Calculus I - Lecture 12 - Implicit Differentiation

Lecture Notes:
http://www.math.ksu.edu/˜gerald/math220d/
Course Syllabus:
http://www.math.ksu.edu/math220/spring-2014/indexs14.html

Gerald Hoehn (based on notes by T. Cochran)

March 3, 2014
Implicit Differentiation

Implicit differentiation is a method for finding the slope of a curve,

when the equation of the curve is not given in “explicit” form
y = f (x), but in “implicit” form by an equation g (x, y ) = 0.
Examples

1) Circle x2 + y2 = r
Examples

1) Circle x2 + y2 = r

x2 y2
2) Ellipse + 2 =1
a2 b
Examples

1) Circle x2 + y2 = r

x2 y2
2) Ellipse + 2 =1
a2 b

3) 4-leaf clover (x 2 + y 2 )3 = (x 2 − y 2 )2
 dy
Example: a) Find dx by implicit differentiation given that
x 2 + y 2 = 25.
 dy
Example: a) Find dx by implicit differentiation given that
x 2 + y 2 = 25.
General Procedure
d
1. Take of both sides of the equation.
dx
 dy
Example: a) Find dx by implicit differentiation given that
x 2 + y 2 = 25.
General Procedure
d
1. Take of both sides of the equation.
dx
2. Write y 0 = dy
dx and solve for y .
0
 dy
Example: a) Find dx by implicit differentiation given that
x 2 + y 2 = 25.
General Procedure
d
1. Take of both sides of the equation.
dx
2. Write y 0 = dy
dx and solve for y .
0

Solution:
Step 1
d d
x2 + y2 =


25
dx dx
 dy
Example: a) Find dx by implicit differentiation given that
x 2 + y 2 = 25.
General Procedure
d
1. Take of both sides of the equation.
dx
2. Write y 0 = dy
dx and solve for y .
0

Solution:
Step 1
d d
x2 + y2 =


25
dx dx
d 2 d 2
x + y =0
dx dx
 dy
Example: a) Find dx by implicit differentiation given that
x 2 + y 2 = 25.
General Procedure
d
1. Take of both sides of the equation.
dx
2. Write y 0 = dy
dx and solve for y .
0

Solution:
Step 1
d d
x2 + y2 =


25
dx dx
d 2 d 2
x + y =0
dx dx
d 2 d
2
Use: y = f (x) = 2f (x) · f 0 (x) = 2y · y 0
dx dx
 dy
Example: a) Find dx by implicit differentiation given that
x 2 + y 2 = 25.
General Procedure
d
1. Take of both sides of the equation.
dx
2. Write y 0 = dy
dx and solve for y .
0

Solution:
Step 1
d d
x2 + y2 =


25
dx dx
d 2 d 2
x + y =0
dx dx
d 2 d
2
Use: y = f (x) = 2f (x) · f 0 (x) = 2y · y 0
dx dx
2x + 2y · y 0 = 0
 dy
Example: a) Find dx by implicit differentiation given that
x 2 + y 2 = 25.
General Procedure
d
1. Take of both sides of the equation.
dx
2. Write y 0 = dy
dx and solve for y .
0

Solution:
Step 1
d d
x2 + y2 =


25
dx dx
d 2 d 2
x + y =0
dx dx
d 2 d
2
Use: y = f (x) = 2f (x) · f 0 (x) = 2y · y 0
dx dx
2x + 2y · y 0 = 0
Step 2
2y · y 0 = −2x
 dy
Example: a) Find dx by implicit differentiation given that
x 2 + y 2 = 25.
General Procedure
d
1. Take of both sides of the equation.
dx
2. Write y 0 = dy
dx and solve for y .
0

Solution:
Step 1
d d
x2 + y2 =


25
dx dx
d 2 d 2
x + y =0
dx dx
d 2 d
2
Use: y = f (x) = 2f (x) · f 0 (x) = 2y · y 0
dx dx
2x + 2y · y 0 = 0
Step 2
2y · y 0 = −2x
2x x
y0 = − =−
2y y
Example:
b) What is the slope of the circle at (3, 4)?
Example:
b) What is the slope of the circle at (3, 4)?

