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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
26 views16 pagesChapter 2 Summary
Computer science , igcse
Uploaded by
tableta62016perfectCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2 Communication and Internet te chnalagy
PaPect - 1
+ Data _4fansmission con be over Short distance Or lang distance
Foctars:- The dicection of data teansmissians
——______Th®_method_of team smissian»
s the meinod of syn theani sation
Git _cote:- this_the_oumder_at bits that can_be_tnsmisted na.
-gltga_perind of time: ee
Syoocheonisation:: means the action af Causing o set of data _o¢ files to
femnin_identical between two devices
_Modes of data transmission :- Simplex data transmission
+ full
Simplex _data_sransmission:-_Se0dioy data_in (eae AeA) only @o tm) —
-Example:- microphone +o computer 0
Sensor to computer
|
pevice 1 5 Devices
See eeeeeetes| | Holt + duplex data _transmissian:: sending data in (goth difection) burnt y ———
-one_aivection (ara gime)
Full - duplex / duptex dato transmissi
the Gametime)
Exomple:- video canterencing
computer 40 madem.
| Devices j} Device 2
-
Types_of data_aransmission:=
Serial data transmission
_____parailei_data_transimission
Serial data transmission
spender eS Listened! re creyer
+ Synchronqus or_asyachrongus I |
-Can_be transmitted as:- simplex, half-dupier, duplex
Seen eeeerete |e *Seridl - simplex:- one bit at a time aver a single wire ia ane dicection
SMOIF = dapiex cseria:- ane @ bit Oto time in_tua difection_put_not atte —
same time: a ts
Serial - duplex: one bit at atime into twa direction but at the same.
time, ~ — _
Uses of Seria) data_transmission:-_
_ US 8_devices
—_.Computer_to_madem_
- LAN CLoca\ Atea Netwark):
SATA C Serio Advanced technolagy_attachment —___
PCI Express C Peripheral Component snrercannect express)
Computer that Is not directly pact of the computer itseie.
¥ —_— }
Paraile! dato transmissinn:s |
sender] rectene |
————s
——
- |
Qos) Apatine) bits sent_ara time |
ssn ais (CH)
yncneona NSeS OF parailel data tans mission:
ternol_electcani¢s
——Aniegeatea cecuit crey)
a Totern ai dain_transter buses)
—data_tcansfering toa printer_fcam_a computer using a ciboon Coane stor:
Advantage of Serial data trans mission:
+USed afer tang distances and therefore mare accurate:
18s6_expeng ive in. wing. Gig Single wie) —
“easier to_cauect tits tagemer after transmission.» Gniy ane bit at atime)
siess_intertecence sGniy single wits)
iess_Chance of belay Skewed , @ince_ane bit is_sent ata time)
Dis advantage of Serial doto_transmision:
+ Li's Slow» only one _bit_oto time_is sete
‘Advaninge of parallel data_tfansmission=
2411's Faster, oli_bits_are_sent_at the same time.
Disadvantage of paraiiel data_transmission:
Expensive. Cequires muitiple wifes»
+ bir's Can be skewed aver long distances:
ee le Anterfecance) disturbance that_con_accuc_in_the signal sthen sending data
+that_may_corcupt_it-
-USA:- UNIVERSAL SEATAL BUS.
~Asynchconous serial aata_sfansmisslon
+Uses_serint data transmission
Advantage of usa:-
Devices are automatically gowoloadeg
citcon be only inserted one way event Incorrect Cannectl
citis backward Campatible a.dditianal technglagy need
Foster tcansmissinn (Gato transmiried quicken)
Supported by many operating System.
lors OF Suppari base far 68 software developer.
can _pawer 4 i
pe perate Saurce Of pawer needed
ee le ~Ecear checking methads:-_.__._ Parity checking} ——__-
Automatic Repeat Request_CARQ
___E cha-checking
“Purpose oF E¢cor checking: ta Increase accucacy and _feiabiity.of data:
How errors occur: chanels used. 40 transmi data Can be Subjected by distutbarce-
Paclty checking pracess:-. «Parity can be even of-044 according to.n0-oF | bits
— + Even pacity -» Even umber of 1 “add patity.s.odd number
Ddd_party:: [Go li} First_bit_is called parity bite —_______—
Even parity: [ou + Parity bit is Used to allacate be tofe
____transamissian_tawes place
___+ Lf parity matches the packet otfived ,carrect
If _nat_then_an_error_accureds
____+1f_mare_than_ane_error_acured, patity check __
os might oat pick |
J, tor eynapie: OL
the__errat.
How to carfect those erat
+Re-read ing. the byte:
Request the byte to be fe-sent
Situation Where it cannot pick the error: -2 bits: (Mser changed. _____._
Even_qumber of bits./ digits afe___
a transposed
TF thee ore murtiple errors jn the same
byte not stil_praduce the same.
