheeled vehicles.
Exception 2: Permitted to pass on the right if the other vehicle is turning

left.
In conjunction with railway crossings with no barriers or traffic signals (red,

amber, green).
Exception: Permitted to overtake two-wheeled vehicles.
Overtaking is prohibited here, as you would have to cross the centre line on a bend
with obscured visibility. This applies even though the centre line is not continuous.
When being overtaken

Look to the right (if the hard shoulder is empty, you can drive on it to make
things easier).
Do not accelerate (slow down if needed).
You are obliged to assist the car overtaking you, even if the overtaking
manoeuvre is prohibited or dangerous.
95
The white car has performed an illegal overtaking manoeuvre (solid centre line).
You have obligations in this situation. You may not increase your speed or do
anything to obstruct the passing car.
Other issues
It is difficult to judge the distance to oncoming cars and their speed,
especially on a straight road. Winding roads make it easier, as you see the cars
from the side.
Trams are normally overtaken on the right.
Roadwork vehicles may be overtaken on the most suitable side.
You are not allowed to break the speed limit when overtaking.
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Theory Book
Calculate your overtaking

The time gained from overtaking is often minimal. This means that many overtaking
manoeuvres are unnecessary, in relation to the risks involved. The time gained per
10 km can generally be said to be:
Over 90 km/h: If you increase your speed by 10 km/h, you will gain 30
seconds every 10 km.
Below 90 km/h: If you increase your speed by 10 km/h, you will gain 1 minute
every 10 km.
Calculation examples for time gained

If you are driving at 100 km/h and increase your speed to 110 km/h, how
much time will you gain per 10 km travelled?
Method 1
Original speed 100 km/h
New speed 110 km/h
Minutes per hour (as the speed is measured in km/h –

60 min
kilometres per hour)
Number of kilometres 10 km
First calculate how many minutes it takes to travel 1 km at both speeds:
60 / 100 = 0.60 minutes to travel 1 km
60 / 110 = 0.55 minutes to travel 1 km
It therefore takes slightly less time at the higher speed. The difference is:
0.60 - 0.55 = 0.05 minutes faster per km when travelling at 110 km/h
compared with 100 km/h.
However, the question is how much time you will gain per 10 km, not per km.
Therefore, recalculate the time gained per 10 km:
97
0.05 * 10 = 0.5 minutes gained per 10 km
It is easier to understand if the answer is recalculated to seconds:
0.5 * 60 = 30 seconds (32.73 unless it is rounded off)
Method 2
Original speed 100 km/h
New speed 110 km/h
Distance 10 km = 10,000 metres
Fixed conversion rate km/h to m/s 3.6
Formula for calculation of time:
Distance / speed = time
For the formula to work, you must use metres instead of kilometres, and
metres per second (m/s) instead of kilometres per hour (km/h). The speeds
are therefore recalculated to m/s:
100 / 3.6 = 27.78 m/s
110 / 3.6 = 30.56 m/s
Only now can you use the formula Distance / speed = time:
10,000 / 27.78 = 360 s
10,000 / 30.56 = 327 s
You can then work out the time difference between both speeds:
360 - 327 = 33 seconds (32.73 unless it is rounded off)
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Theory Book
Overtaking glossary
Accelerating overtaking means that you drive closely behind a car at the
same speed. When you begin the overtaking manoeuvre, you pull out and
increase your speed quickly (within the speed limit) to pass the car.
Flying overtaking means that you approach the car in front at high speed and
change lanes in good time before driving past. A flying overtaking manoeuvre is
preferable as it requires a shorter distance (as well as using less fuel). You must
keep within the speed limit.
99
Test your knowledge
You intend to continue straight ahead. Is it prohibited

to overtake the bus in conjunction with the pedestrian
crossing?
A) Yes
B) No
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Theory Book
Correct answer
B) No
Explanation
At an uncontrolled pedestrian crossing, you are not permitted to overtake:
“Vehicles or trams may not be overtaken immediately before or on an uncontrolled

pedestrian crossing.” (Road Traffic Ordinance)
This pedestrian crossing, however, is controlled:
“A pedestrian crossing is controlled if the traffic is regulated by traffic signals.”

(Ordinance on Road Traffic Definitions)
In other words, overtaking the bus here is not prohibited.
Even though an action is not prohibited, it may still be inappropriate. Pedestrians

could cross against a red light, and if you deem visibility to be poor, the safest option
is to wait to perform the overtaking until after the pedestrian crossing.
(In this example, however, you appear to be receiving help from the bus. When you
reach the pedestrian crossing, the bus will be blocking any pedestrians from stepping
onto the crossing from the right-hand side.)
101
Railway crossings
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Theory Book
Railway crossings
What makes a railway crossing so special is the fact that the trains are unable to
swerve (they can have a braking distance of 1 km), and they are also much larger
than a car and drive at a much greater speed.
You are always obliged to give way to trains. This applies even if the lights are not
flashing red.
A collision with a train is so serious that the lawmakers never want you to feel
completely safe when crossing a railway. You must always be on high alert and all
responsibility lies with you.
A level crossing is another word for a railway crossing.
The white lights are there to make the railway crossing easier to detect. They do not
mean that it is safe to proceed. You must always check and make sure that no train
is coming. If a train is approaching, you must give way, even if the lights are not
flashing red.
103
Distance to a railway crossing
First, you will see the sign with 3 bars, then the sign with 2 bars, and finally 1 bar.
How to cross a railway safely

1. Get an idea of the visibility
Do you already have a free line of sight at some distance away? Or are there trees
or buildings blocking your view?
2. Adapt your speed to the visibility

If you have good visibility, you may not need to slow down at all. If visibility is
poor, you should be prepared to stop.
3. Crossing
Good visibility
Look both ways in good time before reaching the crossing and drive over at
the same speed. However, remember that the tracks are uneven, so if you
are driving faster than 70 km/h, you should still slow down.
Limited visibility
Slow down, shift to a lower gear (to give more power to the engine and
avoid stalling), look both ways and then cross. Accelerating as you drive
across is recommended.
Poor visibility
Stop before the crossing, look both ways and then drive across. Put the car
in 1st gear and only change gear once the car is completely on the other side
(to avoid stalling and other complications).
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Theory Book
Stalling on the track

If the engine stalls on the track, you must move the car immediately. If the engine
will start, you can just keep driving. The barriers are made from a thin material
that you can drive through.
If the car will not start:
Manual transmission: Release the clutch and turn the key as far as you can in
the ignition and keep it there. This will make the starter motor push the car
forwards. Note that this does not work on all cars.
Automatic transmission or unresponsive car: Get out and push the car.
Remember to put the transmission in neutral.
If you are unable to move the car, call 112 to inform them of the situation.
Queues are forming ahead. You are never permitted to drive onto a railway
crossing if there is a risk that you will be stationary on the track. In this instance,
you must wait until the car in front has moved further forwards before you can
continue moving forwards.
105
Overtaking at a railway crossing
Overtaking in conjunction with a railway crossing is prohibited, except where one (or
both) of the following exist:
Barriers.
Traffic signals (red, amber and green).
The prohibition does not apply when overtaking two-wheeled vehicles.
Overtaking table
Barriers Signals (red, amber, green) Allowed to overtake
Yes Yes All vehicles
Yes No All vehicles
No Yes All vehicles
No No Two-wheeled vehicles only
Correct type of signal
Signal Explanation
This type of signal device is sufficient to override the overtaking

prohibition, as it is a red, amber and green traffic signal.
This type of signal device is not sufficient to override the overtaking

prohibition, as it is the regular signal that is displayed at nearly
every railway crossing.
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Theory Book
Different types of barriers

The barriers are often opened before the lights stop flashing. Note however that you
may not drive on before the lights stop flashing red.
Full-length barrier Half-length barrier
107
Test your knowledge
What does this road sign mean?

A) Furthest distance to level crossing.
B) Shortest distance to level crossing.
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Theory Book
Correct answer
A) Furthest distance to level crossing.
Explanation
Distance to level crossing (A38)

”The signs indicate the distance to a level crossing in a three-bar system. The sign
with the three bars is, except for in densely populated areas, erected under one of
the following signs: A35, Level crossing with gates; A36, Level crossing without
gates; or A37, Junction with tramway line. The sign with two bars indicates that it
is two-thirds the distance to the level crossing and the sign with one bar indicates
the last third of the distance.” (Road Sign Ordinance)
109
Special streets
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Theory Book
Special streets
Built-up area (E5)
This sign should always be supplemented with a speed limit sign. If a prohibitory
sign is displayed together with the sign, the prohibition will be applicable throughout
the built-up area (up until the corresponding end sign, E6).
The sign is usually displayed before a town, the name of which may be incorporated
into the sign.
Home zone (E9)
An open place, similar to a public square, with several homes and businesses in the
vicinity can be made into a home zone, in which drivers must adapt to the
pedestrians. The following rules apply to a home zone:
You may drive no faster than walking speed (around 7 km/h).
Obligation to give way to pedestrians.
No parking (permitted in allocated spaces).
When you exit a home zone, you have an obligation to give way.
111
Pedestrian street (E7)
A pedestrian street has more limitations than a home zone. Only essential traffic is
permitted, such as:
Deliveries.
Medical transports.
To and from homes and hotels.
When you drive on a pedestrian street, the same rules apply as for a home zone. Note
that, regardless of reason, you are always permitted to cross the pedestrian street, in
the same way that you would, for example, cross a bicycle path.
Bicycle street (E33)
A bicycle street is designed for cyclists. You may drive a car on a bicycle street if you
abide by the following rules:
When you enter the bicycle street, you must give way to all traffic already on the
bicycle street.
Adapt your speed to the cyclists. You are never allowed to exceed 30 km/h.
You are only allowed to park in designated parking spaces.
When you exit the bicycle street, you have an obligation to give way.
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Theory Book
Recommended lower speed (E11)
It is not appropriate to drive any faster than the speed indicated on the sign. The
sign is usually displayed in conjunction with a speed bump.
Clarification on Recommended lower speed

What does “not appropriate” mean? Is it not illegal
to drive any faster than the speed indicated on the
sign?
– No, in that case, the sign displayed would be Speed limit.
If Recommended lower speed indicated a prohibition, then
what would be the difference between the two signs? There
Speed limit
would be no difference, which is unreasonable (why would
(C31)
there be two signs with the same significance?)
If I am driving on a road where the speed limit is 50 km/h and see

Recommended lower speed 30 km/h. Does this mean I am
permitted to drive at 45 km/h?
– Yes, if you deem it appropriate and safe. But you may not drive any faster
than 50 km/h.
113
You may drive no faster than walking speed, even though there are no pedestrians
nearby.
The street straight ahead is a pedestrian street. You may only enter if you have a
valid reason.
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Theory Book
115
Test your knowledge
Which of these signs indicates a pedestrian street?

A
116
Theory Book
Correct answer
D
Explanation
A: Built-up area (E5) B: Recommended lower speed (E11)
C: Home zone (E9) D: Pedestrian street (E7)
117
Winter
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Theory Book
Winter
Treacherous road conditions
When there is a lot of snow, most people drive carefully and give themselves greater
safety margins. But it is when the slipperiness of the road is not apparent that the
most treacherous situations occur.
When the first ice arrives, many people keep driving as if the conditions were the
same as on a lovely autumn day. If you are unprepared and enter a curve where there
are patches of ice at 90 km/h, it can end very badly.
A treacherous situation is more complex or dangerous than it appears to be:
A lot of snow and ice = not treacherous, as the danger is evident.
Patches of ice = treacherous, as the danger is hidden.
Snow tracks
Tracks are formed in the lane where most people drive. You may get good traction
inside the tracks, but if you go outside them you may lose the grip on the road
completely. You should therefore avoid overtaking in these conditions.
Do you want to overtake the truck? Bear in mind that the snow/slush outside the
tyre tracks could cause you to lose grip.
119
Freezing rain
When the temperature is around 0°C, rain may freeze directly upon contact with the
road. This is referred to as freezing rain and it is very dangerous, as you may think it
is normal rain, whilst it is actually making the road surface extremely slippery.
Snow smoke
When it gets cold and starts to snow, the car in front of you may trail snow smoke
(the tyres whisk up the newly fallen snow). You must therefore maintain an extra
large distance to the car in front in this situation.
Broad snowploughing
In deep snow, you will not see any road
markings, which means you have to rely
on the tracks of the snowplough.
Remember however that the snowplough
may have gone outside of the road. If you
drive too far to the right, you risk sinking
into the snow in the ditch. Snow
markers are a good indication of the
actual width of the road.
How to discover ice

on the road Use snow markers to assess the width
of the road.
Temperature lower than +4°C.
No splashing heard from under the car, even though the road looks wet/damp.
Indicates that the water is frozen.
At a junction, snow is often densely compressed by passing cars, which increases

the risk of ice (the surface of the snow is worn smooth by the tyres).
Shaded sections of the road that have not been warmed by the sun may have
patches of ice.
Bridges and viaducts have a particularly high risk of ice, as they are cooled by
the air from below and above.
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Theory Book
Winter equipment
Even in temperatures of -25°C, many people will get in their car and drive off
wearing summer clothes. Should you get stuck in a ditch on a forest road, you will
soon realise how poorly equipped you are. If you cannot get the car started, the heat
will rapidly disappear, and it may take a while for a recovery vehicle to arrive. You
should therefore be equipped with the following in winter:
Warm clothes/shoes.
Mobile telephone.
Snow shovel.
Towline.
High visibility vest.
Starter cables.
Ice scraper.
High visibility vest and ice scraper.
121
Things to remember at other times of the
year
Winter is the normal time for slippery road conditions. However, the roads can get
slippery at other times of the year too. The following are a few examples of things to
pay particular attention to in other seasons.
Spring
In the early spring, the nights can get cold and icy.
There is a particular risk of ice on shaded sections of the road which have not yet
been warmed by the sun.
Melting snow can also cause problems.
Summer
On very hot days, the tar in the
asphalt may get slippery.
When it rains after a long

period of warm weather, dirt is
washed up from the surface of
the road. When this happens,
the oil remnants can make the
road slippery.
Autumn
Be careful of the first ice that
arrives just before winter.
Dirt dragged onto the road by

tractors and combine harvesters Watch out for wet leaves.
can make the road slippery.
Wet leaves are slippery.
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Theory Book
123
Test your knowledge
Is compressed snow (snow that has been worn

smooth) good or bad, in terms of grip?
A) Good, as the smooth surface of the snow means that the effectiveness of the tyres’
studs is significantly increased.
B) Bad, as compressed snow can be very slippery.
C) Good, as loose snow is more slippery than compressed snow.
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Theory Book
Correct answer
B) Bad, as compressed snow can be very slippery.
Explanation
Snow becomes compressed or smooth-worn when it has been subjected to hard
pressure. It is often found at junctions, where many vehicles come to a standstill
before then accelerating.
Compressed snow has many of the same properties as ice – i.e. poor grip. Compare it
to the experience of walking in deep snow – it is more difficult, but there is much less
risk of slipping and losing your grip.
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Learning & maturity
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Theory Book
Learning & maturity

Different types of learning
Deep learning means that you try to understand the full picture and the
reasons behind the rules. It leads to permanent knowledge.
Overlearning has taken place when something has become second nature. The
actual driving (working the clutch, shifting gears, etc.) should be overlearned, so
that you can focus on everything going on around you.
Imitation learning is when you copy someone else’s behaviour. This can be
either good or bad; it depends on who you are learning from.
Superficial learning means that you try to learn everything by heart just to
pass your theory test. You have no understanding of the big picture and will
forget what you have learned.
Repetition is important in order to retain what you learn. Remember that you will
never know everything so you should strive for lifelong learning.
Varying degrees of maturity