c) What is the slope at (5, 0)

Example:
b) What is the slope of the circle at (3, 4)?

c) What is the slope at (5, 0)

Solution:
b) The slope is y 0 = − 43
(3,4)
Example:
b) What is the slope of the circle at (3, 4)?

c) What is the slope at (5, 0)

Solution:
b) The slope is y 0 = − 43
(3,4)

c) The slope is y 0 = − 50 (undefined)

(5,0)
Example:
b) What is the slope of the circle at (3, 4)?

c) What is the slope at (5, 0)

Solution:
b) The slope is y 0 = − 43
(3,4)

c) The slope is y 0 = − 50 (undefined)

(5,0)
The curve has a vertical tangent at (5, 0).
Restated derivative rules using y , y 0 notation
Restated derivative rules using y , y 0 notation
dy
Let y = f (x) and y 0 = f 0 (x) = dx .
Restated derivative rules using y , y 0 notation
dy
Let y = f (x) and y 0 = f 0 (x) = dx .
General Power Rule
Restated derivative rules using y , y 0 notation
dy
Let y = f (x) and y 0 = f 0 (x) = dx .
General Power Rule
d n
y = ny n−1 · y 0
dx
Restated derivative rules using y , y 0 notation
dy
Let y = f (x) and y 0 = f 0 (x) = dx .
General Power Rule
d n
y = ny n−1 · y 0
dx
Chain Rule
Restated derivative rules using y , y 0 notation
dy
Let y = f (x) and y 0 = f 0 (x) = dx .
General Power Rule
d n
y = ny n−1 · y 0
dx
Chain Rule
d
g (y ) = g 0 (y ) · y 0
dx
Restated derivative rules using y , y 0 notation
dy
Let y = f (x) and y 0 = f 0 (x) = dx .
General Power Rule
d n
y = ny n−1 · y 0
dx
Chain Rule
d
g (y ) = g 0 (y ) · y 0
dx
Product Rule
d
h(x) · g (y ) = h0 (x) · g (y ) + h(x) · g 0 (y ) · y 0
dx
Restated derivative rules using y , y 0 notation
dy
Let y = f (x) and y 0 = f 0 (x) = dx .
General Power Rule
d n
y = ny n−1 · y 0
dx
Chain Rule
d
g (y ) = g 0 (y ) · y 0
dx
Product Rule
d
h(x) · g (y ) = h0 (x) · g (y ) + h(x) · g 0 (y ) · y 0
dx
d
h(y ) · g (y ) = h0 (y ) · y 0 · g (y ) + h(y ) · g 0 (y ) · y 0
dx
Restated derivative rules using y , y 0 notation
dy
Let y = f (x) and y 0 = f 0 (x) = dx .
General Power Rule
d n
y = ny n−1 · y 0
dx
Chain Rule
d
g (y ) = g 0 (y ) · y 0
dx
Product Rule
d
h(x) · g (y ) = h0 (x) · g (y ) + h(x) · g 0 (y ) · y 0
dx
d
h(y ) · g (y ) = h0 (y ) · y 0 · g (y ) + h(y ) · g 0 (y ) · y 0
dx
Exponential Rule
d g (y )
e = e g (y ) · g 0 (y ) · y 0
dx
 dy
Example: Find dx by implicit differentiation for the curve
xy 2 = sin y 3


 dy
Example: Find dx by implicit differentiation for the curve
xy 2 = sin y 3

Solution: Two steps.

 dy
Example: Find dx by implicit differentiation for the curve
xy 2 = sin y 3

Solution: Two steps.

d
Step 1 (take of both sides)
dx
d d
(xy 2 ) = sin y 3


dx dx
 dy
Example: Find dx by implicit differentiation for the curve
xy 2 = sin y 3

Solution: Two steps.

