Networking

Mind Map
 Introduction
Computer Network is a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single
technology.
Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange information.
A computer network is a system that connects independent computers in order to share
information and resources
Advantage of Computer Network:
Central Storage of Data
Sharing of Information
Sharing of Resources (Hardware & Software)
Reliability
Communication
Reduced Cost
Disadvantage of Computer Network:
Computer networks require a specific setup
Lack of Security
Cost of network hardware and software
Components of Data Communication:
Message It is information to be communicated
Sender The device which send the message
Receiver The device which receive the message
Transmission media It is physical path by which message travel from sender
to receiver
Protocol It is set of rules that governs data communication. Actually, it is
agreement between the sender and receiver regarding various communication
parameter.
Data Flow
Simplex In this mode of communication, data is transmitted in one direction
only. e.g., Keyboard, monitor. It uses entire capacity of channel to send the data.
Half Duplex Communication is bi-directional but not at the same time. i.e.,
Walkie-Talkie. It uses entire capacity of channel is utilized for each direction.
Full Duplex Communications is bi-directional simultaneously i.e., both sender
and receiver can send data at the same time.
Network Terminology
Node- The device connected to a network.
Client The device that requests for a service
Server The Device that renders the services
Client-Server - In this model, the data are stored on powerful computers called
Server that can be accessed by a much simpler computer called Client that are
connected by a network.
Network Interface Card or Unit (Network Adapter or LAN card) - It is hardware
that allows a computer (or device) to connect to network.
MAC (Media Access Control) address Each NIC is assigned a unique 12-digit
hexadecimal number, known a MAC address, is used as network address in
communication. The format for the MAC address is
MM : MM : MM : SS : SS : SS

Manufacturer ID Card Id
IP Address: Every device on network has unique identifier called IP address. It

(Period).
Channel It is communication path through which data is actually transmitted.
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 Communication Media- It allows data or signal to be communicated across the
devices. It is means of communication.
Data Information stored within the computer system in form of
Signal- It is electric or electromagnetic encoding of data to be transmitted. It
can be categorized into following two types:
o Analog Signal that has infinitely many levels of intensity over a period
of time.
o Digital Signal that can have only a limited number of defined values.
Bit rate It defines the amount of data transferred. It is defined as number of
bits per second (bps). [Bps Bytes per Second]
Baud The number of changes in signal per second.
Bandwidth It is difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies
contained in the signal.
IP Address vs MAC Address
IP Address MAC Address
It is of 4 bytes It is of 6 bytes
Represented by decimal number Represented by hexadecimal number
It is logical address It is physical address
Its value can vary for the same machine It is fixed address
It can be assigned only when a device is It is assigned by manufacturer of the card
connected to network irrespective of connectivity
Command to know the IP address is Command to know the IP address is
Ipconfig ipconfig/all
Switching Technique
A switched network consists of a series of interlinked nodes called switches capable
of creating temporary connections between two or more liked devices.
There are three basic switching technique
Circuit Switching: In circuit switching a dedicated path is established before
sending data from sender to receiver and entire communication is carried out
the same path.
Packet Switching In packet switching in a message is broken into a number
of parts called packet which are sent independently from sender to receiver
and reassembled at the destination.
Message Switching:

Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching

Circuit Switching Packet Switching

A dedicated path is established No dedicated path is established
Entire message follows the same path Each packet travels independently to
each other