Everyone’s development is different, but it is possible to identify three main phases:
1. Immature & selfish is the stage of a child. People of other age groups who still
have these tendencies think mostly of themselves. They act impulsively and
create confusion and insecurity.
2. Rule-abiding drivers are good in most situations. However, sometimes the

rules are not enough, and when that happens, these drivers may revert back to
the immature stage and “insist on their right”.
3. Tolerant & mature is the type of driver we want. They respect the traffic rules,
but also have enough experience to handle unexpected situations calmly and
safely. They will not angrily honk their horn if another car stalls at a traffic
signal.
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Sometimes deviate from the traffic rules
It is not desirable to have 100% adherence to the rules. According to the criteria for a
category B licence, you must display “good judgement when interacting with other
road users”. A reasonable interpretation of this statement is that you may depart
from the rules in some cases.
The cogwheel principle is not included in any legislation, for example. However, the
Swedish Transport Administration and the National Society for Road Safety
recommend using it in certain situations.
There is no simple answer to when the rules may be disobeyed; you must assess each
individual situation as it arises. However, here are three general points that should
be fulfilled:
It should benefit the traffic situation as a whole (for example, reducing a queue
using the cogwheel principle).
Everyone involved should be aware of what is happening (caution, eye contact

and clarity).
Never deviate from the rules to benefit yourself – instead, be the one who puts
other first.
Young drivers
Even though they have the most recent training, young drivers have proven to be the
most dangerous in traffic. This can be due to a number of reasons:
They have limited experience of real traffic.
They are immature.
They have the wrong role models.
They overestimate their own abilities.
Young men tend to overestimate their driving ability more than women of the same
age. When the young men have had their driving licences for a couple of years, they
start to take greater risks, as they feel more confident.
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Theory Book
Probability learning
Probability learning means that you use prior experience of a situation to assess
the probability of something happening.
Good probability learning: You are used to trains passing frequently at

a railway crossing and you are therefore extra cautious.
Bad probability learning: You are used to trains passing very rarely at a
railway crossing and therefore do not look before you cross.
Stress
Moderate stress, meaning that you are just slightly stressed, normally increases your
concentration and performance levels. If you are completely relaxed, you will not
take your driving as seriously and will perhaps miss certain details. However, the
most dangerous thing to be is highly stressed.
Excessive stress can lead to

Panic – you do not know what to do.
Blackout – you stop being aware of the situation.
Resignation – you think the situation is unfixable so you do not even bother
trying.
Agitation – you become hyperactive and unpredictable.
Sluggishness – you are unable to think clearly and logically.
Reduce the risk of stress

Make sure you have plenty of time for your journey.
Be rested and in good health.
Drive calmly and defensively.
Avoid rush hour traffic in the morning and afternoon.
Make sure the car is in good condition and that it will not give you any
trouble.
129
Peer pressure
Peer pressure prompts us to alter our behaviour when we are with other people. Peer
pressure can be both positive and negative:
Positive peer pressure: You are driving too fast and some people in the
group tell you to slow down.
Negative peer pressure: You are going to a concert and some people in the
group are worried you will not make it on time. You feel pressured and therefore
increase your speed and take more risks.
It is primarily young drivers who give in to negative peer pressure. Research has
shown that a young driver with a group of young male passengers is the most
dangerous combination.
As a passenger, you should never rush the driver, even if you are only joking. The
driver may have low self-confidence and may not perceive it as a joke. Also
remember to speak up if the driver is driving recklessly – it may even be appreciated,
as it takes the pressure off the driver.
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Theory Book
131
Test your knowledge
Can probability learning be good?

A) Yes, if it means that I am especially cautious in certain situations.
B) No, probability learning is always negative in traffic.
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Theory Book
Correct answer
A) Yes, if it means that I am especially cautious in certain situations.
Explanation
Probability learning means that you use prior experience of a situation to assess
the probability of something happening.
Good probability learning: You are used to trains passing frequently at a

railway crossing and you are therefore extra cautious.
Bad probability learning: You are used to trains passing very rarely at a
railway crossing and therefore do not look before you cross.
133
Alcohol
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Theory Book
Alcohol
Drunk driving
0.2 per mille (‰) = 0.1 mg of alcohol per litre of breath.
Punishable by fines or imprisonment for up to 6 months.
Revoked driving licence for 1 year (2 years in some cases, e.g. repeat drunk
driving).
Aggravated drunk driving

1.0 per mille (‰) = 0.5 mg of alcohol per litre of breath.
Punishable by imprisonment for up to 2 years.
Revoked driving licence for 2 years. Must retake the theory test and driving test.
Per mille
Per mille (‰) = thousandth. In relation to alcohol, “1 per mille” means that there is
one part alcohol per 1,000 parts blood.
Alcohol What happens
Loss of certain inhibitions and overestimation of one’s own

0.1–0.4‰
abilities. Slower reaction time.
0.4–1.0‰ Impairment of vision, speech and coordination.
Difficulty controlling the body, impaired balance and double

1.0–2.0‰
vision.
2.0–3.5‰ Deep sleep.
Over 3.5‰ Great risk of coma or death.
135
Alcohol awareness
It may be considered drunk driving even if you are under the legal limit, if
you are driving recklessly.
Serving alcohol to someone you know will be driving may be

considered complicity in drunk driving, which is a punishable offence. The
same is true if you lend your car to a drunk person.
If you are taken into custody for being intoxicated in another context,
your learner’s permit or driving licence may be revoked.
The legislation on alcohol applies not only to cars, but to all motor vehicles.
It is impossible to control your body’s breakdown of alcohol. Forget drinking

strong coffee, cold showers, saunas, and similar tricks. The only thing you can
do is wait it out.
Even if there is no alcohol left in the blood, you often feel worn out the day
after drinking a lot of alcohol.
Your weight, general health, gender, drinking speed and food choices also have
an impact on your blood alcohol.
A person who consumes the exact same amount of alcohol on two different
occasions may get different blood alcohol levels.
The legislation on drunk driving is applicable everywhere, including fenced-

off areas and private property.
The mandatory use of an alcolock may be an option instead of a revoked

licence.
Medication in traffic
You are not allowed to drive if the medication makes you a traffic hazard. This
prohibition is applicable even if the medication has been prescribed by a doctor.
It is your responsibility to judge whether the medication makes you a traffic

hazard (consult your doctor, pharmacy and the package leaflet).
Narcotic substances can be legal if they have been prescribed by a doctor,

providing that you can drive in a safe manner.
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Theory Book
Driving under the influence of medication that causes you to be a traffic hazard
is subject to the same legislation as drunk driving.
Drugs in traffic
There is a zero-tolerance approach to the use of drugs or narcotics in traffic. Not
even the smallest trace is permitted.
Exception: Permitted if the drug has been prescribed by a doctor, providing

that you can drive in a safe manner.
If you constitute a traffic hazard because you are under the influence of drugs,
you are subject to the same legislation as you would be for drunk driving.
Different types of drugs:
Stimulants lead to hyperactivity and a driver’s overestimation of their

driving abilities. The sense of tiredness is suppressed, and the driver could
fall asleep at any time without warning. Cocaine and amphetamines are
included in this group.
Sedatives cause sluggishness and concentration difficulties. Heroin,

opium and morphine are included in this group.
Hallucinogens cause hallucinations and disorientation, and impair

judgement. LSD is included in this group.
137
Mobile phones
Using a mobile phone or similar equipment in traffic can be just as dangerous as
driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. A few facts:
It is prohibited to use a mobile phone, fiddle with a GPS device or similar if it

makes you inattentive and thus creates a traffic hazard.
Using a handheld mobile phone is always prohibited when you are

driving.
A hands-free device frees both your hands, but be aware that the
conversation itself is distracting. A complicated phone call can make you lose
focus, even though you have both hands free.
Text messaging behind the wheel is very dangerous (a significantly greater

hazard than making a call). The risk level is the same as that of a highly
intoxicated person. It is prohibited to text from a handheld mobile phone when
you are driving.
Clarification regarding the use of mobile phones

Can I hold my phone in my hand if I keep both hands on the
steering wheel and use speaker phone?
– No, you are never allowed to hold your phone while driving, despite the fact
that you manage to keep both hands on the steering wheel at the same time.
The same is true about holding your phone against the gear stick or against
your legs. Holding your phone is prohibited, no matter how you do it.
Is using the car’s built-in GPS allowed?

– Yes, if it is used in a safe manner. It is prohibited if it makes you inattentive
and thus creates a traffic hazard.
Am I allowed to use the GPS on my mobile phone?

– Yes, but you cannot hold it in your hand. Type in your destination in
advance. However, even if you do not touch your phone, it is always prohibited
to use it if it makes you inattentive and thus creates a traffic hazard.
Am I allowed to use voice control to call and send texts while

driving?
– Yes, if you can do so in a safe manner. It is prohibited if it makes you
inattentive and thus creates a traffic hazard.
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Theory Book
Who decides if I am driving inattentively and causing a traffic

hazard?
– This is primarily something for you to assess yourself. However, in the end it
is up to the police and the judicial system in each individual case.
Statistics
20% of traffic deaths are related to the use of drugs or alcohol.
It is estimated that there are around 15,000 drunk drivers on the roads every
day.
25,000 are caught drunk driving each year. 15,000 of these are under the
influence of drugs.
90% of drunk drivers are men – mostly young or middle-aged.
Alcohol calculation
Volume of spirits = percentage by volume * the volume in cl * 0.025
Example: How many centilitres (cl) of spirits (40% volume) corresponds to 50 cl of

low-strength beer (3.5% volume)?
Answer: 3.5 * 50 * 0.025 = 4.38 ≈ 4 cl
139
Test your knowledge
What is the limit for aggravated drunk driving?

A) 0.2 per mille of alcohol in the blood.
B) 0.8 per mille of alcohol in the blood.
C) 1.0 per mille of alcohol in the blood.
D) 2.0 per mille of alcohol in the blood.
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Theory Book
Correct answer
C) 1.0 per mille of alcohol in the blood.
Explanation
Aggravated drunk driving: “The driver has a blood alcohol concentration of at least
1.0 per mille.” (Road Traffic Offences Act)
141
Tiredness
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Theory Book
Tiredness
Tiredness is an indication that your body needs to recuperate in order for all your
senses to function optimally.
It is forbidden and punishable to drive if you are incapable of driving the vehicle in a
safe manner. Your reaction time after a sleepless night is comparable to that of a
drunk person.
Causes of tiredness
Exhaustion.
Sleep deprivation.
Alcohol, drugs and certain

medications.
Monotony:
Wide, long and straight

uninterrupted roads.
Engine noise.
Noise from the tyres.
Dangers and risks Long and straight roads increase the risk of
Nearly all senses and abilities are tiredness.
impaired. However, the most
serious impairments in terms of traffic are the following:
Poorer concentration and loss of coordination.
It takes longer to perceive things (some things you fail to notice at all).
Poor decision-making skills.
Reaction time and reflexes become slower.
Difficulty maintaining a steady course and speed.
143
Indications of tiredness
Blurred vision.
Problems concentrating and thinking clearly.
Dry mouth.
Frequent yawning.
Feeling cold.
Difficulty maintaining your speed.
Head feels heavy.
Overreacting.
Muscle relaxation.
Optical illusions.
Difficulty keeping your eyes open.
Avoid tiredness
Drive when rested.
Make sure the car is not too warm.
Take a break after driving for about one hour (get out of the car).
Do not eat heavy foods (meat etc.).
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Theory Book
Reduce tiredness
The best and only right way
Have a long sleep.
Reducing tiredness temporarily

Short nap (no less than 15 minutes).
Take a break/stretch your legs and get some fresh air.
Coffee or other forms of caffeine can have the same effect as a nap.
Tiredness glossary
Microsleeping: When you nod off and wake up almost immediately with a jerk
of the head. Microsleeping lasts for a very short period of time, often less than a
second.
Sleep apnoea: Breathing problems that disrupt your sleep at night. The lack of
sleep resulting from this issue leads to a significantly higher risk of tiredness-
related traffic accidents.
Nap: Light and short sleep (15–30 minutes).
Statistics on tiredness
Most tiredness-related accidents occur between 02.00 and 05.00.
Single-vehicle accidents are the most common type of tiredness-related

accident.
40% of single-vehicle accidents outside of built-up areas occur at night or dawn.
The risk of accidents increases with proximity to your destination, as you relax
thinking that you are almost there.
145
Test your knowledge
Could it be prohibited to drive a vehicle when you are

tired?
A) Yes
B) No
146
Theory Book
Correct answer
A) Yes
Explanation
“A vehicle may not be driven by a person who, due to illness, fatigue, intoxication
by alcohol, other stimulants or sedatives, or for other reasons is incapable of
driving the vehicle in a safe manner.” (Road Traffic Ordinance)
You are permitted to be tired as long as you are able to drive the vehicle safely. For
this reason, the question is whether it “could” be prohibited, not whether it is always
prohibited (which is not the case).
147
Vision
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Theory Book
Vision
Sight is the most important sense in traffic. You receive around 90% of all traffic
information through your eyes. For this reason, you are required to have a visual
acuity of at least 0.5 for a category B licence (other licence categories have stricter
requirements).
If you have poor eyesight, your driving licence may be issued on the condition that
you must wear glasses to drive. Also remember that your eyesight changes with age,
so it is recommended that you have regular eye tests.
Terms
Visual field
1
The area we see is called the
visual field. The visual field has
the shape of a semicircle, 2 2
i.e. 180°.
Central vision
Ö
The thing you focus your eyes
on is what you will see Semicircle: Visual field
most clearly. This is your Ö: Location of eye
central vision, and it constitutes 1: Central vision
approximately 1–2% of your 2: Peripheral vision
visual field. Central vision is
important in order to, for example, make out what is written on a road sign.
Peripheral vision
The remaining 98–99% of your visual field is your peripheral vision. Here you can
perceive that something is happening but will usually need to shift your gaze to check
with your central vision exactly what it is. Peripheral vision is impaired by alcohol
and tiredness.
149
Assessments
You constantly collect information through your eyes. This information goes to the
brain to be interpreted. It is impossible to make profound assessments about
everything you see in traffic, as the brain would become overloaded.
Instead of assessing everything, the brain quickly selects relevant things to focus on.
This selection is made with the help of a number of factors, including your:
Experience
Knowledge
Expectations
Interests
Needs
Impressions
If your knowledge tells you

that parked cars can hide
pedestrians, and you have
experience of children
running out in that same spot,
your brain will momentarily
devote most attention to that
aspect.
If you know from experience that children
Terms that may be good to sometimes play here, you will be extra careful.
know:
Perception: Becoming aware of what is happening around you.
Selective perception: Selecting and focusing on what is relevant.
Experienced drivers
Flexible gaze and smooth transitions.
Focus on moving objects.
Broader and longer field of observation.
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Theory Book
Inexperienced drivers
Fix their gaze on objects and keep it there for too long (abrupt transitions).
Focus on stationary objects.
Narrower and shorter field of observation.
Optical illusions
Humans are smart and have a vivid imagination. This is very helpful in traffic. We
are able to imagine a probable scenario based on very little information.
However, we sometimes interpret what we see incorrectly, thus creating an optical

illusion.
Examples of optical illusions

A car with only one headlight (“one-eyed car”) is mistaken for a
motorcycle/moped.
Snow smoke causes you to become disorientated.
A motorcycle is mistaken for a slow moped.
Illustration of the “one-eyed car” optical illusion. It is dark out. A thinks that B is a
small and slow moped, as B only has one headlight. A is therefore driving closer to
the middle of the road . When A finally realises that B is a car, they are close to
colliding.
151
Tunnel vision
Tunnel vision means that your eyes scan a more narrow area. You miss things that
happen on the side of the road (in the periphery). It is as if you are driving in a
tunnel with dark walls.
The risk of tunnel vision increases with

Tiredness
Alcohol
Stress
Your other senses

Your hearing alerts you to someone honking their horn or a nearby emergency
response vehicle. It also enables you to hear if the engine is not running as it
should.
Your sense of touch and balance gives you information about how the car is
moving on the road and whether the road condition is good or bad.
Your sense of smell is important for discovering any leakage of hazardous

substances.
152
Theory Book
153
Test your knowledge
How much of the visual field is made up of central

vision?
A) 1–2%
B) 50%
C) 98–99%
154
Theory Book
Correct answer
A) 1–2%
Explanation
2 2
Ö
Semicircle: Visual field
Ö: Location of eye
1: Central vision
2: Peripheral vision
155
Impairments
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Theory Book
Impairments
Functional disability
A functional disability is when a person is unable to do what is expected.
Some disabilities may be difficult to see. You should therefore be patient with
anyone who seems to be taking a long time. Example:
Visible functional disability: Wheelchair or a white cane.
Hidden functional disability: Hearing impairments or epilepsy.
Visual impairment and blindness

Some people with visual impairments use a white cane when
moving around in traffic. They use it partly because it helps them
to get around, but also because it makes other people aware of
their disability. The significance of the white cane is recognised all Visually
over the world. impaired
(T9)
Signals with the white cane

Straight towards the ground: waiting and listening.
Diagonal: intends to start walking.
Hearing
When you stop for a visually impaired person
impaired
at a pedestrian crossing (T10)
Stop in good time before the pedestrian crossing.
Be careful of making noise – do not rev your engine and only honk your horn if
there is an emergency.
Do not start driving again as soon as the visually impaired person has left your
lane, but wait until they have finished crossing the road. This is so that you do
not confuse the person with the sound of your accelerating car.
157
Guide dogs
Wear a white harness.
Help the visually impaired person to avoid obstacles but is not able to assess the
traffic situation.
Never disturb or make contact with a guide dog.
Elderly people in traffic

65–74 years old: This group generally has a high degree of maturity and
traffic experience, which means that they drive more safely than 18-year-olds
who have just received their licence.
75 years and older: Senses are often impaired and the brain starts to work
more slowly, which means that they have a 5–6 times higher accident
risk (same as 18–19-year-olds).
Things that deteriorate with age

Sight.
Hearing.
Balance.
Reaction time.
Accuracy and speed of interpretation of impressions.
158
Theory Book
159
Test your knowledge
What does this sign combination mean?