d
Step 1 (take of both sides)
dx
d d
(xy 2 ) = sin y 3


dx dx
product rule chain rule
 dy
Example: Find dx by implicit differentiation for the curve
xy 2 = sin y 3

Solution: Two steps.

d
Step 1 (take of both sides)
dx
d d
(xy 2 ) = sin y 3


dx dx
product rule chain rule
d d d 3
( x) · y 2 + x · ( y 2 ) = cos(y 3 ) · y
dx dx dx
 dy
Example: Find dx by implicit differentiation for the curve
xy 2 = sin y 3

Solution: Two steps.

d
Step 1 (take of both sides)
dx
d d
(xy 2 ) = sin y 3


dx dx
product rule chain rule
d d d 3
( x) · y 2 + x · ( y 2 ) = cos(y 3 ) · y
dx dx dx
1 · y 2 + x · 2y · y 0 = cos(y 3 ) · 3y 2 · y 0
 dy
Example: Find dx by implicit differentiation for the curve
xy 2 = sin y 3

Solution: Two steps.

d
Step 1 (take of both sides)
dx
d d
(xy 2 ) = sin y 3


dx dx
product rule chain rule
d d d 3
( x) · y 2 + x · ( y 2 ) = cos(y 3 ) · y
dx dx dx
1 · y 2 + x · 2y · y 0 = cos(y 3 ) · 3y 2 · y 0
Step 2 (solve for y’)
2xyy 0 − 3 cos(y 3 )y 2 y 0 = −y 2
 dy
Example: Find dx by implicit differentiation for the curve
xy 2 = sin y 3

Solution: Two steps.

d
Step 1 (take of both sides)
dx
d d
(xy 2 ) = sin y 3


dx dx
product rule chain rule
d d d 3
( x) · y 2 + x · ( y 2 ) = cos(y 3 ) · y
dx dx dx
1 · y 2 + x · 2y · y 0 = cos(y 3 ) · 3y 2 · y 0
Step 2 (solve for y’)
2xyy 0 − 3 cos(y 3 )y 2 y 0 = −y 2
2xy − 3 cos(y 3 )y 2 y 0 = −y 2


 dy
Example: Find dx by implicit differentiation for the curve
xy 2 = sin y 3

Solution: Two steps.

d
Step 1 (take of both sides)
dx
d d
(xy 2 ) = sin y 3


dx dx
product rule chain rule
d d d 3
( x) · y 2 + x · ( y 2 ) = cos(y 3 ) · y
dx dx dx
1 · y 2 + x · 2y · y 0 = cos(y 3 ) · 3y 2 · y 0
Step 2 (solve for y’)
2xyy 0 − 3 cos(y 3 )y 2 y 0 = −y 2
2xy − 3 cos(y 3 )y 2 y 0 = −y 2

−y 2 y
y0 = 3 2
=
2xy − 3 cos(y )y 3y cos(y 3 ) − 2x
 dy
Example: Find dx by implicit differentiation for the curve
xy 2 = sin y 3

Solution: Two steps.

d
Step 1 (take of both sides)
dx
d d
(xy 2 ) = sin y 3


dx dx
product rule chain rule
d d d 3
( x) · y 2 + x · ( y 2 ) = cos(y 3 ) · y
dx dx dx
1 · y 2 + x · 2y · y 0 = cos(y 3 ) · 3y 2 · y 0
Step 2 (solve for y’)
2xyy 0 − 3 cos(y 3 )y 2 y 0 = −y 2
2xy − 3 cos(y 3 )y 2 y 0 = −y 2

