12/1/23, 10:20 AM Lecture Advanced RS April 2022

Advanced Remote Sensing

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Rec
ecap
ap on the in
intr
tr
tro
odu
duct
ct
ctory
ory cou
ourrse
o What is RS?
 indirect observation and measurement
o What are the types of RS?
 Energy source: passive vs active
 Part of EMR: Optical vs thermal vs microwave
 Number of spectral bands: Panchromatic vs
multispectral vs hyperspectral

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Rec
ecap
ap on the in
intr
tr
tro
odu
duct
ct
ctory
ory cou
ourrse
o The sunlight's transmission through the atmosphere
is affected by absorption and scattering of
atmospheric molecules and aerosols
o Characteristics of an object can be determined
using reflected or emitted EMR from the object
o Interactions of EMR ~ target:
 absorption
 penetrate through
 reflection

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Rec
ecap
ap on the in
intr
tr
tro
odu
duct
ct
ctory
ory cou
ourrse
o Characteristics of RS data (image resolution)
 Spectral, spatial, radiometric and temporal
o Image preprocessing (correction)
 Radiometric correction
 Atmospheric correction
 Geometric correction
o Applications of RS
 Interpretation
 Height measurement (DEM generation)
 Land cover classification

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Rem
emot
ot
ote
ely ssen
en
ense
se
sed
d (R
(RS)
S) im
imag
ag
age
e
o is made of a metric cell, which contains:
 Spatial information
 Spectral information
 At specified radiometric quality and time lapse
o Satellite data is mostly available in grid file format
o Satellite image is used for:
 Spatial analysis (quantitative analysis)  area estimation
 Spectral analysis (qualitative analysis)  classification
o For information extraction form satellite imagery,
we normally perform both, qualitative as well as
quantitative analysis

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Co
Cons
ns
nstr
tr
trai
ai
ain
nts of RS System
emss
o RS systems are not yet perfect and contains four types
of resolution constraints:
 Spatial, spectral, temporal and radiometric
o These constraints (plus complexity of land and water
surfaces) cause errors in the image acquisition process
o This leads to degradation of quality of RS images
o Before RS image is analyzed, it needs to be
preprocessed to restore the image quality
o Image restoration involves correction of distortion,
degradation, and noise introduced during the imaging
process  image preprocessing
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Digi
igittal ima
imagge pr
proc
oc
oces
es
essi
si
sing
ng
o It is the process of extracting information from digital
images obtained from satellites
o Information regarding each pixel is fed into an algorithm
and the result of the computation stored for that pixel
o Therefore, for each image being processed by a particular
algorithm there is an input and an output image
o Don9t forget that the order of processing is important.
o The contents in the advanced RS course deal with the
different stages of image processing

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Co
Cour
ur
urse
se ccon
on
ontten
ents
ts
o Recap of the introductory to RS course
o Preprocessing of remotely sensed data
o Image enhancement techniques
o Image transformation (band ratio and vegetation
indices)
o Image classification and accuracy assessment
o Applications of remote sensing and integration
with geographic information system (GIS)

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Mod
ode
e of de
delililivvery & ass
asses
es
essm
sm
smen
en
entt
Teaching methods:
o Lecture
o Project work or reading assignment
o Lab practical
Assessment:
o Test (15-20 %)
o Assignment or project (20-25 %)
o Practical test (15-20 %)
o Final exam (35 -50 %)
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Prepr
pro
oces
essin
sin
singg of rem
emot
ot
otel
el
elyy sen
sense
se
sed
d da
datta
Unit-1

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Why pr
prep
ep
eprroce
cess
ss
ssin
in
ingg?
o Remote sensing images are contaminated by
various radiative processes.
o The need to correct them varies with the
applications and sensors used
o Every time two images need to be combined
(e.g., in a mosaic) or compared, image
corrections become obviously important

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Digi
igittal ima
imagge pr
proc
oc
oces
es
essi
si
sing
ng
o Preprocessing 3 correcting for radiometric and
geometric errors in data
 Geometric correction (image rectification & restoration)
 Radiometric correction and calibration
o Image enhancements 3 enhancing images so they
are better suited for visual interpretation
 Radiometric enhancements
 Spatial enhancements
 Spectral enhancements

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Prepr
pro
oces
essin
sin
singg
Pre-processing includes the initial processing
of raw image data to correct for distortions or
to eliminate noise present in the data. It may
be categorized as:
 Geometric correction
 Radiometric correction & calibration
 Noise removal

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1. Prep
eprroce
cess
ss
ssin
in
ing:
g: ge
geo
ometr
tric
ic cor
orrrec
ecttio
ion
n
o Systematic distortions occur due to the effects of
the Earth9s rotation, panoramic distortion, camera
angles, Earth curvature, etc.
 These can be easily corrected as they are predictable
o Random distortions occur due to changing terrain
(relief displacement) and variations in sensor
altitude, velocity of the sensor platform, relief
displacement, atmospheric refraction, variable
speed of scanning mirror, etc.
 Digital elevation models and ground control points are
used to correct for random distortion

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