A) Accident-ridden pedestrian crossing.
B) Pedestrian crossing where people with hearing impairments often cross.
C) Pedestrian crossing where people with visual impairments often cross.
D) Controlled pedestrian crossing.
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Theory Book
Correct answer
C) Pedestrian crossing where people with visual impairments often cross.
Explanation
Pedestrian crossing (B3)
Visually impaired (T9)

“The panel indicates that people with visual impairments often use the crossing.
This panel always has a yellow background.” (Road Sign Ordinance)
161
Children
162
Theory Book
Children
Children and traffic are not a good combination. The Road Traffic Ordinance tells
you to be especially considerate of children.
The problem of children in traffic

Playful and impulsive
Much of a child’s life revolves around play. The rules of the fantasy world are all that
count.
Even if you see a child standing still and you have eye contact, you cannot feel
completely sure of the situation. If a friend calls from the other side of the street,
the child might suddenly forget about the cars and run out into the road. You must
therefore be vigilant when there are children around.
Look out for children (and adults) running out from between the buses.
163
Their senses are not fully developed
It takes longer for a child to shift between near and distance vision. It is also
harder for them to distinguish where a sound is coming from. This means that a
child’s reaction time may be longer than you think.
Unable to predict risk

A child can be taught to stop before crossing the street. The problem is that they do
not quite understand why this is important, which means that the instruction can
easily be pushed aside when it is time to play.
Another problem is that children have difficulty judging the risks. They judge a
car coming towards them at low speed in the same way as one swerving at high pace.
Children are small

In most cases, an adult can be spotted behind a parked car. A child, however, can
be completely hidden by the car, which means that you will have no warning
before they come out into the street.
Sensitive to polluted air

Children are particularly sensitive to the pollution caused by traffic. A child who is
exposed to a lot of emissions has a higher risk of developing asthma, for example.
School buses
When overtaking a stationary school bus, you have to be very careful. There is a great
risk that the children getting off the bus may suddenly run across the street without
looking.
School buses have signs with warning lights that the driver turns on 100 metres
before a stop and turns off 100 metres after the stop.
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Theory Book
Crossing guards
In Sweden, crossing guards are themselves often children or young people. They
wear orange coats with reflectors and stand next to pedestrian crossings.
Main tasks of the crossing guards

Make sure that children coming to and from school get across the road safely.
Act as a human warning sign to alert drivers that there are children nearby.
The crossing guards have no official powers – for example, they are not authorised to
stop traffic.
165
Test your knowledge
Is it true that you are obliged to show consideration to

certain road users?
A) No, everyone should be treated equally.
B) Yes – for example, children, the elderly and people with disabilities.
166
Theory Book
Correct answer
B) Yes – for example, children, the elderly and people with disabilities.
Explanation
“The road user shall show particular consideration to children, the elderly, crossing
guards and people with visible disabilities or illnesses that constitute an obstacle
for them in traffic.” (Road Traffic Ordinance)
167
Traffic accidents
168
Theory Book
Traffic accidents
Humans are designed to walk and run. Driving a car is unnatural for us, as the
speed is very high (compared to walking) and our bodies are not made to
withstand the impact of a collision.
Causes of accidents
There are three main causes of traffic accidents:
Human error – it is part of human nature to make

mistakes.
“Olycka” = “Accident”
Unsafe roads – a narrow and winding country
road is much more dangerous than a motorway.
Unsafe vehicles – insufficient tread depth can lead to a dangerous and

possibly fatal aquaplaning.
Prone to accidents
The same group, around 15% of the population, are involved in 50% of all accidents.
The characteristics of this group increase the risk of accidents – for example, they:
Make excuses for their mistakes, they do not learn from them.
Deny the dangers – for example, by ignoring that there is a preschool nearby.
Act impulsively, which can cause dangerous situations.
Are proud, which can lead to a negative reaction if they get overtaken.
Have a need for self-assertion, which means that they need to show how big
and strong they are. Anyone cutting in must be punished.
Are prone to reaction formation, which is a form of contradictory

behaviour. Those who are careful in other contexts use traffic to vent their
frustration and other feelings.
Party a lot, which leads to late-night driving (tiredness) and drunk driving.
Are adventurous. Some drivers view traffic as an opportunity for racing.
169
What to do in the event of a major
accident
If you are one of the first to arrive
Survey the scene
Number of casualties? Other risks?
Prioritise
What needs to be done first? Person in a burning car?
Warn
If visibility is limited, there is a risk of more cars colliding, thus making the
situation worse.
Call 112
Location, number of casualties.
First aid
1. Life-threatening situations
Move any person lying in the middle of the road or sitting in a burning car.
2. Breathing
Find out if immobile persons are breathing. If the person is breathing, put them
in the recovery position. If the person is not breathing:
No pulse
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is required.
Has a pulse
Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
3. Bleeding
Stop the bleeding by applying pressure and tying a piece of fabric around the
wound.
4. Shock
Does not refer to people who have been scared, but to circulatory shock, which
involves life-threatening internal damage (bleeding). The person will often be
pale and experience cold-sweats. Make sure the person is breathing properly
and do not give them anything to drink.
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Theory Book
Remember
Stay at the scene of the accident until the emergency responders have taken
over and you have given them all the information they ask for. If you leave too
soon, it may be considered absconding, which is punishable.
Exception: If you did not witness the accident and you see that a lot of
people have already stopped, you should not stop yourself, as this can lead
to more accidents and also hinder the emergency response vehicles.
You must give your name and other information requested of you, even if it is
a private individual involved in the accident who is asking.
You may not move anything at the scene of the accident.
Exception: If the vehicle/object poses a danger to other road users, you

should move it.
The police must always be contacted if someone has been injured in the
accident.
Dangerous goods
Do not approach lorries marked with signs indicating dangerous goods. Such cargo
can be lethal if there is a leak. There may also be a high risk of explosion.
What to do in the event of a minor

accident
You should keep an insurance claim form (provided by your insurance company) in
your car. If you do not have one, write down:
The time, date and location of the accident.
The name and address of any witnesses, and what they have seen.
The counterparty’s name, address, telephone number, vehicle, registration

number and insurance company.
Any damage caused.
171
Parking accident or similar
In the event of a parking accident or other property damage, you must contact
the owner of the car or the object that you have run into. The Swedish
Transport Agency can help you find information about the owner based on the
vehicle registration number.
Also put a note with your contact information on the windscreen/location.
If you are unable to reach the owner, you must contact the police. They will
make a note of the accident, which means that you will not be accused of
absconding.
If the object you have damaged is a road sign, you must immediately try to restore it.
If you are unable to, contact the police and warn other road users.
Wildlife accidents
Greatest risk of wildlife on the road
At dusk and dawn.
May–June and September–October.

Animal
On salted roads.
warnings
Close to open fields. (A19)
Close to a watercourse.
At the start and end of a wildlife fence.
Accidents involving elk (moose)

Accidents involving elk are the most dangerous type of wildlife accident. The reason
for this is that the body of the elk, which weighs around 700 kg, is at the height of the
windscreen of the car. In case of a head-on collision, there is a great risk of the elk
ending up inside the car, injuring the passengers.
Once a elk has started crossing the road, it will in all likelihood continue straight
ahead. It is therefore best to go behind the elk, if you have to choose which way to
swerve.
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Theory Book
What to do if you hit a large animal

1. Warn other road users with your hazard warning lights and warning triangle.
2. If the animal is dead, try to move it away from the road. If the animal is
wounded and runs away, you must mark the location of the accident. This will
make it easier for a hunter to track the wounded animal.
3. If the animal is wounded, you are obliged to inform the police. You are also
obliged to contact the police if the animal you hit (regardless of whether it is
wounded) is one of the following:
Bear Wolf Wolverine Lynx Elk Deer
Roe deer Otter Wild boar Mouflon sheep Eagle
The warning stretches for 800 metres from the sign. However, that does not
guarantee that the road will be free from animals after 800 metres!
173
Warning triangle
All cars must be equipped with a warning triangle. If your car stalls on a road where
the speed limit is over 50 km/h, you must display a warning triangle. Place the
warning triangle 50–100 metres behind the car.
Clarification of “over 50 km/h”

You have to display a warning triangle if the speed limit is over 50 km/h. In
practice, this means that you only have to display it once the speed limit is 60
km/h (which is the next step on the speed scale). Think of it this way: 50
km/h is not “over” 50 km/h (it is exactly 50 km/h).
Traffic accident statistics

Number of deaths: 200–300 per year.
Severe injuries: 1,500–2,000 per year.
Mild injuries: 15,000 per year.
20% of all traffic deaths are related to the use of drugs or alcohol.
40% of all those killed in traffic were not wearing a seat belt.
75% of all those killed in traffic are men.
65,000 wildlife accidents occur each year.
Risk of a pedestrian being killed if hit by a car:
10% risk of fatality at 30 km/h.
80% risk of fatality at 50 km/h.
Almost 100% risk of fatality at 90 km/h.
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Theory Book
Different age groups

18–19 years: Run a 5–6 times greater risk of being involved in a traffic
accident compared to the average.
45–54 years: Have the best reaction times.
65–74 years: Have experience and adapt their driving to their limitations (for
example, by avoiding driving at night or in heavy traffic).
75 years and older: Run a 5–6 times greater risk of being involved in a traffic
accident compared to the average.
Be extra careful
When turning left on a country road.
At junctions where the priority-to-the-right

rule is applicable.
While overtaking.
In dense queues.
At weekends (Friday, Saturday and Sunday).
During summer months (June, July and

August).
You are warned of a junction
Late at night (02.00–05.00). where the priority-to-the-
right rule applies.
Accident locations
Most accidents occur in built-up areas. This is primarily due to the greater
concentration of cars and other road users.
The most serious accidents occur outside of built-up areas. This is primarily
due to the greater speeds.
High level of safety in Sweden

Sweden ranks very highly in international comparisons of traffic safety.
In the United States there are around 40,000 traffic deaths per year. Adjusted to
population, that number is almost six times higher than in Sweden.
175
Traffic deaths per year
Year Number of deaths
1950 595
1960 1,036
1970 1,307
1980 848
1990 772
2000 591
2010 266
… …
2020 204
2021 192
2022 227
Even though traffic is increasing, the number of fatal accidents is

decreasing.
In 1950, there were around 345,000 motor vehicles in Sweden and 595
traffic deaths. Today there are more than 5,500,000 motor vehicles and the
number of deaths is below 300 per year. The number of deaths per motor
vehicle has declined by 97% during that time.
In 1965, 1,313 people were killed in traffic accidents, which makes it the
deadliest year in Swedish history. That number corresponds to 1 death per
22 million vehicle kilometres. Today, the number of deaths is 1 per 300
million vehicle kilometres. That is a reduction of over 90%.
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Theory Book
Number of deaths according to accident type
Accident type Number of deaths (2022)
Turning off from a road 5
Bicycle and moped 35
Pedestrians 27
Junction 7
Head-on collision 55
Overtaking 2
Single-vehicle 55
Catching up (rear-end collision) 11
Animals 3
Other 27
Numbers for 2023 were not yet available when the book was published.
177
Vision Zero
In 1997, the Swedish Parliament adopted a new long-term strategy for road
safety. The goal is to achieve zero fatalities or injuries on Sweden’s roads.
The focus is to strategically remove the risks (for example, by having safer cars
and adding more cable barriers). Driver education is also important, although
people will always make mistakes.
A few words on statistics

The statistics included in the Theory Book may feel like unnecessary knowledge, but
there is a good reason for the inclusion of these statistics. For example:
Why do I need to know that 40% of those killed in traffic did not wear a
seatbelt?
– The aim is to make you realise how important the seatbelt is. You can also quote
that statistic if a passenger claims that the seatbelt is “unnecessary”.
Why do I need to know that there are 65,000 wildlife accidents per year?
– If you believe that there are 10 wildlife accidents per year, you might not respect
the signs warning you about wild animals. If you know that the number is 65,000,
you will be extra careful when you see a signs warning you about wild animals.
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Theory Book
179
Test your knowledge
What should your first response be if you accidentally

damage a road sign so that other road users cannot
see it?
A) Contact the police.
B) Try to restore the road sign.
C) Contact the Swedish Transport Administration.
D) Contact the land owner.
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Theory Book
Correct answer
B) Try to restore the road sign.
Explanation
“A person who has moved or altered a road sign, road marking, traffic signal or
other traffic device shall immediately restore the device to an adequate condition. If
this is impossible, they shall promptly inform the police or the person who installed
and maintains the device of its condition and take any necessary measures, as
required by the traffic situation.” (Road Traffic Ordinance)
It is important that the sign is restored as soon as possible. If it is a give way sign at a
junction, the consequences could otherwise be dire!
181
Classification of
vehicles
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Theory Book
Classification of
vehicles
Road user
All persons travelling in a vehicle or walking, cycling or riding along a road are
classed as road users.
Vehicle
“A device on wheels, tracks, runners or similar which is designed primarily for
travel on land, and which does not run on rails. Vehicles are subdivided into
motorised vehicles, trailers, towed vehicles, sidecars, bicycles, horse-drawn vehicles
and other vehicles.” (Ordinance on Road Traffic Definitions)
Motorised vehicles
Motor vehicles
Cars
Private cars
Class I (normal)
Class II (campers)
Lorries
Light lorries
Heavy lorries
Buses
Light buses
Heavy buses
Motorcycles
183
Light motorcycles
Heavy motorcycles
Mopeds
Class I (EU moped)
Class II
Tractors
Tractor A
Tractor B
Heavy equipment
Class I
Class II
Terrain vehicles
Off-road vehicles
Terrain scooters
Trailers
Trailers
Trailer sleds
Light trailers
Heavy trailers
Towed vehicles
Sidecars
Bicycles
Horse-drawn vehicles
Other vehicles
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Theory Book
Speeds for different vehicles

Below you will find the maximum speeds for a selection of vehicles. Even though you
are just studying for a category B licence, it is good to know the maximum speed of
other vehicles. It could be helpful in certain situations, such as when you are
planning to overtake.
Vehicle Speed
Private car and light lorry. Speed

limit of
Motorcycle. the
road
Light bus. applies
Heavy bus with seat belts.
Heavy bus without seat belts.
Heavy lorry on a motorway or clearway.
Heavy lorry on other roads.
Motor vehicle with braked trailer/caravan.
Motor vehicle with unbraked trailer/caravan whose total weight (or

unladen weight when the trailer/caravan is unloaded) does not
exceed half the pulling vehicle’s unladen weight, although no more
than 750 kg.
Moped class I (EU moped).
Motor vehicle with unbraked trailer/caravan whose total weight (or

service weight when the trailer/caravan is unloaded) does exceed
half the pulling vehicle’s service weight.
Car towing another car.
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Theory Book
187
Test your knowledge
How fast are you allowed to drive in a light lorry?