−y 2 y
y0 = 3 2
=
2xy − 3 cos(y )y 3y cos(y 3 ) − 2x
Make sure that there is no y 0 left on right-hand side.
Example: Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve
x 2 y − y 3 = x − 7 at (1, 2).
Example: Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve
x 2 y − y 3 = x − 7 at (1, 2).
Solution: We first find y 0 .
Example: Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve
x 2 y − y 3 = x − 7 at (1, 2).
Solution: We first find y 0 .
Step 1
d 2 d
(x y − y 3 ) = (x − 7)
dx dx
Example: Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve
x 2 y − y 3 = x − 7 at (1, 2).
Solution: We first find y 0 .
Step 1
d 2 d
(x y − y 3 ) = (x − 7)
dx dx
d 2 d d
(x ) · y + x 2 · y− (y 3 ) = 1 − 0
dx dx dx
Example: Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve
x 2 y − y 3 = x − 7 at (1, 2).
Solution: We first find y 0 .
Step 1
d 2 d
(x y − y 3 ) = (x − 7)
dx dx
d 2 d d
(x ) · y + x 2 · y− (y 3 ) = 1 − 0
dx dx dx
2xy + x 2 · y 0 − 3y 2 · y 0 = 1
Example: Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve
x 2 y − y 3 = x − 7 at (1, 2).
Solution: We first find y 0 .
Step 1
d 2 d
(x y − y 3 ) = (x − 7)
dx dx
d 2 d d
(x ) · y + x 2 · y− (y 3 ) = 1 − 0
dx dx dx
2xy + x 2 · y 0 − 3y 2 · y 0 = 1
Step 2
(x 2 − 3y 2 ) · y 0 = 1 − 2xy
Example: Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve
x 2 y − y 3 = x − 7 at (1, 2).
Solution: We first find y 0 .
Step 1
d 2 d
(x y − y 3 ) = (x − 7)
dx dx
d 2 d d
(x ) · y + x 2 · y− (y 3 ) = 1 − 0
dx dx dx
2xy + x 2 · y 0 − 3y 2 · y 0 = 1
Step 2
(x 2 − 3y 2 ) · y 0 = 1 − 2xy
1 − 2xy
y0 = 2
x − 3y 2
Example: Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve
x 2 y − y 3 = x − 7 at (1, 2).
Solution: We first find y 0 .
Step 1
d 2 d
(x y − y 3 ) = (x − 7)
dx dx
d 2 d d
(x ) · y + x 2 · y− (y 3 ) = 1 − 0
dx dx dx
2xy + x 2 · y 0 − 3y 2 · y 0 = 1
Step 2
(x 2 − 3y 2 ) · y 0 = 1 − 2xy
1 − 2xy
y0 = 2
x − 3y 2
1−2·1·2 −3 3
y0 = 2 2
= =
(1,2) 1 −3·2 −11 11
Example: Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve
x 2 y − y 3 = x − 7 at (1, 2).
Solution: We first find y 0 .
Step 1
d 2 d
(x y − y 3 ) = (x − 7)
dx dx
d 2 d d
(x ) · y + x 2 · y− (y 3 ) = 1 − 0
dx dx dx
2xy + x 2 · y 0 − 3y 2 · y 0 = 1
Step 2
(x 2 − 3y 2 ) · y 0 = 1 − 2xy
1 − 2xy
y0 = 2
x − 3y 2
1−2·1·2 −3 3
y0 = 2 2
= =
(1,2) 1 −3·2 −11 11
Point slope form of tangent line: y = m(x − x1 ) + y1
Example: Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve
x 2 y − y 3 = x − 7 at (1, 2).
Solution: We first find y 0 .
Step 1
d 2 d
(x y − y 3 ) = (x − 7)
dx dx
d 2 d d
(x ) · y + x 2 · y− (y 3 ) = 1 − 0
dx dx dx
2xy + x 2 · y 0 − 3y 2 · y 0 = 1
Step 2
(x 2 − 3y 2 ) · y 0 = 1 − 2xy
1 − 2xy
y0 = 2
x − 3y 2
1−2·1·2 −3 3
y0 = 2 2
= =
(1,2) 1 −3·2 −11 11
Point slope form of tangent line: y = m(x − x1 ) + y1
3 3 19
y= 11 (x − 1) + 2 = 11 x + 11
Does this work for every implicit given curve g (x, y ) = 0?
Does this work for every implicit given curve g (x, y ) = 0?
Note that every equation in x and y can be written in this form by
bringing everything on the left-hand side.
Does this work for every implicit given curve g (x, y ) = 0?
Note that every equation in x and y can be written in this form by
bringing everything on the left-hand side.
Answer is yes!
Does this work for every implicit given curve g (x, y ) = 0?
Note that every equation in x and y can be written in this form by
bringing everything on the left-hand side.
Answer is yes!
Solution:
Does this work for every implicit given curve g (x, y ) = 0?
Note that every equation in x and y can be written in this form by
bringing everything on the left-hand side.