Network Devices
Modem
It stands for modulator and demodulator
It a computer hardware device that converts data from a digital format into a format
suitable for an analog.
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 A modem transmits data by modulating one or more carrier wave signals to encode
digital information, while the receiver demodulates the signal to recreate the
original digital information.
Repeater
Repeaters are network devices that amplify or regenerate an incoming signal before
retransmitting it.
It operates at physical layer of the OSI model.
The repeater allows to transfer the data through large area distance
Hub
It is a multiport device that allows multiple computers to communicate with each
other over a network.
It is a non-intelligent network device that sends message to all ports( i.e. Broadcast)
Types of Hubs
Active Hub
It strengthens the signal and may boost noise too.
It is relatively costlier than passive hub.
Passive Hub
It repeat/copy signals.
It is relatively cheaper than active hub.
Switch
Network Switch or switch is also a network multiport device that allow multiple
computers to connect together.
Network switch inspects the packet, determine source and destination address and
route the packet accordingly.
It operates at Data Link Layer (layer 2) of OSI model.
Bridge
It connects multiple network segments having same protocol
It works at Data Link Layer (Layer 2).
Bridge does not simply broadcast traffic from one network.
Bridges use bridge table to send frames across network segments.
It also improves the overall network performance.
Router
A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or
sub networks.
It serves two primary functions:
o Managing traffic between these networks by forwarding data packets
to their intended IP addresses, and
o Allowing multiple devices to use the same Internet connection.
It connects LANs (local area networks) and WANs (wide area networks).
It operates on layer 3 or 4 in OSI model
Gateway
It is simply a device or hardware that acts as a "gate" between the networks.
It connects two networks with different transmission protocols together.
It converts information, data or other communications from one protocol or format
to another.
It operates on layer 5 of OSI model
RJ45
It stands for Registered Jack.
It is common interface to connect Twisted Pair Cable.
It is used for Ethernet and Token Ring Network.
Ethernet Card
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 It also known as NIC card.
It enables a computer to access an Ethernet network (LAN)
It has MAC id which gives it unique identity in the network.
Wi-Fi card
It is also known wireless network adaptor.
It is a wireless network technology that allows devices to communicate over
wireless signals.
It uses radio waves for the communication
Difference between Router and Switch
A network switch forwards data packets between groups of devices in the same
network, whereas a router forwards data between different networks.
Difference between a Router and a Modem
A router forms networks and manages the flow of data within and between those
networks, while a modem connects those networks to the Internet.
Difference between a Router and Gateway
A gateway is a concept while a router is a device that implements a gateway.
Router Gateway
It ensure that data packets are To connect two networks of different
switched to the right address with the protocols as a translator
best route.
It routes the data packets via similar It connects two dissimilar networks
networks
It supports dynamic Routing. It does support dynamic Routing.

Type of Network
PAN
It stands for Personal Area Network.
It is a computer network formed around a person.
It generally consists of a computer, mobile, or personal digital assistant.
Appliances use for PAN: cordless mice, keyboards, and Bluetooth systems.
PAN includes mobile devices, tablet, and laptop.
LAN
It is a group of computer and peripheral devices which are connected in a limited
area such as room, building & campus.
Higher Data Speed.
LANs are in a narrower geographic scope (up to 1 Km).
It is a private network.
MAN
A Metropolitan Area Network or MAN is consisting of a computer network that
span across a city.
It mostly covers towns and cities in a maximum 50 km range.
The dual bus in MAN network provides support to transmit data in both directions
concurrently.
WAN
It connects device across globe.
It uses public network
Internet
BSNL
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 Network Media