A) Max. 70 km/h.
B) Max. 90 km/h.
C) Max. 100 km/h.
D) As fast as indicated by the sign.
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Theory Book
Correct answer
D) As fast as indicated by the sign.
Explanation
Maximum speed for light lorries: “The speed limit applicable to the road.” (Swedish
Transport Agency)
189
Distances
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Theory Book
Distances
Stopping distance
Reaction
distance Braking distance
Hazard Braking The car comes

detected begins to a stop
Reaction distance
The reaction distance is the distance you travel from the point at which you detect a
hazard until you begin braking or swerving.
The reaction distance is affected by

The car’s speed (proportional increase):
2 x higher speed = 2 x longer reaction distance.
5 x higher speed = 5 x longer reaction distance.
Your reaction time.
Normally 0.5–2 seconds.
45–54-year-olds have the best reaction time in traffic.
191
The reaction distance can be decreased by
Anticipation of hazards.
Preparedness.
The reaction distance can be increased by

The necessity of decision-making (for example, deciding whether to brake or to
steer away from the hazard).
Alcohol, drugs and medication.
Tiredness.
Calculate the reaction distance
Easy method
Formula: Remove the last digit in the speed, multiply by the reaction time
and then by 3.
Example of calculation with a speed of 50 km/h and a reaction time

of 1 second:
50 km/h ⇒ 5
5 * 1 * 3 = 15 metres reaction distance
More precise method
Formula: d = (s * r) / 3.6
d = reaction distance in metres (to be calculated).

s = speed in km/h.
r = reaction time in seconds.
3.6 = fixed figure for converting km/h to m/s.
Example of calculation with a speed of 50 km/h and a reaction time

of 1 second:
(50 * 1) / 3.6 = 13.9 metres reaction distance
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Theory Book
Drive slowly or you might not even have time to react to oncoming traffic.
Braking distance
The braking distance is the distance the car travels from the point at which you begin
braking until the car has come to a standstill.
The braking distance is affected by

The vehicle’s speed (quadratic increase: “raised to the power of 2”):
2 x higher speed = 4 x longer braking distance.
3 x higher speed = 9 x longer braking distance.
The road (gradient and conditions).
The load.
The brakes (condition, braking technique and how many wheels are braking).
Calculate the braking distance

It is very difficult to achieve reliable calculations of the braking distance as road
conditions and the tyres’ grip can vary greatly. The braking distance may, for
193
example, be 10 times longer when there is ice on the road.
Easy method
Conditions: Good and dry road conditions, good tyres and good brakes.
Formula: Remove the last digit from the speed, multiply the figure by itself
and then multiply by 0.4.
The figure 0.4 is taken from the fact that the braking distance from 10 km/h
in dry road conditions is approximately 0.4 metres. This has been calculated
by researchers measuring the braking distance. Thus, in the simplified
formula, we base our calculations on the braking distance at 10 km/h and
increase it quadratically with the increase in speed.
Example of calculation with a speed of 10 km/h:
10 km/h ⇒ 1
1*1=1
1 * 0.4 = 0.4 metres braking distance
Example of calculation with a speed of 50 km/h:
50 km/h ⇒ 5
5 * 5 = 25
25 * 0.4 = 10 metres braking distance
More precise method
Conditions: Good tyres and good brakes.
Formula: d = s2 / (250 * f)
d = braking distance in metres (to be calculated).

s = speed in km/h.
250 = fixed figure which is always used.
f = coefficient of friction, approx. 0.8 on dry asphalt and 0.1 on ice.
Example of calculation with a speed of 50 km/h on dry asphalt:
502 / (250 * 0.8) = 12.5 metres braking distance
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Theory Book
Stopping distance
Stopping distance = reaction distance + braking distance
Calculate the stopping distance with the easy methods
It is summer and the road is dry. You are driving at 90 km/h in a

car with good tyres and brakes. You suddenly notice a hazard on
the road and brake forcefully. How long is the stopping distance if
your reaction time is 1 second?
The stopping distance is the reaction distance + braking distance. First we

calculate the reaction distance:
90 km/h ⇒ 9
9 * 1 * 3 = 27 metres reaction distance
Then we calculate the braking distance:
90 km/h ⇒ 9
9 * 9 = 81
81 * 0.4 = 32 metres braking distance
Now both distances are combined:
27 + 32 = 59 metres stopping distance
195
Test your knowledge
How is the reaction time affected by worn tyres?

A) It decreases.
B) It increases by approximately 50%.
C) It increases by approximately 100%.
D) It is not affected at all.
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Theory Book
Correct answer
D) It is not affected at all.
Explanation
The reaction time depends solely on the human driver and has nothing to do with the
properties of the car.
197
Tyres
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Theory Book
Tyres
Different types of tyres
Summer tyres are the type of tyre you must
use when the prevailing road conditions are not
wintry.
Winter tyres come in 2 varieties:
Studded tyres: Good grip on snow and icy

surfaces, but cause a lot of wear of wear on
the roads.
Friction tyres: Good grip on snow, slightly Studded winter tyres.

less on ice, less wear on the roads.
Year-round tyres are not suitable in Sweden.
The main differences between summer and winter tyres are the tread pattern and the
rubber compound. If summer tyres are used in the winter, the more sensitive rubber
can become hard and therefore have worse properties.
Tread depth
Tyres Tread depth
New tyres 8–9 mm
Worse wet grip 3–4 mm
Minimum permitted on summer tyres 1.6 mm
Minimum permitted on winter tyres 3 mm
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When it is obligatory to use winter tyres,
and when it is prohibited
The legal requirement for winter tyres in winter road conditions: 1 December–
31 March.
It is prohibited to have studded tyres 16 April–30 September unless the

prevailing or expected road conditions are wintry.
Winter road conditions exist when there is snow, ice, slush or frost on some part of
the road.
Clarification about winter tyres

It is 4 May, and there are winter road conditions. Am I allowed to
use studded tyres?
– Yes, as there are winter road conditions.
It is 1 July and no winter road conditions can be expected. Am I

allowed to use non-studded winter tyres?
– Yes, only studded tyres are forbidden. However, consider that the
performance of the winter tyres will be degraded in hot weather. If your car is
not safe to drive, it is forbidden.
It is 10 December and autumn weather (no winter road

conditions). Am I allowed to use summer tyres?
– Yes, the dates forcing you to have winter tyres only apply during winter road
conditions. However, consider that the performance of the summer tyres will
be degraded in cold weather. If your car is not safe to drive, it is forbidden.
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Theory Book
Tyre-related facts
Correct air pressure is important for safety and
the lifespan of the tyres. See the car’s user
manual and information from the tyre
manufacturer.
It is prohibited to combine summer tyres

and winter tyres. It is also prohibited to combine
studded winter tyres and non-studded winter
tyres.
Exception: If you get a puncture on a car

fitted with winter tyres, you may use a
summer spare tyre until the winter tyre has
been fixed.
Correct air pressure is
Changing only one tyre leads to a deterioration important.
of the car’s handling. You should therefore
change both tyres on the same axle. It is best to change all tyres at the same
time.
After changing a tyre, you should re-tighten the wheel bolts after several
tens of kilometres of driving in order to reduce the risk of them loosening.
Summer tyres with snow chains may be used as an alternative to winter tyres.
Tyres are subjected to greater wear at higher speeds.
Smooth driving is better for the tyres.
The tread is the patterned part of the tyre that is in contact with, and is worn
by, the road surface.
Retreaded tyres are used tyres that have been fitted with new treads. These
are cheaper, but may potentially have worse properties than brand new tyres.
Friction is the resistance between two objects sliding against one another. Ice
skates on ice = low friction. Eraser on paper = high friction. The friction between
the tyres and the road must be high in order to achieve the best grip.
Tread wear indicators are small pieces of rubber which sit inside the grooves
of the tyres. When the tyre tread has worn down so much that it is level with the
tread wear indicators, the tyre should be changed as soon as possible.
201
Tyre fault
Incorrect wheel alignment causes the car to pull to one side if you hold the
steering wheel loosely on a straight road. This leads to uneven wear on the tyres.
It can be caused by the tyres bumping into something.
Incorrect balancing causes the steering wheel to vibrate occasionally. This

leads to increased tyre wear.
Spare tyre in the event of a puncture

A regular spare tyre is exactly the same type of tyre that the car normally has.
You are allowed to drive with this just as with a regular tyre. However, it is often
best to repair the old wheel and put it back, as having a brand new tyre on one
side can impair the car’s handling.
A temporary spare is a narrower tyre version that is only suitable for use in
order to get the car to a workshop. The car’s user manual contains instructions
regarding the maximum speed, maximum distance and the air pressure for the
temporary spare.
If the regular or temporary spare is a summer tyre and the others are studded tyres,
you are permitted to drive with the tyre until the studded tyre has been repaired.
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Theory Book
Studded tyres on a trailer

If the car has studded tyres, then the trailer must also have studded tyres in winter
road conditions. If the trailer has studded tyres, then the car does not need to have
them.
This is to avoid the risk of jack-knifing, which occurs when the car has better grip
than the trailer during braking. The result will be that the trailer skids to the side in
an uncontrolled manner.
Examples
Car with studded tyres and trailer with studded tyres =

permitted
Car without studded tyres and trailer with studded tyres =

permitted
Car with studded tyres and trailer without studded tyres =

not permitted
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Theory Book
205
Test your knowledge
When driving in winter conditions, do you have to

have studded tyres on the trailer if you have studded
tyres on your car?
A) Yes.
B) Only if it is a trailer with brakes.
C) No.
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Theory Book
Correct answer
A) Yes.
Explanation
“If the car has studded tyres, a trailer connected to the car must also have studded
tyres when driving in winter conditions.” (Swedish Transport Agency)
If the car has better grip than the trailer, there is a chance that the trailer will keep
going when the car brakes and fold around the car like a folding pocketknife.
207
Steering
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Theory Book
Steering
Oversteering
The car turns too much as the back tyres lose grip.
The result is a rear-wheel slide (fishtailing).
This normally affects rear-wheel drive cars.
To avoid oversteering, put the best tyres at the back.
Causes of oversteering
Aquaplaning with the back tyres.
Forceful braking.
Forceful acceleration with a rear-wheel drive car.
Tail-heavy car (too heavy a load at the rear).
Insufficient air in the back tyres.
Worn back tyres.
Connected trailer or caravan.
Crosswind.
209
Illustration: oversteering
The driver first turns the wheel normally, to steer the car around the bend.
The driver then notices that the rear wheels are losing their grip and gliding to
the left, which the driver tries to compensate for by turning the wheel to the
left instead of the right (so that the front wheels of the car also go to the left, in
the hope of straightening up the car to regain control).
However, the grip is too poor and the rear-wheel slide continues.
Note that the red wheels always point in the direction of the road, which is
desirable. If the driver had kept turning the wheel to the right in the
beginning, the car would have spun much faster and harder.
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Theory Book
Understeering
The car turns too little as the front tyres have insufficient grip.
The car wants to continue travelling straight ahead at the bend.
This normally affects front-wheel drive cars. (Most new cars have front-wheel
drive.)
Better than oversteering, as understeering requires less of the driver.
Causes of understeering
Aquaplaning with the front tyres.
Braking without ABS brakes.
Forceful acceleration in a front-wheel drive car.
Insufficient air in the front tyres.
Nose-heavy car (too heavy a load at the front).
Worn front tyres.
Connected trailer or caravan.
Locked differential (the wheels are forced to move at the same speed in bends).
211
Illustration: understeering
The driver first turns the wheel normally, to steer the car around the bend.
The driver then notices that the car is not reacting sufficiently, so turns the
wheel more sharply.
However, there is not enough friction between the tyres and the road. Without
friction, the car will remain on the same course. Here there is a certain amount
of friction, which means that the car simultaneously continues straight ahead
and turns to the right.
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Theory Book
Steering system
Power steering is a system that makes it easier to turn the wheel.
Choppy steering probably indicates that dirt or air has entered the servo.
A shaking steering wheel is normally caused by imbalance in the front

wheels or looseness in the steering mechanism.
Electronic stability control

A computer with sensors detects whether
a wheel is spinning or if the car is hastily
turned in a certain direction. The
computer uses this information to
calculate the best measure for resolving
the situation (e.g. applying brakes to one
of the wheels).
These calculations and corrections take

place so quickly that the driver will not
normally notice anything. The electronic
systems are very good from a road safety
perspective.
Different names
ESC should always be on.
Different manufacturers have different
names for their electronic systems. A few examples:
Anti-skid system.
Anti-spin system.
DSTC (Dynamic Stability and Traction Control).
ESP (Electronic Stability Program).
ESC (Electronic Stability Control).
213
Aquaplaning
Aquaplaning essentially means
that the car becomes a boat
without steering. The tyres are
unable to disperse all of the
water from beneath it and
thereby do not make contact
with the road. In other words,
the car floats on the water.
Wider tyres mean that more

water needs to be pushed
aside, which leads to a greater
Red = the amount of water that has to be
risk of aquaplaning.
dispersed for the tyres to have contact with the
Slushplaning is the same road.
thing as aquaplaning, though
it involves snow and slush rather than water.
Factors that increase the risk of aquaplaning or similar

loss of control
Large pools of water.
High speed.
Wide tyres.
Tyres with poor tread depth.
If you begin aquaplaning

Do not make any sudden movements with the steering wheel.
The wheels should point in the direction of the road, so that you do not
begin to skid when the grip returns.
Depress the clutch.
Release the accelerator.
Do not brake.
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Theory Book
215
Test your knowledge
Which type of tyre entails the greatest risk of

aquaplaning?
A) Extra-narrow tyres.
B) Normal tyres.
C) Extra-wide tyres.
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Theory Book
Correct answer
C) Extra-wide tyres.
Explanation
Red = the amount of water that has to be dispersed for the tyres to have contact
with the road.
Wider tyres mean that more water needs to be pushed aside, which leads to a greater
risk of aquaplaning.
217
Brakes
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Theory Book
Brakes
Dual-circuit brake system
Dual-circuit brake systems entail the footbrake being divided into two independent
parts. If one circuit (brake for two wheels) fails, the second circuit (remaining two
wheels) functions as normal. This increases the level of safety and is a feature of all
but the oldest of cars.
Modern cars have hydraulic brakes. This means that the braking force is
transferred from the pedal to the brakes with the help of a special brake fluid.
When the brake fluid reaches the wheel, it

operates the brake. There are two different
types of brakes: disc brakes and drum brakes.
Disc brakes
Disc brakes have an open brake disc and a
caliper that is pressed against the disc when you
brake. These brakes are the most common on
new cars.
Wheel removed from a car with

Drum brakes
disc brakes. The brake caliper is
Drum brakes have a closed construction the blue part.
consisting of a round drum. Inside the drum are
brake shoes which are pressed against the drum when you brake.
ABS brakes
Anti-lock brakes (ABS) help you to maintain control of the car (manoeuvrability)
in conjunction with forceful braking. The braking distance can be decreased, but
in certain cases may be increased.
219
How ABS brakes work
1. You press down the brake pedal hard, which causes the wheels to lock and the
car glides forward.
2. The ABS system instantly senses that the wheels have locked.
3. The ABS system releases some of the pressure on the brakes so that the wheels
begin to turn.
4. The ABS system then adapts the braking force so that it is as strong as possible
without becoming excessive and locking the brakes.
As the wheels are not locked, you can steer in conjunction with braking with ABS.
This is very important if you need to swerve to avoid something.
When you brake hard in a car that is fitted with ABS, the pedal may begin to stutter
and pulsate (it sounds as if something is wrong). This is entirely normal,
however, as this is how the ABS system works.
You should continue to hold down the pedal as hard as you can, without
releasing, however strange it feels.
Faulty brakes – test

In order to test the brakes, press the pedal down hard for 20 seconds and check for
the following:
If the brake pedal sinks very low, this indicates wear.
If the pedal continues to sink slowly, despite the fact that you have reached
the bottom, this means there is probably a leak in the brake system. This poses a
very serious traffic hazard and must be rectified immediately.
If the pedal feels springy, this may be due to air in the brake system. Take the
car to a workshop to have this rectified.
It is also important to test the brakes once in a while. If the car is pulling to one side,
it is time to take it to a workshop.
It is especially important to test the brakes after washing the car, as water can
have a negative effect on them. Forceful, controlled braking will dry up the moisture.
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Theory Book
Brake fluid
The brake lines are filled to maximum capacity and,
when you press on the brake pedal, the brake fluid
wants to exit via the other end. This is not possible, as
the system is closed. The result is that the fluid
presses on the brakes so that the car stops.
One problem with brake fluid is that it attracts

moisture/water, which can lead to a deterioration
of its properties. This means that it should be
changed every two years.
Brake servo (vacuum