Answer is yes!
Solution:
Step 1
d d
g (x, y ) = 0
dx dx
Does this work for every implicit given curve g (x, y ) = 0?
Note that every equation in x and y can be written in this form by
bringing everything on the left-hand side.
Answer is yes!
Solution:
Step 1
d d
g (x, y ) = 0
dx dx
gx (x, y ) + gy (x, y ) · y 0 = 0
Does this work for every implicit given curve g (x, y ) = 0?
Note that every equation in x and y can be written in this form by
bringing everything on the left-hand side.
Answer is yes!
Solution:
Step 1
d d
g (x, y ) = 0
dx dx
gx (x, y ) + gy (x, y ) · y 0 = 0
Here, gx and gy are the “partial derivatives” of g (x, y ) with
respect to the first variable x resp. the second variable y (ignoring
here that y depends on x). That is, one differentiates g (x, y ) for x
and keeps y fixed and vice versa.
Does this work for every implicit given curve g (x, y ) = 0?
Note that every equation in x and y can be written in this form by
bringing everything on the left-hand side.
Answer is yes!
Solution:
Step 1
d d
g (x, y ) = 0
dx dx
gx (x, y ) + gy (x, y ) · y 0 = 0
Here, gx and gy are the “partial derivatives” of g (x, y ) with
respect to the first variable x resp. the second variable y (ignoring
here that y depends on x). That is, one differentiates g (x, y ) for x
and keeps y fixed and vice versa.
Step 2
gx (x, y )
y0 = − .
gy (x, y )
Does this work for every implicit given curve g (x, y ) = 0?
Note that every equation in x and y can be written in this form by
bringing everything on the left-hand side.
Answer is yes!
Solution:
Step 1
d d
g (x, y ) = 0
dx dx
gx (x, y ) + gy (x, y ) · y 0 = 0
Here, gx and gy are the “partial derivatives” of g (x, y ) with
respect to the first variable x resp. the second variable y (ignoring
here that y depends on x). That is, one differentiates g (x, y ) for x
and keeps y fixed and vice versa.
Step 2
gx (x, y )
y0 = − .
gy (x, y )
Example: Find the coordinates of the four points on the
lemniscate curve (x 2 + y 2 )2 = 4(x 2 − y 2 ) on which the tangent
line is horizontal.
Example: Find the coordinates of the four points on the
lemniscate curve (x 2 + y 2 )2 = 4(x 2 − y 2 ) on which the tangent
line is horizontal.
Solution: We compute y 0 by implicit differentiation.
Example: Find the coordinates of the four points on the
lemniscate curve (x 2 + y 2 )2 = 4(x 2 − y 2 ) on which the tangent
line is horizontal.
Solution: We compute y 0 by implicit differentiation.
d 2 d
(x + y 2 )2 = (4(x 2 − y 2 ))
dx dx
Example: Find the coordinates of the four points on the
lemniscate curve (x 2 + y 2 )2 = 4(x 2 − y 2 ) on which the tangent
line is horizontal.
Solution: We compute y 0 by implicit differentiation.
d 2 d
(x + y 2 )2 = (4(x 2 − y 2 ))
dx dx
d 2 d
2(x 2 + y 2 ) · (x + y 2 ) = 8x − 4 (y 2 )
dx dx
Example: Find the coordinates of the four points on the
lemniscate curve (x 2 + y 2 )2 = 4(x 2 − y 2 ) on which the tangent
line is horizontal.
Solution: We compute y 0 by implicit differentiation.
d 2 d
(x + y 2 )2 = (4(x 2 − y 2 ))
dx dx
d 2 d
2(x 2 + y 2 ) · (x + y 2 ) = 8x − 4 (y 2 )
dx dx
2(x 2 + y 2 )(2x + 2y · y 0 ) = 8x − 8y · y 0
Example: Find the coordinates of the four points on the
lemniscate curve (x 2 + y 2 )2 = 4(x 2 − y 2 ) on which the tangent
line is horizontal.
Solution: We compute y 0 by implicit differentiation.
d 2 d
(x + y 2 )2 = (4(x 2 − y 2 ))
dx dx
d 2 d
2(x 2 + y 2 ) · (x + y 2 ) = 8x − 4 (y 2 )
dx dx
2(x 2 + y 2 )(2x + 2y · y 0 ) = 8x − 8y · y 0
4x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 8x = −8y · y 0 − 4(x 2 + y 2 )yy 0
Example: Find the coordinates of the four points on the
