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Chapter 4 Geography (NCERT)
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Introduction
▪ Story of wood(a raw material)

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▪ Value adds within every stage of
manufacturing process.
▪ The finish product has more value

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and utility rather than raw material.
▪ Industry-refers to as economic
activities concerned with the
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production of goods, extraction of
minerals etc.
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Classification of Industries

➢ Classified into raw materials, size and

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ownership.
❑ Raw material-are concerned with agro
based,minerals,marine,forest.

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▪ Agro based use plants, animals ,food
processing, vegetable oil, cotton
textiles,dairy,leather are examples of it.
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▪ Marine based -use product form sea
and oceans ex-sea food, fish oils.
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Agro

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Based

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Industry
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Marine based industry

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▪ Forest based industries -
associated with
pulp,paper,pharmaceuticals,furni

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ture,buildings.
❑ Size- this refers amount of capital
invested, no. of

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employes,volume of production
▪ They are classified into two –
➢ Small scale -product is
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Small scale industry Large scale industry

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▪ Ex- handicrafts, basket
weaving,pottery.lesser amount of
technology and capital)

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➢ Large scale- uses large
technology and higher
investment. Ex heavy machinery,

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automobiles etc.
❑ Ownership -classified into
private,public,joint and
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➢ Public -operated and owned by
gov. Public sector

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▪ Ex-Hindustan limt,steel authority
of India limt.
➢ Joint -operated and owned by

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individuals and the state.ex
Maruti Udyog limt.
➢ Cooperative -owned by producer
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and supplier of raw material.
▪ Ex- Anand milk union limt. Sudha
dairy.
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Cooperative sector Joint sector

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Industrial System and Factors Affecting Location
Industrial System

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❑ Three process are there -
Inputs,process,output

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➢ Inputs-raw material,labour power and
others.
➢ Process- includes activities that
convert raw material into finished
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product.
▪ Ex- grinning,painting,weaving,dyeing.
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input process

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➢ Output- the process where finish
product is ready to earn the

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money from it.
▪ Ex-the shirt you wear.

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Factors Affecting Location
▪ Factors affecting availability of raw
material,land,water,labour,power
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capital, transport etc.

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▪ Government also provide

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incentives i.e., subsidized
power, low cost transport.
▪ Industrialization leads to

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development of cities and
towns.
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Industrial Regions and Its Worldwide Distribution
▪ When number of industries share the benefits of

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their closeness.
➢ Major industrial regions are- east
America,western,central and eastern Asia.

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▪ Industrial regions are tend to be located near sea
ports, coal fields.
❑ In India-
➢ Ahmdabad-baroda
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➢ Delhi-meerut
➢ Mumbai-pune
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Ahmedabad mumbai

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Distribution
▪ Iron and steel-older.

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▪ Textile-older
▪ Information technology-emerging.
➢ Iron and steel

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➢ Germany,USA,china,Japan,Russia
➢ Textile
india,hongkong,korea,Japan,Taiwan.
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➢ IT- California, Bangalore(India)

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Iron and Steel Industries
▪ It is a feeder industry whose products are used as

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raw materials for other industries.
▪ Includes all three stages-input, process and output.
▪ Ex-it needs iron

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ore,coal,limestone,labour,capital,sites etc.
▪ the process of converting iron ore into steel goes
through many stages.(smelting, refining then it
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turns and became steel that later used in other
industries.
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Iron and steel industry

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▪ Steel is tough, easily cut and shaped. Alloy of steel
Alloy of steel can be made by adding

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aluminium,nickle,copper,these things
gives toughness ability of resisting rust.
▪ Steel is backbone of all modern

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industries, everything we use to made
up all iron or steel.
▪ Example-
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needles,autos,building,ships,truck,steel,
pipline for transporting oil. Etc.

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Made up of

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steel or iron

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▪ Before 1800 A.D -iron and steel
industries was located where raw

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materials,power,supply,running
water were available.
▪ After 1950-near sea ports and flat

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lands for larger stock import
export in overseas.
▪ In India industries have taken
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advantage of raw material, cheap
labour and transport.

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➢ Important centers-
▪ Jamshedpur,Rourkela,bhilai,bur

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npur,Bokaro are spreaded over
many states- T.N,A.P,
Jharkhand etc.

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Jamshedpur: the industry of India

▪ Jamshedpur was before called sakchi

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were TISCO was started in 1907 near river
Subarnarekha and kharkhai in Jharkhand.
▪ Before 1947 TISCO was the only iron and

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steel indus.
▪ It was close to Kolkata(that provide large
market,Nagpur,railway line kalimati
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station and coal,manganese,iron
deposits.
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▪ They get coal from jharia Bokaro
coalfields ,iron ore and

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limstones,manganese from
Odisha.
▪ After TISCO many started

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developing new mini steel
plants, mills and almost all the
plants are depended on iron
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and steel.

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Pittsburg: the industry of united states

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▪ Important steel city of USA.
▪ Ohio,allengheny and Monongahela
river provide water supply.