Brake fluid is normally
servo) yellow.
Just like power steering, the brake servo helps by

reducing the force required from you when depressing the brake pedal. The brake
servo only works when the engine is running.
Test to see if the brake servo is working:
1. Pump the brake pedal a few times with the engine switched off.
2. Start the car with the brake pedal depressed.
3. If the pedal sinks when the engine starts, the servo is working as it should.
221
Parking brake (handbrake)
The handbrake is there to stop the car
from rolling when it is parked. This
normally applies to the brakes on the back
wheels. Things to consider with the
handbrake:
There is a risk that it may freeze in

place in cold, damp weather.
It may seize up if you do not use it

regularly.
In addition to the parking brake, it is

good to put the car in first gear, as
this further reduces the risk that the
Electronic parking brake.
car will roll.
Check to see whether the parking brake is working (does not work with
electronic parking brake):
Set the car rolling down a hill and then pull on the brake.
Try to drive with the brake on.
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Theory Book
223
Test your knowledge
What is likely to be the problem if the brake pedal

feels springy when you apply the brake?
A) A leak in the brake system.
B) Worn-out brakes.
C) Air in the brake system.
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Theory Book
Correct answer
C) Air in the brake system.
Explanation
If there is a leak, the pedal will go down slowly (the brake fluid is pushed out). If the
brakes are worn, it will take longer than normal but the pedal will still feel rigid. Air
in the brake system makes the pedal feel springy, as the air moves around the system
unpredictably.
225
Crash safety
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Theory Book
Crash safety
Crumple zones
1: Crumple zones
These areas are crumple zones, which 1
means that they have been designed to
crumple in the event of a crash.
Why should they crumple? Is it not

better for them to be very hard?
– No, compare a collision with jumping
off a roof. You would want to have 2 2
something soft to land on. The same thing
applies to a crash – without soft crumple
zones, there will be a dead stop, which
means that your body would be subjected
to extreme stress. 1
Note, however, that the crumple zones are

not too soft, as this would lead to you
being crushed in the crash.
2: Particularly vulnerable areas

The sides are more vulnerable as the surface for absorbing the force of the collision is
much thinner. Car manufacturers attempt to solve this problem by inserting special
pillars that distribute the crash force, and by installing side airbags.
Safety belt (seat belt)

The safety belt is an extremely good form of crash protection. It is easy to use
and the chances of surviving a crash increase dramatically.
You have to use it, as it is required by law.
Tighten the belt properly so that it sits close to the body (remove thick jackets).
227
There are two main types of belt in private cars:
Two-point belt (waist belt): Only fastens over the waist. This was
previously the most common type, and is still sometimes used for the
middle seat in the back.
Three-point belt: The belt runs across the waist and then diagonally
across the body towards the neck. This provides better protection than the
two-point belt. Note that the upper part of the belt should sit as close to the
neck as possible and not out on the shoulder.
Belt tensioners are found in newer cars. This is an automatic system that pulls
the belt hard in the event of a crash.
For pregnant women, it is better that the belt sits under the belly so that the
baby is not squashed. If you are far into your pregnancy, it may be best not to
drive at all, as the child runs the risk of being injured by the steering wheel and
airbag in the event of a collision.
Airbag
Sit at least 25 cm from the airbag –
otherwise it can injure you when it
inflates.
It takes just 0.1 seconds for the airbag

to fill up.
Can lead to serious injury if the seat

belt is not used at the same time.
Triggered at speeds over 20–30

km/h. Disconnect the airbag if a child safety
There are different types of airbags: seat is used on the passenger side.
In the steering wheel: This is the most common type, which protects the
driver in the event of a collision.
Front passenger seat: Protects the passenger in the front. Note that it
must be disconnected if a child safety seat is used.
Side airbags: Protect you in the event of a collision from the side.
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Theory Book
Head restraint
The head restraint is not a comfort feature – it is an important form of
protection for the neck in the event of a collision.
Position it so that your head does not pass over the top of the head restraint
when leaning back.
Whiplash
Whiplash injuries are sustained when the neck is thrown about violently in the
event of a collision, damaging the neck muscles.
Common in the event of rear-end collisions.
A whiplash injury often passes, but can remain for a long time and can also lead
to muscle pain, headaches and difficulties sleeping.
Car manufacturers are always striving to improve protection for the neck in
order to avoid whiplash injuries.
229
Test your knowledge
Should the airbag on the front passenger seat be

activated if a rear-facing child seat is installed there?
A) Yes, always.
B) Yes, but only if the child is over 3 years old.
C) No, never.
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Theory Book
Correct answer
C) No, never.
Explanation
If the airbag triggers, this will push the child safety seat against the front seat with
great force. The child will be exposed to a great impact, and there is also a risk that
the child may become trapped against the front seat.
Please note that the question says activated (that is: on, engaged).
231
Child safety seats
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Theory Book
Child safety seats

It is the driver’s responsibility to ensure that children under the age of 15 have
the correct protection.
Children shorter than 135 cm must have some form of special child protection.
Exception 1: Occasional trips in the back seats of taxis are permitted if the
child is under 3 years old.
Exception 2: Occasional trips over short distances for children over 3 years
old and under 135 cm are permitted if the child sits in the back seat with a
seat belt on.
Baby car seat

0–9 months old or until the
child is able to sit steadily.
The airbag must be

disconnected if the baby car
seat is placed in the front seat.
A rear-facing baby car seat

provides the best protection.
Rear-facing child
safety seat
7 months to 4 years old, or until
the child’s head reaches the A rear-facing baby car seat.
edge of the child safety seat.
The airbag must be disconnected if the child safety seat is placed in the front
seat.
Front-facing child safety seats exist, but the rear-facing type is preferable from a
safety viewpoint.
233
Booster seat / booster cushion
4 years and until the child is over 135 cm tall.
The airbag must be disconnected if the booster cushion is placed in the front
seat.
The back seat offers the safest

placement.
Taking away the

child seat and
sitting like an
adult
The child’s height is the
primary determinant for which
form of protection is suitable,
but by the age of 10, most
children manage with adult
Rear-facing child safety seat with ISOFIX.
seats.
At a height of 135 cm, the child can sit without a booster seat/booster cushion,
but not in a seat with an airbag.
At a height of 140 cm, the child can sit anywhere, just like an adult, i.e. even in
a seat with an airbag.
234
Theory Book
235
Test your knowledge
At what point is it safe for a child to sit like an adult in

a seat without an airbag?
A) When the child is at least 135 cm tall.
B) When the child is at least 140 cm tall.
C) When the child is at least 150 cm tall.
236
Theory Book
Correct answer
A) When the child is at least 135 cm tall.
Explanation
“All children under 135 centimetres tall shall be put in a special protection device in
the car, i.e. a baby car seat, a child safety seat, a booster seat or booster cushion.”
(Swedish Transport Agency)
Please note that the questions says without an airbag. If it is a seat with an airbag,
the correct answer would be 140 cm.
237
Length & width
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Theory Book
Length & width

Laterally (to the sides)
A load may protrude by a maximum of 20 cm to the sides.
The total width may be a maximum of 260 cm (2.6 m).
Example 1, allowed
260 cm
20 cm 20 cm
The load protrudes by a maximum of 20 cm to the sides and does not exceed
the width of 260 cm.
239
Example 2, not allowed
260 cm
40 cm
The width of 260 cm is not exceeded, but what makes this prohibited is that
the load protrudes 40 cm to one side.
240
Theory Book
Example 3, not allowed
280 cm
No load is sticking out, but the vehicle is wider than 260 cm. This means that
it may not be driven on normal roads.
241
Length
The length of a regular car, including its load, may be up to a maximum of 24
metres. (Special rules apply that permit longer loads, but these rules mainly
apply to trucks and require the fulfilment of very specific criteria.)
Forward protrusion: Must be marked.
Exception: If the part protruding forward is shorter than 1 metre and it is

clearly visible to other road users, it does not need to be marked.
Rear protrusion: Must be marked if the load protrudes by more than 1 metre.
Marking in daylight
Flags or similar in clear colours to both the front and rear.
Marking in the dark (or if required by weather conditions)

Front: Lamp with white light and white reflectors.
Rear: Lamp with red light and red reflectors.
3m 4m
13 m
This is permitted. The maximum length of 24 metres is not exceeded, and, as the
load protrudes by 3 and 4 metres, respectively, it has been correctly marked.
242
Theory Book
Marking when towing

When towing, the tow rope shall be marked if the distance between the vehicles is
greater than 2 metres.
2.1 m
The tow rope is clearly marked as it is over 2 metres long.
Marking trailers
Front
White reflectors.
White position lights on trailers wider than 160 cm.
Sides
Orange lights.
Orange reflectors.
Rear
Rear lights.
Brake lights.
Indicators.
Rear registration plate light.
Red triangular reflectors.
243
Test your knowledge
260 cm
40 cm
Is it permitted to drive the car on a public road?

A) No, as the width is 260 cm.
B) No, as the load protrudes 40 cm on one side.
C) Yes, as the width does not exceed 260 cm.
D) Yes, as the load does not protrude at all on the other side.
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Theory Book
Correct answer
B) No, as the load protrudes 40 cm on one side.
Explanation
“If a motor vehicle or a vehicle coupled to this has a load where either side
protrudes more than 20 centimetres outside the vehicle, or if the vehicle’s width,
including load, exceeds 260 centimetres, [...] the vehicle or a vehicle coupled to this
may only be driven on a private road.” (Road Traffic Ordinance)
Review of the options:
No, as the width is 260 cm.

– Wrong, the width may be exactly 260 cm, but not more.
No, as the load protrudes 40 cm on one side.

– Correct, according to the quote from the Road Traffic Ordinance.
Yes, as the width does not exceed 260 cm.

– Wrong, as this answer implies that it is permitted to drive the car with this
load.
Yes, as the load does not protrude at all on the other side.
– Wrong, as this answer implies that it is permitted to drive the car with this
load.
245
Loads
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Theory Book
Loads
Correct loading
The following are the basis for correct loading:
Secure the load with a strap or similar. Unsecured

loads that slide around can cause major damage in
the event of forceful braking or a collision.
Position the load right at the front of the boot so

that it will not be projected forwards. If the load is
already tucked right in against the back seats in the
boot, it has nowhere to go in the event of forceful
braking.
Position the heaviest part of the load at the

Ratchet strap.
bottom in order to reduce the risk of it being
dislodged and potentially causing damage.
It is normally during braking that the load and fastenings are subjected to the
greatest pressures. The fastening must at least withstand a movement of:
80% of the cargo weight in a forward direction.
50% of the cargo weight in a backwards direction and to the sides.
If you have loaded a refrigerator weighing 40 kg onto a trailer, the straps must
withstand a minimum pressure of 32 kg (80% of 40) in a forward direction and 20 kg
(50% of 40) in the other directions.
Weight terminology
Unladen weight: Unladen car with standard setup including driver (75 kg).
Maximum load: Maximum permitted load in accordance with the registration

certificate.
Total weight: Unladen weight + maximum load.
Gross weight: The weight at a given time.
247
Light trailers
With a category B licence, you are only allowed to tow a light trailer. Note that there
is a difference between what is classed as a light trailer and whether or not the car is
permitted to tow the trailer.
What counts as a light trailer?

1. Trailer with a maximum total weight of 750 kg.
2. Trailer where the maximum total weight for car + trailer is 3,500 kg (3.5
tonnes).
If point 1 (max. 750 kg) is met, point 2 does not apply.
Example 1 (light trailer)
Total weight 2,100 kg Total weight 1,400 kg
The combined total weight (2,100 kg + 1,400 kg = 3,500 kg) is 3.5 tonnes
exactly, but does not exceed 3.5 tonnes. The trailer is classed as light.
Example 2 (not a light trailer)
Total weight 1,800 kg Total weight 2,000 kg
The combined total weight (1,800 kg + 2,000 kg = 3,800 kg) exceeds

3.5 tonnes, which means that the trailer is not classed as light.
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Theory Book
Example 3 (light trailer)
Total weight 600 kg
No calculations need to be done. The trailer’s total weight is less than 750 kg
and is therefore always classed as light.
Clarification about example 3

The trailer in example 3 is always classed as light, as it weighs less than
750 kg.
Does this mean that I can pull this trailer with any car?
– No, you must always check your car’s maximum trailer weight. A trailer can
be classed as light but still be forbidden for you to pull, if the car cannot
handle the weight.
My car weighs 3,500 kg and is designed to handle a 750 kg trailer. I

have a regular category B licence. May I pull a 750 kg trailer and
thus reach a combined total weight of 4,250 kg?
– Yes. The rule gives you the right to pull a 750 kg trailer. It is unusual for a
car to weigh 3,500 kg, but if your car is that heavy, 3,500 kg + 750 kg is
permitted on a regular category B licence (not extended B96, not BE).
Please note that this becomes invalid when the trailer exceeds 750 kg.
Examples:
Car 3,500 kg + trailer 750 kg = 4,250 kg = allowed on a B licence
Car 3,499 kg + trailer 751 kg = 4,250 kg = not allowed on a B licence
Car 3,000 kg + trailer 800 kg = 3,800 kg = not allowed on a B licence
249
Is the car permitted to tow the trailer?
In practice, calculations are seldom necessary. All of the information you need is
found in the car registration certificate:
The car with this registration certificate is permitted to tow a trailer weighing a
maximum 2,100 kg, though not with a regular category B driving licence,
as O.3 stipulates that the maximum trailer weight for a category B driving licence is
910 kg.
Am I permitted to use this car to tow a trailer weighing 2,300 kg with the
extended B category (B96) or BE licence?
– No, as the maximum weight of 2,100 kg may never be exceeded, regardless of
category. The car is not built to handle heavier trailers.
250
Theory Book
Ball pressure
Ball pressure is the pressure that the trailer’s coupling device exerts on the car’s
towbar. Normally, the ball pressure should lie somewhere around 30–100 kg.
High ball pressure

Excessive load at the front of the trailer. This results in poor traction with the front
wheels, and may cause other road users to be dazzled by the dipped headlights.
The load is at the very front of the trailer, and is therefore pressing the coupling
device towards the ground. The car is forced to follow it and the front end is
elevated.
Low ball pressure

Excessive load at the back of the trailer. This results in poor traction with the rear
wheels.
The load is at the very back of the trailer, and is therefore tipping the trailer
backwards, which in turn pushes the coupling device upwards. The rear of the car
is lifted by the coupling device.
251
Regulations concerning trailer brakes
A service brake must be fitted on trailers with a total weight exceeding 750 kg.
A parking brake must be fitted on trailers with an unladen weight exceeding

400 kg.
Marking heavy lorries and heavy trailers

Reflector on a trailer with a total
Reflector on a heavy lorry
weight exceeding 3.5 tonnes
The lorry has a trailer, which means that the overtaking distance will be longer.
252
Theory Book
253
Test your knowledge
Is the trailer classed as a light trailer if it is connected

to the car?
A) Yes
B) No
254
Theory Book
Correct answer
A) Yes
Explanation
With a regular category B licence, you are only allowed to tow a light trailer. The
following count as a light trailer:
1. Trailer with a maximum total weight of 750 kg.
2. Trailer where the maximum total weight for car + trailer is 3,500 kg
(3.5 tonnes).
Does the combined total weight exceed 3.5 tonnes?