Guided or Wired
Telephone (T1) cable
Twisted pair cable
STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
Co-axial cable
Optical Fiber/Fibre
Unguided or Wireless
Infrared
Radio Wave
Microwave
Bluetooth
Satellite
Twisted Pair Cable
A twisted pair cable comprises of two separate insulated copper wires, which are
twisted together and run in parallel.
A STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) cable has a fine wire mesh surrounding the wires
to protect the transmission
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) cable does not has a fine wire mess.
It is also known as Cat# cable where # denote number. e.g., Cat6
Connector: RJ 45
Co-axial Cable
Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center, and a plastic layer that
provides insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield.
Connector: BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman)
Optical Fibre
An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass or plastic to a
diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.
It uses light for data transmission using total internal reflection.
Unguided Media or Wireless Media
No Physical media is used
Less Secure
Relatively low speed
Can be used for longer distance
Best suited for difficult terrain
There is no need to acquire land rights
Radio Wave
Frequency 3KHz 1GHz
Omni-Directional
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 Penetrate obstacle
Antenna of sender and receiver should not be aligned
Infrared
300GHz to 400THz
Line of sight- antenna of sender and receiver must be aligned
Short distance communication
It cannot penetrate obstacle best suited for indoor
Secure
Support high data rate
TV Remote
Microwave
1GHz to 300 GHz
Line of sight- antenna of sender and receiver must be aligned
Cannot penetrate obstacles
Rain or other disturbance cause issue with Microwave
Types of microwave propagation
Terrestrial Microwave propagation
Satellite Microwave propagation
Bluetooth
It also uses radio waves
2.4 GHz
Range 10mtr
Short distance

Topology
Physical and Logical arrangement of nodes in the network is called Network Topology.
Types of Topologies
Bus Tree
Ring Mess
Star Hybrid
Bus Topology
In Bus Topology all the nodes are connected to single cable or backbone
Both the end has terminators.

Ring Topology
In Ring Topology all the nodes are connected to each-other to form a loop.
Each workstation is connected to two other components on either side
It communicates with these two adjacent neighbors.
Data is sent and received using Token.
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 Star Topology
In Star Topology all the nodes are connected to a central device called Hub/Switch.
All communication is controlled by the central Device (Hub/Switch)

Tree Topology
In Tree Topology, the devices are arranged in a tree fashion similar to the branches of
a tree.
It has multilayer architecture.

Protocol
It is set of rules or standard that governs communication.
Types of Protocol (Broadly can be kept in two suites of Protocols vis. TCP/IP or OSI)
FTP SMTP
HTTP/HTTPS PPP
IMAP TELNET
POP3 VoIP
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
It is a protocol suite consist of two protocols Transmission Control Protocol and
Internet Protocol.
TCP ensures reliable transmission or delivery of packets on the network.
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
It is is an application-layer protocol for transmitting hypermedia documents, such as
HTML.
HTTPS (Secure Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
It is an extension of HTTP protocol for transmitting hypermedia documents, such as
HTML securely over a network.
It encrypts data to be sent using TLS (Transport Layer Security)/SSL (Secure Sockets
Layer).
FTP (File Transmission Protocol)
It is used for the transfer of computer files among hosts over TCP/IP (internet).
Telnet (TErminaL NETWork)
It is an application protocol that allows a user to communicate with a remote device.
SMTP (Simple Main Transfer Protocol)
It is used to send mail from mail client to mail server over internet.
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 POP3 (Post Office Protocol)
It provides mechanism for retrieving emails from a remote server for a mail recipient.
POP3 downloads the email from a server to a single computer, then deletes the email
from the server.
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
It is also used to retrieve mail from mail server to client over internet (TCP/IP).
It allows access to mail from different device.
VoIP (Voice over IP)
It is also known as Internet Telephony or Internet calling.
It allows to make voice calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular
(or analog) phone line.