lemniscate curve (x 2 + y 2 )2 = 4(x 2 − y 2 ) on which the tangent
line is horizontal.
Solution: We compute y 0 by implicit differentiation.
d 2 d
(x + y 2 )2 = (4(x 2 − y 2 ))
dx dx
d 2 d
2(x 2 + y 2 ) · (x + y 2 ) = 8x − 4 (y 2 )
dx dx
2(x 2 + y 2 )(2x + 2y · y 0 ) = 8x − 8y · y 0
4x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 8x = −8y · y 0 − 4(x 2 + y 2 )yy 0
4x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 8x x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 2x
y0 = 2 2
=−
−8y − 4(x + y )y y (x 2 + y 2 ) + 2y
Example: Find the coordinates of the four points on the
lemniscate curve (x 2 + y 2 )2 = 4(x 2 − y 2 ) on which the tangent
line is horizontal.
Solution: We compute y 0 by implicit differentiation.
d 2 d
(x + y 2 )2 = (4(x 2 − y 2 ))
dx dx
d 2 d
2(x 2 + y 2 ) · (x + y 2 ) = 8x − 4 (y 2 )
dx dx
2(x 2 + y 2 )(2x + 2y · y 0 ) = 8x − 8y · y 0
4x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 8x = −8y · y 0 − 4(x 2 + y 2 )yy 0
4x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 8x x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 2x
y0 = 2 2
=−
−8y − 4(x + y )y y (x 2 + y 2 ) + 2y
We have to solve for y 0 = 0 which requires:
Example: Find the coordinates of the four points on the
lemniscate curve (x 2 + y 2 )2 = 4(x 2 − y 2 ) on which the tangent
line is horizontal.
Solution: We compute y 0 by implicit differentiation.
d 2 d
(x + y 2 )2 = (4(x 2 − y 2 ))
dx dx
d 2 d
2(x 2 + y 2 ) · (x + y 2 ) = 8x − 4 (y 2 )
dx dx
2(x 2 + y 2 )(2x + 2y · y 0 ) = 8x − 8y · y 0
4x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 8x = −8y · y 0 − 4(x 2 + y 2 )yy 0
4x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 8x x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 2x
y0 = 2 2
=−
−8y − 4(x + y )y y (x 2 + y 2 ) + 2y
We have to solve for y 0 = 0 which requires:
x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 2x = 0, i.e. x = 0 or x 2 + y 2 = 2.
Example: Find the coordinates of the four points on the
lemniscate curve (x 2 + y 2 )2 = 4(x 2 − y 2 ) on which the tangent
line is horizontal.
Solution: We compute y 0 by implicit differentiation.
d 2 d
(x + y 2 )2 = (4(x 2 − y 2 ))
dx dx
d 2 d
2(x 2 + y 2 ) · (x + y 2 ) = 8x − 4 (y 2 )
dx dx
2(x 2 + y 2 )(2x + 2y · y 0 ) = 8x − 8y · y 0
4x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 8x = −8y · y 0 − 4(x 2 + y 2 )yy 0
4x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 8x x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 2x
y0 = 2 2
=−
−8y − 4(x + y )y y (x 2 + y 2 ) + 2y
We have to solve for y 0 = 0 which requires:
x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 2x = 0, i.e. x = 0 or x 2 + y 2 = 2.
For x = 0 one needs y 4 = −4y 2 , i.e. y = 0 is only solution.
Example: Find the coordinates of the four points on the
lemniscate curve (x 2 + y 2 )2 = 4(x 2 − y 2 ) on which the tangent
line is horizontal.
Solution: We compute y 0 by implicit differentiation.
d 2 d
(x + y 2 )2 = (4(x 2 − y 2 ))
dx dx
d 2 d
2(x 2 + y 2 ) · (x + y 2 ) = 8x − 4 (y 2 )
dx dx
2(x 2 + y 2 )(2x + 2y · y 0 ) = 8x − 8y · y 0
4x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 8x = −8y · y 0 − 4(x 2 + y 2 )yy 0
4x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 8x x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 2x
y0 = 2 2
=−
−8y − 4(x + y )y y (x 2 + y 2 ) + 2y
We have to solve for y 0 = 0 which requires:
x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 2x = 0, i.e. x = 0 or x 2 + y 2 = 2.
For x = 0 one needs y 4 = −4y 2 , i.e. y = 0 is only solution.
For x 2 p
+ y 2 = 2 one hasp22 = 4(x 2 − y 2 ) which gives 2x 2 = 3 or