2,100 kg + 1,100 kg = 3,200 kg = Under 3.5 tonnes
255
Lights
256
Theory Book
Lights
Different types of lights
Dipped headlights
The norm is to use a combination of dipped headlights and parking lights. There are
however prohibited light combinations:
Dipped headlights + fog lights = prohibited
Dipped headlights + daytime running lights = prohibited
Dipped headlights + auxiliary high beam lights = prohibited
Fog lights + daytime running lights = prohibited
Full beam headlights

Full beam headlights are the car’s most
powerful lights. Use them as often as you
can when it is dark outside. As full beam
headlights are so strong, they may dazzle
other road users. It is prohibited to
use full beam headlights:
When oncoming vehicles are so

close that the driver can be dazzled
(also applies to trains, trailers and
vessels).
When you are behind another You are not allowed to user your full
vehicle (the driver is dazzled beam headlights here because there is
through their mirrors). oncoming traffic. Furthermore, the
road is sufficiently lit.
When the road is sufficiently lit by
daylight or street lights.
You do not need to dim your full beam headlights for pedestrians. Pedestrians can
easily avoid being dazzled by looking away. With full beam headlights you can see
pedestrians more clearly, which is important from a safety perspective.
257
If you approach a junction with a lot of traffic, it may be a good idea to turn off the
full beam headlights as you otherwise risk dazzling the crossing traffic.
If you approach an oncoming lorry at the crest of a hill, you must dim your full
beam headlights as soon as you see the position lights on the roof, as the driver’s cab
is positioned high up in relation to private cars.
Full beam headlights often enable you to see better. Sometimes, however, it can be
the opposite. If you are driving in heavy fog or snow, try switching to dipped
headlights to see if visibility improves.
In order to avoid being dazzled by oncoming cars at night-time, fix your gaze on
the right-hand side of the road.
Indicators
As a rule, indicators are placed at the back, front and sides of the car. They are to be
used when you intend to:
Turn right or left.
Change lane.
Turn around.
Pull out from the side of the road.
Manoeuvre the car sideways in any other notable manner.
Clarification regarding the use of indicators

I am driving on a priority road and see this sign. Do I
need to indicate if I intend to continue to the right?
– Yes, you must show the other road users what you intend to do.
I have positioned my car in the left-hand lane. Do I need to

indicate left when I turn?
– Yes, oncoming traffic cannot see the arrows on the ground.
258
Theory Book
Hazard warning lights

Hazard warning lights must be used in the event of an emergency stop or similar.
The hazard warning lights normally use the same lights as the normal indicators. The
difference is that all lights flash at the same time.
Fog lights
The front fog lights have a stronger beam than the
dipped headlights and are therefore more
effective in fog. It is permitted to use fog lights
instead of dipped headlights in daylight, but these
two types may never be used in combination.
In darkness, it is only permitted to use fog lights

instead of dipped headlights in the event of fog or
Front fog lights are on.
heavy rain.
Rear fog light

The rear fog light is a very powerful red light that
is used to alert drivers behind you when visibility
is drastically reduced. The rear fog light is
dazzling, so it must be turned off as soon as you
feel that the vehicle behind you has seen you.
Daytime running lights

Rear fog light is on.
Daytime running lights are used to increase the
car’s visibility. When it is daylight and visibility is good, daytime running lights can
be used instead of dipped headlights. Not all cars have daytime running lights.
Combining daytime running lights with dipped headlights or fog lights is prohibited.
259
Auxiliary high beam lights
Auxiliary high beam lights can be fitted to the car in order to strengthen the full
beam headlights. There are two different types of auxiliary high beam lights:
Cornering lamps illuminate the area close to the car so that you can see
clearly along the edges.
Spot lights cast a narrow beam forward so that you can see further up ahead.
Parking lights
Parking lights should be used
when the car is stopped or
parked in poor visibility. This
is in order for other road users
to see the car. The parking
light is low-power and can
usually be left on for many
hours without draining
the battery.
Rear lights
Symbol for parking lights. In some car
At least two red lights.
instruction manuals, these may be called position
lights. But the basic function remains the same –
Brake lights to ensure that your car can be seen in the dark.
Red lights that come on when
the brake pedal is depressed. The brake lights always emit a stronger light than the
rear lights.
Reversing light
White light that comes on when the car is in reverse gear.
Rear registration plate light

Lights up automatically and illuminates the registration plate.
260
Theory Book
Correct dimming of full beam headlights

Oncoming traffic
1. Drive with full beam headlights for as long as you can. It is important that you can
see what is happening on the road ahead.
2. When the full beam headlights meet on the road or when you feel that you are
dazzled by the other car, it is time to switch to dipped headlights.
3. Exactly at the point when you are level with the other car, switch back to full
beams.
261
Overtaking
1. Drive with full beam headlights for as long as you can. It is important that you can
see what is happening on the road ahead.
2. When you are close to the car that you are to overtake, it is time to dim your full
beams.
3. Exactly at the point when you are level with the other car, switch back to full
beams.
4. Now it is the car that has been overtaken that must turn off their full beam
headlights in order not to dazzle you.
262
Theory Book
Bends
At this bend, car A must switch off their full beam headlights quickly so as not to
dazzle B. Car B, however, can have their full beams on for longer, as the beams are
pointing away from A.
Visibility in darkness
Dark clothing without reflectors
Dipped headlights: 25 m
Full beam headlights: 150 m
Light clothing without reflectors

With reflectors
263
Test your knowledge
Do you have to turn off your full beam headlights

when approaching a train travelling in the opposite
direction?
A) Yes, if there is a risk of dazzling the driver.
B) No, as the full beams of a car do not affect the driver of a train.
264
Theory Book
Correct answer
A) Yes, if there is a risk of dazzling the driver.
Explanation
“Full beam headlights may not be used [...] when meeting an oncoming track-
bound transport [...] if there is a possible risk of dazzling the driver.” (Road Traffic
Ordinance)
The train driver must be able to see the tracks. There could be an elk on the line
further ahead, for example. The driver of the train must then have good visibility in
order to activate the emergency brake.
265
Safety checks
266
Theory Book
Safety checks
External safety check
1. Turn on the parking lights, and check the front and rear lights, the reflectors,
and the rear registration plate light. Clean as necessary.
2. Turn on the ignition, dipped headlights, left indicators and rear fog light.
3. On the left side: Check the front wheel. Does the tread depth look OK, and is the
tyre round (rather than flattened) at the bottom, front indicator, headlights
(dipped), rear wheel, rear light, rear indicator and rear fog light.
4. Switch on the full beam headlights and right indicators.
5. On the right side: Check the front wheel (as above), front indicator, headlights
(full beam), rear wheel, rear light and rear indicator.
6. Turn off the lights and indicators.
7. Ask another person to press the brake pedal while you are standing behind the
car, to check that the brake lights work.
Internal safety check

1. Adopt the correct driving position and check the mirrors and that the doors are
shut.
2. Turn on the windscreen wipers (wash as necessary) and check the heating
controls (especially for the windscreen, and the defroster for the rear window).
3. Beep the horn once and fasten your seat belt (adjust until it is fastened tightly).
4. Press down hard on the footbrake and keep it depressed; it should feel rigid.
5. Turn the steering wheel slightly and start the car. You should be able to feel that
the power steering is functioning correctly (the brake pedal sinks and the
steering wheel becomes easy to turn).
6. Check that the handbrake works by pulling it and attempting to drive away
carefully, forwards or backwards (or by releasing it on a slope).
267
Driving position
1. Adjust the seat so that you are sitting comfortably (you should be able to angle
your wrists over the steering wheel).
2. Adjust the head restraint so that it is positioned roughly in the centre of the back
of your head.
3. Adjust the rear view mirror and the side mirrors.
4. Fasten your seat belt (raise or lower the upper belt clip as necessary).
5. Depress the clutch.
6. Start the engine.
7. Turn on the necessary regulator systems (e.g. fan) and check that the correct
lights are switched on.
268
Theory Book
269
Test your knowledge
What is the smallest permitted tread depth on winter

tyres in winter conditions?
A) 1.0 mm
B) 1.6 mm
C) 3.0 mm
D) 3.2 mm
270
Theory Book
Correct answer
C) 3.0 mm
Explanation
“In winter road conditions during the period 1 December–31 March, the tread
depth must be at least 3 mm.” (Swedish Transport Agency)
271
Roadworthiness tests
272
Theory Book
Roadworthiness tests
The roadworthiness test
(inspection) is carried out in order
to reduce the number of accidents
caused by technical faults, and to
prevent excessive emissions of
harmful substances.
The roadworthiness test is

obligatory in Sweden and is carried
out by an approved testing
company. Bilprovningen – one of several possible
alternatives.
What is checked during the

roadworthiness test
Frame – that the car’s load-bearing structure has not been damaged by, for
example, severe rusting.
Wheels and control system – that there is no damage to the front or back
wheels. The tyres’ condition and tread depth are also checked.
Drive system – the engine, and the electrical, exhaust and drive systems.
Brake system – the function, effectiveness and evenness of the brakes.
Bodywork – seat belts, windows and doors.
Communication – lights, indicators, horn, windscreen washer fluid and

warning triangle.
Environment – the exhaust emissions are compared with the threshold

values.
Other – towbar, instrument lights and speedometer.
273
How often and when the car shall be
inspected
It often happens that one or more testing companies contact you when it is time for
the roadworthiness test. The responsibility is however on you to ensure that the
vehicle is inspected on time.
When the car shall be inspected

A new car must be inspected for the first time no later than 3 years
(36 months) after the month when it was first taken into service.
The second inspection must be conducted no later than 2 years (24 months)
after the month in which the first inspection was conducted.
Subsequent inspections must be conducted no later than 14 months after the

month in which the most recent inspection was conducted.
To simplify, a car older than 5 years must be inspected every year. It is recommended
that you schedule an inspection for the same month every year, and treat the 2 extra
months as a margin of safety.
Please note that the last day for inspection is always the last day of the month. This is
because you start counting in the month after the most recent inspection.
Examples of inspection dates

When is a car that was first registered on 2 April 2022 to undergo inspection?
No later than 30 April 2025
When is a car that was inspected for the first time on 5 October 2022 to undergo
inspection again?
No later than 31 October 2024
Your car was made in 2015, and the last inspection was on 8 June 2023. When is
the next inspection due?
No later than 31 August 2024
274
Theory Book
More rules concerning roadworthiness

tests
If the inspection is not conducted during the prescribed period, a driving ban
is automatically imposed on the vehicle until it is inspected.
You must rectify any faults identified during the inspection. Otherwise, a
driving ban will be imposed on the vehicle.
A police officer or vehicle inspector has the right to check a vehicle at any time.
This is known as a vehicle spot inspection.
If the vehicle changes (for example, if the engine is replaced), it must be

subjected to a registration inspection within 1 month. A registration
inspection is thus different from a regular inspection (roadworthiness test).
275
Test your knowledge
How often do you have to inspect a car that is more

than 5 years old?
A) No later than 6 months after the previous inspection.
B) No later than 12 months after the previous inspection.
C) No later than 14 months after the previous inspection.
D) No later than 24 months after the previous inspection.
276
Theory Book
Correct answer
C) No later than 14 months after the previous inspection.
Explanation
A new car must be inspected for the first time no later than 3 years
(36 months) after the month when it was first taken into service.
The second inspection must be conducted no later than 2 years (24 months)
after the month in which the first inspection was conducted.
Subsequent inspections must be conducted no later than 14 months after the

month in which the most recent inspection was conducted.
277
Services
278
Theory Book
Services
Car battery
The car battery stores electricity for the
parts of the car that are powered by
electricity, such as the radio and the starter
motor.
Check the battery by checking the level of

fluid inside (there are often MIN./MAX.
levels).
Warning: battery.
If the level is too low, top up the battery with
distilled water. Maintenance-free batteries are also available, which must be
replaced when they stop working.
When the engine is running, the battery is charged by a generator.
The battery deteriorates over time.
The fluid in the battery is corrosive. You must therefore handle the car battery
with care.
Fuses
Fuses protect the car’s electrical system from being damaged by an
overload.
If something powered by electricity has stopped working, it is likely that a fuse

needs changing. In a used fuse, the wire fuse element between the ends/mounts
has come away (burned up).
Check the car’s user manual to see where the fuse box is located.
Radiator
The radiator’s job is to prevent the engine from overheating.
279
If the engine temperature is too high, it may be because the car has too little
coolant. You should not open the radiator when the engine is warm, however, as
it may release very hot steam and burn you.
The radiator must be replenished with coolant, which consists of water and
glycol.
Engine oil
Engine oil is used to lubricate the
engine so that none of its parts seize up.
The oil level is checked using the dipstick by

the engine compartment. Pull out the stick,
wipe it (to remove oil splashes caused by
motion), dip it in the oil tank and bring it up
again to check the mark.
Warning: oil pressure.
The oil is normally replenished by removing a
screw cap on the engine block bearing the text OIL.
Windscreen washer fluid

Windscreen washer fluid helps the windscreen wipers to wash the
windscreen.
You check the level by looking at the windscreen washer fluid container under
the bonnet.
280
Theory Book
Starting the engine using starter cables

When using starter cables to start a car, it is important to proceed in the following
order. Failure to do so can result in an oxyhydrogen gas explosion.
1. Connect the batteries’ positive terminals together using the red cable (it does
not matter in which order you connect them).
2. Connect one end of the black cable to the negative terminal on the car which is
assisting.
3. Connect the other end of the black cable to an unpainted metal surface on the
car which is not starting. This is in order to earth the cable. The metal surface
must be as far away from the battery as possible.
4. Start the engine on the car that is assisting.
5. Attempt to start the engine on the car that is receiving assistance. Do not make
too many attempts, however, as this can damage the catalytic converter.
6. First remove the black cable connected to the metal surface.
7. Then remove the black cable from the battery of the assisting car.
8. Finally, remove the red cable. The order in which you remove the ends is not
important.
281
Test your knowledge
What does it mean if this symbol lights up on the

dashboard?
A) Incorrect oil pressure.
B) The windscreen washer fluid is running low.
C) The fuel tank is almost empty.
282
Theory Book
Correct answer
A) Incorrect oil pressure.
Explanation
The car’s user manual will tell you what the lights mean. The standard symbol for
incorrect oil pressure is an oil can (slight variations in design may occur).
283
Registration
certificates
284
Theory Book
Registration certificates
All registered vehicles have a registration certificate issued by the Swedish Transport
Agency.
Part 1 – information about the vehicle

Contains
Technical information about the vehicle.
Information about leasing and purchasing on credit.
Authorisation code for internet services.
Other general information about the vehicle.
Used for
Notification of on-road status.
Notification of off-road status.
Ordering registration plates.
Ordering Part 2.
285
Example
Below is an extract from Part 1, which contains technical information about the
vehicle. The information found here includes, for example, the maximum permitted
weight for a trailer.
286
Theory Book
Part 2 – certificate of ownership and

change of ownership
Contains
Ownership information.
The most recent owners of the vehicle.
Other general information about the vehicle.
Used for
Change of ownership.
Deregistration.
As Part 2 is used for change of ownership, it is important that you store this part of
the registration certificate somewhere safe. The glove compartment is a bad place to
keep Part 2!
How to register a change of ownership of the vehicle

The easiest way to change ownership is via the Swedish Transport Agency’s website
or app. You can also fill in the buyer’s personal details in Part 2 and send it by mail.
Important information about a change of ownership

The new owner must take out third-party insurance that applies from the date
specified for the change of ownership.
Check one another’s personal details using a personal data checking

service. If the information is incorrect, the Swedish Transport Agency will be
unable to complete the change of ownership, which would result in
complications and additional costs.
287
On-road and off-road status
By registering your car as being off the road, you avoid having to pay vehicle tax
and third-party insurance. There are different ways to submit notifications of the
on-road or off-road status of your vehicle:
Internet and app.
Part 2 of the registration certificate.
If a driving ban has been imposed on the vehicle, this does not mean that it will
automatically have off-road status. You must always actively submit an off-road
notification yourself.
A vehicle with registered off-road status may only be driven to and from the
roadworthiness test, provided that third-party insurance has been paid, and there
are no motor vehicle tax arrears.
It is also forbidden to tow a vehicle with off-road status.
288
Theory Book
289
Test your knowledge
Which statement applies to a vehicle’s off-road

status?
A) A vehicle automatically has off-road status if it has not been used for a period of 5
years.
B) A vehicle automatically has off-road status if the vehicle tax has not been paid.
C) A vehicle automatically has off-road status if it is the subject of a driving ban.
D) A vehicle is never automatically given off-road status.
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Theory Book
Correct answer
D) A vehicle is never automatically given off-road status.
Explanation
“It is a common misconception that a vehicle is automatically given off-road status
if it is subject to a driving ban after missing a roadworthiness test, for example.
That is not the case! A vehicle is never automatically given off-road status – you
are responsible for submitting an off-road notification to us.” (Swedish Transport
Agency)
291
Insurance
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Theory Book
Insurance
Car insurance can be divided into 3 levels: third-party insurance, partial
insurance and fully comprehensive insurance. What is included in the various types
of car insurance differs from one insurance company to the next.
Home insurance can provide you with compensation if you have been injured in an
accident, lost baggage or similar.
It is good practice to keep an insurance claim form in the car. Order one from
your insurance company.
Different levels of car insurance