Introduction to web services

WWW:
The World Wide Web, commonly known as the Web, is an information system where
documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators,
which may be interlinked by hyperlinks, and are accessible over the Internet.
The Web is not the same as the Internet: The Web is one of many applications built
on top of the Internet.
Tim Berners-Lee proposed the architecture World Wide Web in 1989.
Application of Internet Web 2.0:
The term web 2.0 is used to refer to a new generation of websites that are supposed to
let people to publish and share information online.
It aims to encourage the sharing of information and views, creativity that can be
consume by the other users e.g.: YouTube
Web 3.0
It refers to the 3rd Generation of web where user will interact by using artificial
intelligence and with 3-D portals.
Web 3.0 supports semantic web which improves web technologies to create, connect
and share content through the intelligent search and the analysis based on the meaning
of the words, instead of on the keywords and numbers.
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML):
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
HTML describes the structure of a Web page
Various Tags are
o <html> represents the root of an HTML document
o <head> element is a container for metadata (data about data) and is placed
between the <html> tag and the <body> tag.
o <title> tag defines the title of the document
o <body> defines the document's body.
o </ br> Line Break Tags
o <h1> <h2> - Heading Tags - tags are used to define HTML
headings.
o <font> - defines font face, font size, and color of text etc.
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language.
XML was designed to store and transport data.
XML was designed to be both human- and machine-readable.
XML is a markup language much like HTML
XML was designed to be self-descriptive
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 The Difference between XML and HTML
HTML XML
It designed to display the data It is designed to carry data
Its tags are predefined Its tags user defined
It is not case sensitive It is case sensitive
It is static It is dynamic
It is Markup Language It is framework to define Markup
language
Closing tags are not necessary in Closing tags are necessary in XML
HTML
Domain names
A domain name is a website's address on the Internet.
Domain names are used in URLs to identify to which server belong a specific webpage.
The domain name consists of a hierarchical sequence of names (labels) separated by
periods (dots) and ending with an extension.
URL
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a text string that specifies where a resource (such
as a web page, image, or video) can be found on the Internet.
Website
Website is a group of web pages, containing text, images and all types of multi-media
files.
Web browser-
A web browser, or simply "browser," is an application used to access and view
websites. Common web browsers include Microsoft Internet Explorer, Google
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Apple Safari.
Web servers:
A web server is a computer that stores web server software and a website's component
files (e.g. HTML documents, images, CSS style sheets, and JavaScript files).
Web hosting:
Web hosting is an online service that enables you to publish your website or web application
on the internet. When you sign up for a hosting service, you basically rent some space on a
server on which you can store all the files and data necessary for your website to work
properly.
Types of Web Hosting
o Shared Hosting - Web server shared among customers
o Reseller Hosting Become yourself as web host to sell others
o Virtual Private Server One server as multiple server for multiple websites
o Dedicated Server- Entire web server is dedicated to same website
Abbreviations:
Abbreviation Full Form
LAN Local Area Network
WAN Wide Area Network
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
FTP File Transfer Protocol
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
IMAP Internet Mail Access Protocol
MODEM Modulator - Demodulator
WWW World Wide Web
RPC Remote Procedure Call
NFS Network File System
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 HTML Hyper Text Markup Language
DHTM Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
TCP/ IP Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol
PPP Point To Point Protocol
SIM Identification Module
3G 3rd Generation of Mobile Communication Technology
SMS Short Message Service
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution
E-mail Electronic Mail
NFS Network File System
WLL Wireless in Local Loop
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
FRA Fixed Radio Access
GSM Global system For Mobile Communication
ARPANET Advanced Research Project Agency Network
XML Extensible Markup Language
HTML Hypertext Markup Language
URL Uniform Resource Locater
ISP Internet Service Provider
DNS Domain Name System
VSNL Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited
MTNL Mahanagar Nigam Telephone Limited
WAIS Wide Area Information Services
SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
WDM Wavelenth Division Multiplexing
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing
Long Answer Question:
Quick Learn University is setting up its academic blocks at Prayag Nagar and
planning to set up a network. The university has 3 academic blocks and one human
resource Centre as shown in the diagram given below:

Business Technology Block

HR Centre
Law Block

Centre-to-Centre distance between various blocks is as follows:

Law block to business block 40 m
Law block to technology block 80 m
Law block to HR block 105 m
Business block to technology block 30 m
Business block to HR block 35 m
Technology block to HR block 15 m
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 Number of computers in each of the buildings is as follows:
Law block 15
Technology block 40
HR Centre 115
Business block 25
(a) Suggest a cable layout of connection between the blocks.
(b) Suggest the most suitable place to house the server of the organization with suitable
reason.
(c) Which device should be placed/installed in each of these blocks to efficiently connect all
the computers within these blocks?
(d) The university is planning to link its sales counters situated in various parts of the other
cities. Which type of network out of LAN, MAN or WAN will be formed?
(e) Which network topology may be preferred in each of these blocks?