x = ± 3/2 and y = ± 1/2.
Example: Find the coordinates of the four points on the
lemniscate curve (x 2 + y 2 )2 = 4(x 2 − y 2 ) on which the tangent
line is horizontal.
Solution: We compute y 0 by implicit differentiation.
d 2 d
(x + y 2 )2 = (4(x 2 − y 2 ))
dx dx
d 2 d
2(x 2 + y 2 ) · (x + y 2 ) = 8x − 4 (y 2 )
dx dx
2(x 2 + y 2 )(2x + 2y · y 0 ) = 8x − 8y · y 0
4x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 8x = −8y · y 0 − 4(x 2 + y 2 )yy 0
4x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 8x x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 2x
y0 = 2 2
=−
−8y − 4(x + y )y y (x 2 + y 2 ) + 2y
We have to solve for y 0 = 0 which requires:
x(x 2 + y 2 ) − 2x = 0, i.e. x = 0 or x 2 + y 2 = 2.
For x = 0 one needs y 4 = −4y 2 , i.e. y = 0 is only solution.
For x 2 p
+ y 2 = 2 one hasp22 = 4(x 2 − y 2 ) which gives 2x 2 = 3 or
x = ± 3/2 and y = ± 1/2.
p p
Only the four points (± 3/2, ± 1/2) but not (0, 0) are solutions.
Example: Find the first and second derivative of y = f (x) = x x .
Example: Find the first and second derivative of y = f (x) = x x .
Solution: Note that f (x) is not of the form b x or x b and thus the
corresponding rules don’t apply.
Example: Find the first and second derivative of y = f (x) = x x .
Solution: Note that f (x) is not of the form b x or x b and thus the
corresponding rules don’t apply.
a) We use logarithmic differentation:
Example: Find the first and second derivative of y = f (x) = x x .
Solution: Note that f (x) is not of the form b x or x b and thus the
corresponding rules don’t apply.
a) We use logarithmic differentation:
ln y = ln(x x ) = x ln x
Example: Find the first and second derivative of y = f (x) = x x .
Solution: Note that f (x) is not of the form b x or x b and thus the
corresponding rules don’t apply.
a) We use logarithmic differentation:
ln y = ln(x x ) = x ln x
d d
ln y = ln(x x ) = (x ln x)
dx dx
Example: Find the first and second derivative of y = f (x) = x x .
Solution: Note that f (x) is not of the form b x or x b and thus the
corresponding rules don’t apply.
a) We use logarithmic differentation:
ln y = ln(x x ) = x ln x
d d
ln y = ln(x x ) = (x ln x)
dx dx
1 0 1
· y = 1 · ln x + x · =
y x
Example: Find the first and second derivative of y = f (x) = x x .
Solution: Note that f (x) is not of the form b x or x b and thus the
corresponding rules don’t apply.
a) We use logarithmic differentation:
ln y = ln(x x ) = x ln x
d d
ln y = ln(x x ) = (x ln x)
dx dx
1 0 1
· y = 1 · ln x + x · = ln x + 1
y x
Example: Find the first and second derivative of y = f (x) = x x .
Solution: Note that f (x) is not of the form b x or x b and thus the
corresponding rules don’t apply.
a) We use logarithmic differentation:
ln y = ln(x x ) = x ln x
d d
ln y = ln(x x ) = (x ln x)
dx dx
1 0 1
· y = 1 · ln x + x · = ln x + 1
y x
0
y = y · (ln x + 1) =
Example: Find the first and second derivative of y = f (x) = x x .
Solution: Note that f (x) is not of the form b x or x b and thus the
corresponding rules don’t apply.
a) We use logarithmic differentation:
ln y = ln(x x ) = x ln x
d d
ln y = ln(x x ) = (x ln x)
dx dx
1 0 1
· y = 1 · ln x + x · = ln x + 1
y x
0
y = y · (ln x + 1) = x x (ln x + 1)
Example: Find the first and second derivative of y = f (x) = x x .
Solution: Note that f (x) is not of the form b x or x b and thus the
corresponding rules don’t apply.
a) We use logarithmic differentation:
ln y = ln(x x ) = x ln x
d d
ln y = ln(x x ) = (x ln x)
dx dx
1 0 1
· y = 1 · ln x + x · = ln x + 1
y x
0
y = y · (ln x + 1) = x x (ln x + 1)
d 0 d
b) y 00 = x x (ln x + 1)