Third-party insurance
Covers personal injury and damage to another party’s car or property. Therefore
if your own car is damaged, you will not receive compensation.
Obligatory, i.e. every motorised vehicle must have third-party insurance.
If you have not submitted any claims for a number of years, you can receive a
cheaper third-party insurance premium through a no-claims bonus.
If you are penalised for reckless driving or drunk driving, the insurance
company may claim money back from you (right of recourse).
Partial insurance
Covers everything included in third-party insurance plus:
Theft – if the car is stolen or it is damaged during an attempted theft.
Fire – if the car begins to burn.
Glass – e.g. stone chips.
Machine – if the engine breaks down.
Legal protection – legal costs are covered.
293
Fully-comprehensive insurance (motor vehicle damage
insurance)
Covers everything included in third-party insurance and partial insurance
plus:
Damage to your own car in the event of a traffic accident.
Scratches and dents.
Vandalism.
Salvage and towing.
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Theory Book
295
Test your knowledge
What type of damage is not covered by third-party

insurance?
A) Damage to your own vehicle.
B) Damage to someone else’s vehicle.
C) Personal injury.
296
Theory Book
Correct answer
A) Damage to your own vehicle.
Explanation
“Third-party insurance [...] Note that you are not compensated for [...] damage to
your own vehicle”. (Swedish Transport Agency)
297
Environment
298
Theory Book
Environment
Why you should learn about the
environment
The whole world is trying to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions. A significant part of
those emissions is caused by vehicle traffic. The Swedish Parliament, government
and public agencies therefore have an interest in ensuring that people are as
environmentally friendly as possible.
Environmental objectives in the criteria for a category B

licence
Be aware of the environmental requirements set for the vehicles.
Understand the correlation between driving style and environmental impact

(eco-driving).
Understand how your choice to drive (rather than take the train, for example)
impacts on the environment.
Greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect is named after the function of a greenhouse. The rays of the
sun come in through the glass roof of the greenhouse, providing heat. Most of that
heat then remains in the greenhouse, creating a suitable environment for the plants.
The same process also occurs naturally on a larger scale, whereby the Earth
represents the plants and the Earth’s atmosphere represents the glass roof.
The problem arises when the greenhouse effect is unnaturally enhanced. This is what
happens when we extract fossil fuels from the earth and burn them. One of the
residues that form is carbon dioxide (the most important greenhouse gas).
The carbon dioxide rises and gets caught in the atmosphere, which essentially
thickens the ‘glass roof’, causing it to trap too much heat.
299
Normal greenhouse effect
The rays of the sun (yellow arrows) pass through the atmosphere (grey line) and
reach the Earth. Much of the heat is absorbed (red dots) and the excess bounces off
the Earth’s surface and is reflected back out into space (red arrows).
Enhanced greenhouse effect
The car releases emissions into the atmosphere, which makes it thicker. When the
atmosphere gets thicker, some of the heat rays reflected back from the surface
cannot get through. These rays instead bounce back towards the Earth while
emitting more heat. In other words, the Earth is getting warmer than it otherwise
would.
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Theory Book
Consequences
There are many potential consequences of a warmer climate.
Examples of climate change consequences

Natural disasters – meltwater from giant glaciers can cause major flooding.
Agricultural disturbances – certain food crops are highly sensitive to

changes in temperature, and very small changes can make their cultivation
impossible.
Diseases – viruses and bacteria that cannot withstand our currently cold
climate may spread to Sweden.
Water shortage – a large part of the Earth’s population uses glacier meltwater
as drinking water. If the glaciers melt, these people will have no water to drink.
Equipment and technology

Catalytic converters
Catalytic converters transform the harmful substances in exhaust
fumes into carbon dioxide and water.
80–95% of the harmful substances are eliminated.
Catalytic converters have an operating temperature of 400–600°C, which means

that it takes a while for them to function properly.
Engine heaters
The engine heater is located underneath the bonnet and is used to warm up the
engine. There are many benefits to an engine heater:
The catalytic converter starts working sooner.
Lower fuel consumption.
Less wear on the engine.
301
How long the engine heater should be turned on:
+10°C: 30 minutes before leaving.
0°C: 60 minutes (1 hour) before leaving.
-20°C: 90 minutes (1.5 hours) before leaving.
Keeping the engine heater on for too long

is both unnecessary and wasteful (as it
consumes electricity without adding any
benefit).
Reducing air resistance

The fewer wind-catching areas there are,
the less fuel is needed to propel the car.
Things to consider when it comes to air It is not only the weight of the
resistance: caravan that increases fuel
consumption – the increased air
Remove rails and roof boxes when resistance also makes a difference.
not in use.
Avoid large spoilers etc. (The aerodynamic benefits are often negligible on
regular cars).
Drive with the windows shut. An open side window or sunroof disrupts the
airflow around the car, which leads to greater air resistance.
Avoid tyres that are too wide.
Correct tyre pressure

Tyres with high air pressure will roll more easily than tyres with less air in them. The
more easily the car rolls, the less fuel it takes to propel it. It also reduces the wear on
the tyres. See the car’s user manual and information from the tyre manufacturer.
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Theory Book
Use the air conditioning sparingly

Air conditioning (AC) systems use a lot of energy. If you turn off the AC, you can save
5–10% in fuel consumption.
Washing the car correctly

You should wash your car in a location intended for that purpose, such as a car wash
at a petrol station. These places have special floor drains that collect any harmful
residues from the water.
Waxing your car not only makes it look good – the wax also forms a protective film
which means that less dirt sticks to the car. This in turn means fewer washes are
necessary, which is good for the environment.
Chemical emissions
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
The greenhouse gas that contributes the most to the greenhouse effect and
climate change.
The combustion of fossil fuels, such as petrol and diesel, is a major cause of
carbon dioxide emissions.
Carbon monoxide (CO)

Impairs the oxygen uptake in the blood.
Leads to tiredness, and can be life-threatening in large amounts.
Catalytic converters reduce carbon monoxide emissions.
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Cause cancer.
May impact on genetic material.
Contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone.
303
Nitric oxide (NOx)
Contributes to the acidification of soil and eutrophication of lakes.
Impacts on human genetic material and airways.
Contributes to the formation of tropospheric ozone.
Tropospheric ozone
Ozone that forms too close to the ground is harmful to plants and animals.
Soot and harmful particles

Common problem in cities with many cars.
Affect the airways and can cause cancer.
Noise
Disturbing car noise is a common occurrence in cities.
Noise protection reduces the problems.
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Theory Book
305
Test your knowledge
Why should you remove a roof box when not using it?
A) It constitutes a traffic hazard, as it may fall down.
B) It increases air resistance and thereby fuel consumption.
C) The plastic of the roof box emits harmful particles to the air.
306
Theory Book
Correct answer
B) It increases air resistance and thereby fuel consumption.
Explanation
“Roof boxes and rails create unnecessary air resistance and slow the car down. A
roof box can increase fuel consumption by more than 1 decilitre for every 10
kilometres travelled.” (Swedish Transport Administration)
307
Eco-driving
308
Theory Book
Eco-driving
Avoid first gear
First gear is appropriate when starting. First gear gives the car a lot of power.
However, the downside of this is that a lot of petrol is used.
For this reason, it is best to shift to a higher gear as soon as you can. Normally after a
few metres.
Drive in as high a gear as possible

High gear means a high number (5th = high, 1st = low).
Most modern cars can handle 50 km/h in 5th gear. However, if you notice the car
getting sluggish or the engine starting to cough, you should shift to a lower gear.
Also note that, in older cars that

do not have fuel injection systems,
carburettors may get clogged with
soot if you drive in too high a gear.
Accelerate fairly
quickly
A car driving constantly at the
same speed consumes less fuel
than an accelerating car. For this Keep the engine under 2,500 rpm.
reason, it is best to get up to the
desired speed as quickly as it is safe to do so, and not prolong the acceleration phase.
But remember to keep the engine below 2,500 rpm.
309
Avoid the clutch
Only use the clutch when you have to, i.e. when shifting gears. The engine uses fuel
when the clutch pedal is depressed.
Skip gears
You gain momentum more quickly and avoid too much clutch work. Examples of
gear skips:
2nd ⇒ 4th
3rd ⇒ 5th
Utilise engine braking

A car that is using engine braking consumes no fuel. The actual brake effect is
produced by the friction inside the engine.
How to brake using the engine

Engine braking involves completely releasing the accelerator pedal. Keep an
eye on the tachometer and shift to a lower gear just before it reaches 1,200–
1,300 rpm. If the rpm level falls below this amount, the engine will start to
consume fuel again.
Avoid braking and stopping

Minimal fuel consumption is achieved by driving along at a constant speed. Every
time you brake, you waste the energy that you used in order to build up your speed.
When you see a red light ahead, you can engine brake and keep moving slowly
forwards (without stopping) and hope that it will turn green. The worst thing you can
do is to approach at a high speed, brake hard to come to a stop just before the red
light, and then accelerate to your original speed again after having been stationary.
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Theory Book
Clarification regarding eco-driving

Traffic safety is always a higher priority than eco-driving. If you need to brake
hard in order to avoid hitting a pedestrian, you should never worry about
engine braking in order to be environmentally friendly – just step on the
brake!
How important is eco-driving during the driving test?

– The most important thing is that you use eco-driving when it is appropriate.
311
Test your knowledge
Which statement is true regarding engine braking?

A) It reduces your fuel consumption.
B) It increases your fuel consumption.
312
Theory Book
Correct answer
A) It reduces your fuel consumption.
Explanation
“The point of engine braking is that you can completely turn off the fuel feed while
reducing your speed. Braking less using your foot saves fuel [...] If you let up on the
accelerator completely when the engine is running at above 1,500–1,600 rpm, there
will be no fuel at all delivered to the engine. Once you are down to 1,200–1,300
rpm, the engine starts taking in fuel again. You should therefore shift down before
reaching 1,200–1,300 rpm in order to keep the consumption to zero.” (Swedish
Transport Administration)
313
Fuels
314
Theory Book
Fuels
Petrol
Petrol is the most common fuel used in
cars today.
It is a fossil fuel that contributes to the

greenhouse effect and climate change.
The petrol sold in Sweden is of

environmental class 1, which contains
fewer harmful substances.
Filling up a petrol-driven car.
The octane rating indicates the
flammability of the petrol. In Sweden, you
can buy petrol with the octane ratings 95 and 98. 95 octane petrol is
recommended for most cars.
Diesel
Is a fossil fuel that contributes to the greenhouse effect and climate change.
The only diesel sold in Sweden is of environmental class 1, which contains fewer
harmful substances.
Diesel vehicles generally produce more dangerous particles than petrol.
The emissions of a diesel engine compared to a petrol

engine with a catalytic converter
2–3 times more hydrocarbons.
10–15 times more particles.
Higher nitric oxide levels.
A diesel car with a particle filter and a high environmental classification emits a
significantly smaller amount of harmful particles.
315
Alternative fuels
Electricity
Electric cars are becoming increasingly common. They do not release any harmful
substances and electricity is also cheaper than petrol.
The downside of electric cars today is partly the price, and partly that they have a
shorter range than the corresponding model of petrol car. Another factor is that the
electric car is only as clean as its energy source. If the electricity is produced by hydro
power, it is clean. If it comes from coal, however, then it is not good for the
environment.
The battery of the electric car contains large amounts of rare-earth metals extracted
from mines. Mines create pollution, and the working conditions are sometimes bad.
Ethanol (E85)
Ethanol is a type of alcohol that is extracted from plants such as wheat and sugar
cane (renewable sources). The shift from petrol to ethanol is relatively minor (similar
technology is used).
Ethanol is better for the environment than the fossil fuels, but there are a few
problems. The process of manufacturing ethanol is not environmentally friendly, and
when it is made with wheat, crops that could otherwise have been used for food are
used for fuel instead. Another downside is that the fuel cost is often the same as for
petrol.
Natural gas
The type of gas most commonly used for vehicles is CNG, which is made either of
fossil or organic fuel. How environmentally friendly the gas is depends on its source.
Hybrid
Hybrid cars have two different energy systems. This is often both environmentally
friendly and practical. If, for example, the hybrid car has an electrical engine and a
petrol engine, the electrical engine can be used for shorter distances in built-up
areas. When a longer range and more power are required, the petrol engine takes
over.
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Theory Book
Environmental classifications
All new cars that are sold within the EU have to fulfil certain environmental
requirements. The requirements in Euro 5 are more lenient than those in Euro 6, for
example.
Environmental zones
Municipalities can declare different environmental zones where
only certain types of vehicles are allowed.
Environmental
zone
(E31)
317
Test your knowledge
Which alternative best describes a hybrid car?

A) A car that runs on electricity alone.
B) A car that runs on electricity and petrol.
C) A car that uses less than 0.3 litres per ten kilometres travelled.
D) A car that runs solely on solar energy through the use of solar cells.
318
Theory Book
Correct answer
B) A car that runs on electricity and petrol.
Explanation
The most common combination is electric + petrol.
319
Road signs
320
Theory Book
Road signs
Warning signs (A)
Dangerous curve Multiple dangerous Steep hill downwards

(A1) curves ahead (A3)
(A2)
Steep incline Road narrows Opening or swing

(A4) (A5) bridge
(A6)
Quayside or river Uneven road ahead Speed bump warning

bank (A8) (A9)
(A7)
Slippery road Loose chippings Falling rocks or debris

(A10) (A11) ahead
(A12)
321
Pedestrian crossing Pedestrian warning Children
ahead (A14) (A15)
(A13)
Cyclists and moped Skiers Horse riders

riders (A17) (A18)
(A16)
Animals Roadworks Roadworks ends

(A19) (A20) (A21)
Traffic signals Low-flying aircraft Beware of dangerous

(A22) (A23) crosswinds
(A24)
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Theory Book
Beware of two-way Tunnel Soft verge or high

traffic ahead (A26) carriageway edge
(A25) (A27)
Junction Warning for a Roundabout ahead

(A28) junction where road (A30)
users on a connecting
road are obliged to
give way or stop
(A29)
Slow-moving vehicles Horse-drawn vehicles Off-road scooter

(A31) (A32) traffic
(A33)
Queues likely Level crossing with Level crossing without

(A34) gates gates
(A35) (A36)
323
Junction with Distance to level Train crossing
tramway line crossing (A39)
(A37) (A38)
Other dangers Accident

(A40) (A41)
324
Theory Book
Priority signs (B)
Give way Obligation to stop Pedestrian crossing

(B1) (B2) (B3)
Priority road Priority road ends Priority for oncoming

(B4) (B5) vehicles
(B6)
Priority over Bicycle crossing

oncoming vehicles (B8)
(B7)
325
Prohibitory signs (C)
No entry No vehicles No motor vehicles

(C1) (C2) other than class II
mopeds
(C3)
No motor vehicles No motorcycles or No motor vehicles

with more than two class I mopeds with a connected
wheels (C5) trailer
(C4) (C6)
No heavy trucks No tractors or class II No vehicles carrying

(C7) motorised equipment dangerous goods
(C8) (C9)
No bicycles or class II No class II mopeds No horse-drawn

mopeds (C11) vehicles
(C10) (C12)
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Theory Book
No off-road motor No horse-riding No pedestrians

vehicles or off-road (C14) (C15)
trailers
(C13)
Restricted vehicle Restricted vehicle Restricted vehicle

width height length
(C16) (C17) (C18)
Minimum distance Restricted gross Restricted gross

between motor weight of vehicle weight of vehicle and
vehicles (C20) vehicle combination
(C19) (C21)
Carrying capacity Restricted weight on Restricted weight on

classification one axle tandem axle
(C22) (C23) (C24)
327
No left/right turn at No U-turn No overtaking
the junction (C26) (C27)
(C25)
No overtaking ends No overtaking with a No overtaking with a