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▪ Coal is locally available while iron
ore comes from Minnesota
(Pittsburg).
▪ Pittsburg is the worlds bestest
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routes to ship cheap iron ore.

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city

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of

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steel
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▪ Many steel mills are now
itself situated in those

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rivers and are transporting
through land and water.
▪ Example-

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railroad,equipments,heavy
machinery and rails.
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Cotton Textile Industry

▪ Weaving cloth is a traditional art

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ex-cotton,wool,flax,jute,silk.
▪ Fibers are the raw materials used
for textile indus.

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▪ Man made-
nylon,polyster,acrylic,rayon.
▪ The cotton textile industry is one of
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the oldest in the 18th century it has
gone through many changes.
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Handmade Machine made

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▪ Important producers-
china,Japan,USA,india,Britain.
▪ India was famous for its cotton quality i.e. chintz

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of masulipatnam,muslin of Dhaka and calicos of
Calicut.
▪ First mill in Mumbai in 1854

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▪ At first industries were set up in warm and moist
location but now humidity can be created
artificially and has spreaded to different parts.
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▪ Kanpur,Chennai,Panipat,Puducherry Ahmedabad
etc.
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Jute

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muslin

dychintz
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silk

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Ahmedabad: The Cotton Textile of India

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▪ Established in Gujrat and
largest textile mill(1859)
called as Manchester of

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India.
▪ It is situated close to cotton
area with skilled labours,well
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developed roads are
providing easy
transportation.
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Osaka: the cotton textile of Japan
▪ Important textile of Japan(known as
Manchester of Japan) The land is extensively

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fertile for cotton growth.
▪ The river yodo provides water supply labour

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is easily available and port facility is there.
▪ Cotton has also been imported to Osaka
from India, China and USA
▪ It is later been replaced by other industries
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i.e. steel and iron
machinery,automobile,cement etc.
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Information technology(IT)
▪ Story of Denny and Smitha.

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▪ IT works for 24 hrs. through different countries and
deals with storage, processing and distribution of
information.

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▪ They guide on infrastructure,cost,resources,
▪ Major hubs are-silicon valley of California and
Bangalore of silicon plateau.
▪ Other hubs in india-Chennai,Mumbai,delhi,hydrabad
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are there but Bangalore is known for its management,
skilled employs
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Bangalore California

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Exercises
1. Answer the following questions.
(i) What is meant by the term ‘industry’?

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Ans. Industry refers to an economic activity that is
concerned with production of goods, extraction of

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mineral or provision of services.
(ii) Which are the main factors which influence the location
of an industry?
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Ans. The location of industries is affected by the availability
of raw material, land, water, labor, power, capital, transport
and market.
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(iii) Which industry is often referred to as the
backbone of modem industry and why?

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Ans. The iron and steel industry is
referred to as the backbone of modern

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industry. This is so because it is a “feeder”
industry whose products are used as raw
materials for other industries.
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(iv) Why cotton textile industry rapidly
expanded in Mumbai?

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Ans. Cotton textile industry expanded
rapidly in Mumbai initially because of the

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presence of a lot of favorable conditions.
Warm and moist climate, a port situated
nearby to import machinery, easy
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availability of raw material and skilled
labor were factors behind this.
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(v) What are the similarities between information,
technology industry in Bangalore and California?

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1. Education and technological institutions :
Bangalore has the largest number of educational
institutions and IT colleges in India and silicon

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Valley is also situated close to some reputed
scientific and technological centers of the world.
2. Environment : Both of Bangalore and silicon valley
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have low pollution levels and have a clean
environment.
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Question 2. Tick the correct Answer :
(i) Silicon Valley is located in

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(a)Bangalore
(b) California
(c) Ahmedabad

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(ii) Which one of the following industries is known as sunrise
industry?
(a) Iron and steel industry
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(b) Cotton textile
(c) Information Technology
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(iii) Which one of the following is a natural fiber?

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(a)Nylon

(b) Jute

(c) acrylic

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Question 3. Distinguish between the followings.
(i) Agro-based and mineral-based industry
Agro-based Industry Mineral-based Industry

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1. Agro-based industries use 1. Mineral-based industries
plant and animal based use mineral ores as their raw
products as their raw material.

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material.
2. Example of raw materials 2. Examples of raw materials
used : animal skin, crops. used : iron ore, limestone.
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Ex-leather Indus, food Ex-iron and steel industry
process.
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(ii) Public sector and joint sector industry
Public Sector Industry Joint Sector Industry

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1. Public sector industries 1. Joint sector industries
are owned and run by are owned and
the government. operated by the state as

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well as individuals.
2. Examples : Hindustan 2. Examples : Maruti
Aeronautics Limited. Udyog.
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Question 4. Give two examples of each the following.
(i) Raw materials

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Ans. Ores, Plants.
(ii) End products

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Ans. Clothes that we wear, a car.
(iii) Tertiary activities
Ans. Trade, banking.
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(iv) Agro-based industries
Ans. Food processing, leather

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industry.

(v) Cottage industries

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Ans. Basket weaving, pottery.
(vi) Co-operatives
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Ans. AMUL, Sudha Dairy.

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