y =
dx dx
Example: Find the first and second derivative of y = f (x) = x x .
Solution: Note that f (x) is not of the form b x or x b and thus the
corresponding rules don’t apply.
a) We use logarithmic differentation:
ln y = ln(x x ) = x ln x
d d
ln y = ln(x x ) = (x ln x)
dx dx
1 0 1
· y = 1 · ln x + x · = ln x + 1
y x
0
y = y · (ln x + 1) = x x (ln x + 1)
d 0 d
b) y 00 = x x (ln x + 1)


y =
dx dx
d d
y 00 = (x ) · (ln x + 1) + x x ·
x
(ln x + 1)
dx dx
Example: Find the first and second derivative of y = f (x) = x x .
Solution: Note that f (x) is not of the form b x or x b and thus the
corresponding rules don’t apply.
a) We use logarithmic differentation:
ln y = ln(x x ) = x ln x
d d
ln y = ln(x x ) = (x ln x)
dx dx
1 0 1
· y = 1 · ln x + x · = ln x + 1
y x
0
y = y · (ln x + 1) = x x (ln x + 1)
d 0 d
b) y 00 = x x (ln x + 1)


y =
dx dx
d d
y 00 = (x ) · (ln x + 1) + x x ·
x
(ln x + 1)
dx dx
1
y 00 = x x (ln x + 1) · (ln x + 1) + x x · (using a) again)
x
Example: Find the first and second derivative of y = f (x) = x x .
Solution: Note that f (x) is not of the form b x or x b and thus the
corresponding rules don’t apply.
a) We use logarithmic differentation:
ln y = ln(x x ) = x ln x
d d
ln y = ln(x x ) = (x ln x)
dx dx
1 0 1
· y = 1 · ln x + x · = ln x + 1
y x
0
y = y · (ln x + 1) = x x (ln x + 1)
d 0 d
b) y 00 = x x (ln x + 1)


y =
dx dx
d d
y 00 = (x ) · (ln x + 1) + x x ·
x
(ln x + 1)
dx dx
1
y 00 = x x (ln x + 1) · (ln x + 1) + x x · (using a) again)
x
1

y 00 = x x (ln x + 1)2 +
x