— patity_tit.
swerve NE \sParity blocks: identifies an error has accured but alsa indicates where _
tne errors . = = —
SEXpiain why Using pacity block _,there 1s no need For the incortect byte to
-be_re- transmirted ? - _ i =
+Positidn_at_eccor_is Known
—-An_binary system only © a¢ | _,so ifitwas 1 itwill be oie it was o
——itwiil_pe a
~Recieving sattware can identity and cated etfon
Automatic Request Repeat cARay
uses AcKnoludgement:- Ate messages Sent by he reciever Indicating that it
chas_tedieved a packepe 08
suses time-outs:- Specified perinds of time allawed to elapse before an
OM owiedgment i6 recieved.
chech pertatmed an recieving data and error detected by example:-
Patity check, Checksum:
—A_fequest is sent with dato ta acknawiedge all data is recieved.
Positive acknowledgment is used to indicate data 16 (ecteved error free:
+if_etror detected (quest is sent ta re-send dato- Negative acnnowiedgment
Is.used- — =
~Tt_Acknouledyment_is_nat_gend back ta the sender ia_an_agteed amauatot
time_,then_tne data Is re-sent:
~This_(€-send_request will be seat Cepentdly until the pacKer is recleved
Error free _ota limited amaunt of tesend_cequest io techeds
- eee ale Chechsum:-, The checksum for the bytes Is calculated
— This value_is thea_teansmitted with tne black of data
Al_the_cecieving end, te checksum sce -calcwlate d_Fraen___
—the__biock_af data fe cleved
— the
cajcuiated value is thea camparea_ta_the chechaum
—_Ifansmitte
Af tney ore _the same vatue,then_the dato was t¢ansmitted
——withoat_anyereacs
At the values ate different, nen _on_errar_has been found. ___
Lf the values ace different, then_o fequest is _sent_tor __
the data to be re-teansmitted» —
“Echo checking: copy af data is seat bach to senders
data_is compated to see it it matches
—___________If_it doesn't match efror detected:
Dis- advantages: Re quite oar of extra datata be
— transmitted
TE totn Sts ore different you wid
_ Not Know weather it was fram the
_______dfigno_ dato ot data sent back: Exompies of Laternet technaiagies:= internet Service Provider Cr501__
—_Laterner Pratacai £0) Address _ . - — —
Nypec Text-Marnup language CHrnn)
Ayper Text transfer protocor Carte)
Hypertext -1ransFer protacol secure Cutts)
File_transter pratocas CFr0):
web brawsers—
Tatecnet server
———_________Witorm_resour ce__toca tor _cuae)
Fipce optic.
—caanies
Anternet service provider CLSP):- Company that provides us with
-access io whe intecoet_, normally taro fee-
——_________+Prowide email acess
-Damaio name +0 have qua website -
S19rage space ia save data In the claud
+ Web- hosting
DNS _service ta convert URt_10 30 Address.
fire wa_40 black Maqutharised srartic;
sHapirot usage: =
Gives users an 1P Address:
—betemne bandwidth cAnteroet Prarocar (10) Address:
Pratacal:- Set oF (ules Used by Computers to communicate with each
orhee across a netuark-
Puroose of 10 Addiess:- used to ideatity 0 device_on the internet -
-UMIQue far Particular internet sesstan~ —
(AN be Used In piace oF URL ————
a — —_— gives the lacatian af device an ine internet
Can be Leva - 32 bits
“can be 1PV6- \28bits 5 ses Hexa-decimai—___
=Can_be Static: doesn‘ Change. each time_it's
__Connected 40 4he internet —
Can be dynamic:- Ca change each dime a device is
__connected to the Internet
Example of Leva 192-168+ 2-130 __
= Four Numbers Separated with ‘.?
+ fumber is between @ and 29600000
Exampie of rpve 2005: Odb8:2503:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
Example of Siatic 1p Address: server. ext Markup Language CIMLY:-, ee
—tL4/s_a_web- Authoring Language
—A1's_nat_a_pragcamming Language
—Tt’s_a_ Mark-up Language —
—NSed in processing , derinatinns ,presentatian_ot texts
use d la APeMing and ciasing tags
——Erampie:-
, parageah. cpp
- _ap@ningsag_ “ciosing.tag
—Acansiated by web browser to display webpages:
it's mode up of thfee layers:-
+ Stuciure Layer: this 16 the Layout af the werpage
———____________ if Consists of:- tests image _,table_, hypertinx.
———_____Example:- Sp? This Is_a paragraph _s/@y-
2: Prese ntation Layer :- Inis is the formatting of the webpage.
En ample: Font colour, Fontsize, Background colour:
PE coloc: # Feagoo,;3
3: Behoviour_L ayer:-. This layer of 0 webpage alious interactions using
Javascript cade-
Examples of tags :- You might also like