Most Important Notes Applicable to All Questions based on the above patterns, which may
be kept in mind
i) In a Wing / Block / Lab connect all computers using a HUB or SWITCH. This
is known as LAN connectivity. But now a day we use SWITCH only as it
transmits data to the required destination only and thus faster in transmission.
ii) Computers in a Block are connected to the SWITCH/HUB using Cat 5 Cable.
In place of Cat 5 Cable we can also use Fibre Optics cable if we require more
speed and can afford cost.
iii) Server is placed where there is maximum number of computers as maximum
traffic will be in this block only.
iv) An additional switch may also be used to connect the switches for faster
transmission of data and this is also placed in the block where we have put the
server. These switches can be connected to the additional switch using fibre
optics since it will increase speed but cost has to be born.
v) If the company desires to have connectivity to the Internet, Internet connection
is taken and connected to switch. From here all other buildings and further
computers can access the Internet connection. If the Company wants to connect
these blocks to their office in some other distant place then we can connect these
blocks with that office using an Internet Connection, Radio Wave Connection
(if office is in hilly area), WAN connection if company can afford cost and
requires security of data also. When WAN connectivity is established, switch
is further connected to a ROUTER. Router is costly and filters the network
traffic. It routers the data to the destinations using most optimal path.
vi)
is a distance of more than 100 m between any two blocks then a suitable
REPEATER has to be placed to join Cat 5 cables as in a LAN we can use Cat 5
cable up to a maximum length of 100 m as the signal power attenuates with
more distances. So REPEATER is used to regenerate the signal.
So keeping in mind the above presumptions we answer
(a)
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 (b) HR centre because it consists of the maximum number of computers to house
the server.
(c) Switch should be placed in each of these blocks.
(d) MAN
(e) star

Question and Answer

Objective Type Question (1 Mark Each)
1. What is the Use of Bridge?
(a) To Connect two LAN (b) To Connect two LAN Segment
(a) To Connect Internet (d) Amplify Signal
2. With the use of computer network, we can share
(a) Data (b) Resources
(c) Both of the above (d) None of the above
3. Which of the following is used in computer network
(a) Router (b) Switch (c) Bridge (d) All of the Above
4. When we connect our mobile with Laptop then we call it
(a) MAN (b) WAN (c) PAN (d) LAN
5. Mbps stands for
(a) Mega Byte Per Second (b) Million Byte Per Second
(c) Megabits Per Second (d) Maximum Bit Per Second
6. Full form of NIC
(a) New Interface Card (b) Network Interface Card
(c) New Internet Card (d) Network Internet card
7. Which device Convert Analog to Digital and vice-versa
(a) Hub (b) Bridge (c) Modem (d) Switch
8. Arun wants to create his own website, which language he can use to create new website.
(a) XML (b) HTML (c) Python (d) C++
9. computer is running slow due to virus. Then what he has to do.
(a) Format Computer (b) Install Firewall
(c) Install Antivirus (d) Do Nothing
10. Hari is copying software without taking permission with Mohan.So which
type of crime is Hari doing
(a) Cyber Bulling (b) Cyber Stalking
(c) Cyber Theft (d) Copyright Infringement
Answers:
1. To Connect two LAN Segment 6. Network Interface Card
2. Both of the above 7. Modem
3. All of the Above 8. HTML
4. PAN 9. Install Antivirus
5. Megabits Per Second 10. Copyright Infringement
Very Short Answer Type Question (2 Marks each)
1. What is the difference between Packet switching and circuit switching techniques?
Circuit Switching Packet Switching

Circuit switching requires a dedicated path before Packet switching does not require any dedicated path
sending data from source to destination. to send data from source to destination.
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