(C28) heavy truck heavy truck ends
(C29) (C30)
Speed limit Temporary speed Stop at customs point

(C31) limit ends (C33)
(C32)
Stop for stated No parking No parking on odd-

purpose (C35) numbered dates
(C34) (C36)
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Theory Book
No parking on even- Date parking No stopping or

numbered dates (C38) parking
(C37) (C39)
Purposeful location Purposeful location Turning area

(C40) ends (C42)
(C41)
Turning area ends No traffic with other Special rules for

(C43) motor vehicles with stopping and parking
studded tyres than (C45)
class II mopeds
(C44)
Restricted weight on
triple axle
(C46)
329
Mandatory signs (D)
Direction to be Keep left/right Roundabout

followed (D2) (D3)
(D1)
Bicycle path Footpath Compulsory path for

(D4) (D5) pedestrians, cyclists
and moped drivers
(D6)
Compulsory paths for Path for rider on Compulsory route for

pedestrians, cyclists horseback off-road motor
and moped drivers (D8) vehicles and off-road
(D7) trailers
(D9)
Reserved lane or Reserved carriageway, Direction of travel for

carriageway for public lane, road or vehicles carrying
transport vehicles, etc. thoroughfare ends dangerous goods
(D10) (D11) (D12)
330
Theory Book
Instruction signs (E)
Motorway Motorway ends Clearway

(E1) (E2) (E3)
Clearway ends Built-up area Built-up area ends

(E4) (E5) (E6)
Pedestrian street Pedestrian street ends Home zone

(E7) (E8) (E9)
Home zone ends Recommended lower Recommended lower

(E10) speed speed ends
(E11) (E12)
331
Recommended Recommended Merging lanes
maximum speed maximum speed ends (E15)
(E13) (E14)
One-way traffic No through road Passing place

(E16) (E17) (E18)
Parking Zone sign Zone ends

(E19) (E20) (E21)
Bus stop Taxi Automatic traffic

(E22) (E23) surveillance
(E24)
Road charge Tunnel Emergency refuge

(E25) (E26) area
(E27)
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Theory Book
Emergency exit Emergency exit route Special rules for

(E28) (E29) parking
(E30)
Environmental zone Environmental zone Bicycle street

(E31) ends (E33)
(E32)
Bicycle street ends

(E34)
333
Direction signs
Direction signs for road information (F)
Direction sign Direction sign when Direction sign

(F1) junction turn is (F3)
prohibited
(F2)
Exit sign Direction sign Direction sign

(F4) (F5) (F6)
Direction and exit Lane assignment sign Collective sign for

sign (F8) route directions
(F7) (F9)
Place name Street name Watercourse

(F10) (F11) (F12)
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Theory Book
Distance sign Road number Diversion

(F13) (F14) (F15)
Number of lanes Lane ends Lane separation on

increases (F17) this section
(F16) (F18)
Connecting road with Connecting road in a Lane division before

acceleration lane separate lane junction
(F19) (F20) (F21)
Country border Diversion route Direction during

(F22) (F23) diversion
(F24)
Lane ends Lane closed Interchange number

(F25) (F26) (F27)
335
Parking facility Park and ride Local loop
(F28) (F29) (F30)
Sign for certain types Dangerous goods Emergency site

of vehicle or category (F32) (F33)
of road user
(F31)
Direction signs for pedestrians and cyclists (F)
Direction sign Direction sign Place name

(F34) (F35) (F36)
Distance sign Bicycle route

(F37) (F38)
336
Theory Book
Direction signs with information about establishments,

etc. (G)
Postal office Emergency telephone Radio station for

(G1) (G2) traffic information
(G3)
Hospital Industrial area Railway station

(G4) (G5) (G6)
Bus station Airport Fire extinguisher

(G7) (G8) (G9)
Commercial area Ferry Passenger ferry

(G10) (G11) (G12)
337
Direction signs for information about services, etc. (H)
Information point Vehicle workshop Fuel

(H1) (H2) (H3)
Vehicle gas Light refreshments Restaurant

(H4) (H5) (H6)
Hotel Hostel Holiday village

(H7) (H8) (H9)
Cottage Camp site Caravan site

(H10) (H11) (H12)
Picnic area Toilets Bathing beach

(H13) (H14) (H15)
338
Theory Book
Recreational area Hiking trail Chair lift

(H16) (H17) (H18)
Ski tow Golf course Fishing licences for

(H19) (H20) sale
(H21)
National heritage Advance information Bed and breakfast

(H22) about nearby services (H24)
(H23)
Shop Handicrafts Charging station

(H25) (H26) (H27)
339
Site only for motor
homes
(H28)
Direction signs for information about tourist attractions (I)
Tourist route Tourist area Landmark

(I1) (I2) (I3)
World heritage
(I4)
340
Theory Book
Information signs (J)
Information sign Danger, high voltage

(J2) (J3)
341
Symbols (S)
Heavy lorry Heavy lorry with Private car

(S1) trailer (S3)
(S2)
Private car with trailer Bus Tractors or class II

(S4) (S5) motorised equipment
(S6)
Motorcycle Bicycles or class II Trailer

(S7) mopeds (S9)
(S8)
Pedestrians Disabled Private car class II

(S10) (S11) (S12)
Passenger boat
(S13)
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Theory Book
Additional panels (T)
Length of road section Distance Distance to

(T1) (T2) mandatory stop
(T3)
Safe width Total weight Time indication

(T4) (T5) (T6)
Disabled Symbol panel Visually impaired

(T7) (T8) (T9)
Hearing impaired Extent Direction

(T10) (T11) (T12)
All-roads give way All-roads stop Direction of priority

(T13) (T14) road
(T15)
343
Fee Parking disc Duration of parking
(T16) (T17) permitted
(T18)
Residents Parking ticket Positioning of vehicles

(T19) (T20) (T21)
Text Tunnel category Charging station

(T22) (T23) (T24)
Open 24 hours a day

(T25)
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Theory Book
Traffic signals (SIG)
Red Red + amber Green

(SIG1) (SIG2) (SIG3)
Amber Flashing amber Red acoustic signal

(SIG4) (SIG5) with slow intervals
(SIG6)
Green acoustic signal S S+horizontal line

with rapid intervals (SIG8) (SIG9)
(SIG7)
Vertical line or arrow Horizontal line Red cross

(SIG10) (SIG11) (SIG12)
345
Amber arrow or Green arrow Red flashing light
arrows (SIG14) (SIG16)
(SIG13)
Fixed red light Flashing amber light

(SIG17) to indicate extra
caution
(SIG18)
346
Theory Book
Road markings (M)
Centre line Edge line Warning line

(M1) (M2) (M3)
Guide line Bicycle lane line Line for public

(M4) (M5) transport vehicles, etc.
(M6)
Reversible lane Solid line Prohibited zone

(M7) (M8) (M9)
Centre line and solid Warning line and Centre line and
line solid line warning line
(M10) (M11) (M12)
347
Stop line Give way line Pedestrian crossing
(M13) (M14) (M15)
Bicycle passage or Speed bump Bicycle box

bicycle crossing (M17) (M17a)
(M16)
Preparatory Lane selection arrows Change of lanes

information regarding (M19) (M20)
the obligation to give
way or to stop
(M18)
No stopping or No parking No stopping or

parking (M22) parking, or no parking
(M21) (M23)
348
Theory Book
Parking space Pedestrian and bicycle Bicycle

(M24) arrow (M26)
(M25)
Pedestrians Bus Speed

(M27) (M28) (M29)
Route number Specific purpose area Stop

(M30) (M31) (M32)
Disabled Information
(M33) (M34)
349
Other signs (X)
Arrow marker Marking for obstacle Marking for obstacle

(X1) (X2) on the side, speed
bumps, etc.
(X3)
Exit marker Illuminated amber Special hazard

(X4) arrow or arrows warning device
(X5) (X6)
Barrier Temporarily closed Roundabout traffic

(X7) (X8) (X9)
Pole marker
(X10)
350
Theory Book
Signals at railway crossings and level

crossings (Y)
Red flashing light Sound signal Barrier

(Y1) (Y2) (Y3)
Level crossing marker

(Y4)
351
Traffic officer (V)
Stop Drive on
(V1) (V2)
Identification mark
(V3)
The car shows your direction of travel.
352
Theory Book
Signals by police officers (P)
Stop Stop
(P1) (P2)
Stop Drive forward

(P3) (P4)
Reduce speed
(P5)
353
Checkpoint
(P6) Advance notice of
checkpoint
(P7)
Reduce speed Reduce speed

(P8) (P9)
Follow and stop Pull over to the side of

behind the police the road and stop in
vehicle front of the police
(P10) vehicle
(P11)
354
Theory Book
355
Test your knowledge
Which signs indicate the direction to be followed?

A) A and C only.
B) B and D only.
C) All of them.
D) None of them.
356
Theory Book
Correct answer
C) All of them.
Explanation
Mnemonic rule:
Diagonal (twisted/slanting) arrows = pass on this side (the arrow indicates the
correct lane).
Horizontal/Vertical (straight) arrows = direction to be followed (the arrow

indicates a direction).
357
Court cases
358
Theory Book
Court cases
A has turned right at a junction where the priority-to-the-right rule applies. B
was temporarily on the wrong side of the road, because the driver was passing
the parked car, C. The result was a collision.
The court found that both A and B had acted wrongly. A’s obligation to give
way in accordance with the priority-to-the-right rule was considered to apply
to all traffic on the carriageway to the right – i.e., including traffic travelling in
the wrong lane. B was criticised for travelling on the wrong side of the road in
a situation where it was not safe to do so.
It is also worth noting that car C has parked in a way that is not permitted
(at a junction). This is a clear example of why parking at a junction is not
permitted.
359
Although travelling at an actual speed of around 90 km/h, the car’s
speedometer showed only 75 km/h. The supreme court considered this to be
speeding, even though the driver was not aware of the problem with the
speedometer.
A driver left their car to deliver goods to a property 200–300 metres away.
The court of appeal considered this to be a case of parking and not stopping to
unload, because the activity did not take place in close proximity to the car.
There was a continuous yellow line that extended

for around 5 metres ahead of a pedestrian
crossing. A driver had parked in front of the line.
5m
The line should actually have been 10 metres long
(the distance in the rule on the prohibition of
parking ahead of a pedestrian crossing).
The court of appeal ruled that the driver had a

responsibility to measure the distance, and that
the incorrectly painted line did not mean that it was permitted to park so close
to the pedestrian crossing.
A driver left their car at a place where the unloading of goods was permitted,
but where parking was prohibited. The driver unloaded the goods into their
shop, and continued to unpack and sort the goods while the car remained
standing outside (for around 10 minutes). This was not permitted, as
unpacking/sorting cannot be considered to be the same as unloading.
A drunk person sat on a moped and propelled it forwards by kicking against

the ground with their feet (with the engine turned off). The supreme court
ruled that the drunk person was operating a motorised vehicle, even though
the engine was not running.
360
Theory Book
A residential area had a delimited area for parking. A short road led from the
parking area to a road for regular traffic.
The supreme court ruled that this was an exit and that the priority-to-the-right
rule therefore did not apply, even though there were two roads that intersected
with each other. It was deemed that the exit rule applied, and that drivers
leaving this area had an obligation to give way.
The priority-to-the-right rule does not apply. B is driving on a regular road

for normal traffic. A has an obligation to give way to B, in accordance with
the exit rule. What is important here is that the road on which A is driving
has no other purpose than serving the delimited area.
While driving, a person experienced an epileptic fit that caused them to lose
consciousness. The court of appeal ruled that this constituted recklessness in
traffic because the driver had been aware of the risk of such a fit occurring.
361
A driver splashed two pedestrians. The driver noticed what had happened but
did not stop. The court of appeal considered this to be a case of leaving the
scene of an incident.
A driver reversed into a parked car. The driver got out and looked but could
not see any damage. The driver drove away with the intention of contacting
the owner of the other car later. This was considered by the court of appeal to
constitute leaving the scene of an accident.
A driver drove around a residential neighbourhood several times within a

short space of time. The driving was jerky, with repeated acceleration and
braking. The court of appeal ruled that residents had been unnecessarily
disturbed and convicted the driver, even though the driver claimed that the
purpose of driving in this way was that they were looking for a friend.
A driver entered an area close to some houses and revved the engine hard,
which made a lot of noise. The court of appeal considered to this be causing
unnecessary disturbance, and convicted the driver.
A and B collided at a junction

where the priority-to-the-right
rule applied. Visibility was
obscured. A was driving at
around 50 km/h.
A
A
The supreme court convicted
both drivers for reckless driving B
– B for failing to observe the
priority-to-the-right rule, and A
for driving too fast where
visibility was obscured.
362
Theory Book
The court of appeal has ruled that parking again in the same parking space is
only permitted if another driver has been given a realistic opportunity to park
in the space.
Example: If you have parked in a space where parking is allowed for 10

minutes, a new 10-minute period will not begin if you merely reverse out of
the space and immediately drive back in and resume your parking.
A person with heart disease was at the top of a multi-storey apartment block
and could not walk down the stairs to pay a renewed parking fee. Despite this,
the court of appeal considered that the person was obliged to pay a renewed
fee.
The driver of a parked car was convicted of reckless behaviour in traffic by

suddenly opening the door so that it hit a passing cyclist.
Running out of fuel does not give a driver the right to leave their car in a place
where parking is not permitted. The court of appeal has ruled that drivers
must be aware and ensure that there is enough fuel in the vehicle.
The machine for parking tickets was not working. The court of appeal
considered that it was not permitted to park in the area without having paid
the fee.
A driver stopped in order to help move the car in front, which had broken
down. Stopping was prohibited here, and the driver who had stopped to help
was issued with a parking fine. The court of appeal cancelled the parking fine,
as the driver had stopped in order to clear the road and make it accessible.
363

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Theory Book

Driving Licence Book (körkortsboken på engelska)

© 2007–2023 Hagberg Media AB

Be especially considerate of children, school traffic wardens, people with

Do not cause any unnecessary disturbance or obstruction.

No-one has any rights, only joint obligations.

Road, carriageway, lane & hard shoulder

The carriageway is both lanes CARRIAGEWAY

The lane is where the cars are

The hard shoulder is the area

This is a safety zone that shall primarily be used by pedestrians, cyclists,

Always keep a safe distance. There is always the possibility of someone

Do not take any unnecessary risks.

Be sure to maintain wide safety margins.

Do not stress, make sure you have plenty of time.

Be prepared for unexpected things to happen.

Think ahead and imagine what could happen.

Drive smoothly and brake in good time.

4. Rules (the priority-to-the-right rule, etc.).

Be in control of the vehicle.

Be able to stop in the event of foreseeable obstacles.

Take other traffic into consideration.

Take the vehicle’s condition and load into consideration.

Take the weather and road conditions into consideration.

Built-up area: 50 km/h.

Outside of built-up area: 70 km/h.

However, there are more

1. You are reported for not giving way to a pedestrian.

When it comes to ambiguous rules, you must therefore make a reasonable

Test your knowledge

You intend to turn right at the junction. Are you

The correct answer is shown on the next page.

“An instruction by means of a non-flashing light at a traffic signal applies ahead of

Find more questions at:

Unmarked: If there is enough room to drive a four-wheeled vehicle, this is also

Positioning of the car inside the lane

Daylight with good visibility to the sides

Drive closer to the middle of the

Right turn: As close to the right edge of the lane as possible.

When turning on a one-way road

Left turn: As close to the left edge of the lane as possible.

Right turn: As close to the right edge of the lane as possible.

There are lane assignment signs (road sign F8).

2. If the distance to the vehicle in front of you is good, check:

3. Blind spot (turn your head).

3. If everything looks good, turn on your indicator.

5. Check your blind spot one last time.

Prohibition on changing lanes

Example of unlawful slaloming.

Test your knowledge

How many lanes does this road have?

The correct answer is shown on the next page.

Find more questions at:

“I have priority, as I am driving on a priority road.”

Obligation to give way

Stop if necessary, but this is not a requirement as in the Give way

Clarification of the obligation to give way

In the example, B is overtaking C in B

direct proximity to the junction. A has

You are not permitted to move slowly forwards, you have to