CHE 310: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ANALYSIS II

(2014/2015 Session)
TUTORIAL Ib
Use of Computer Software (Spreadsheet e.g. Exeel) for Data Representation and Analysis
Your company manufactures plastic
wrap for food storage. The tear resistance of the wrap, denoted
by X, must be controlled so that the wrap can be torn off the roll without too much effort but it does
not tear too easily when in use.
In a series of test runs, 15 rolls of wrap are made under carefully controlled conditions and
the tear resistance of each roll is measured. The
results are usd as the basis of a quality assurance
specification If x for a
subsequently produced roll faiis more than two stan-
.

dard deviations away from the test period average, the process is declared out of specification and
production is suspended for routine maintenance.

The test series data are as follows:

Rol123 4 5 6 7 89 10 11 12 13 14 15
X134 131 129
133 135 131 134 130 131 136 129 130 133| 130 133
(a Write a
spreadsheet to take as input the test series data and calculate the
sample standard deviation (sx), preferably using built-in functions for thesample mean (X) and
calculations.
(6) Thefollowing tear resistance values are obtain:d for rolls
runs subsequent to the test series: 128, 131, 133, 130, 133,produced
in 14 consecutive
production
139. On the 129, 133, 135, 137, 133, 137, 136, 137,
chart of
spreadsheet (preferably using spreadsheet plotting capability), plot
the
horizoatal lines for the values corresponding to control
a
Xversus run number,
2sx, and X +2sx from the test showing X, X
period, and of
runs. Whici measurements led to suspension show the points corresponding to the 14 production
(c) Following the last of the production runs, the chief
ines the plant logs, and that
plant engineer returns from vacation, exam-
says routine
shutdown and full system overhaul should maintenance was
clearly not sufticient and a process
have been ordered at one
he was away. When would it have
been reasonable to take this
point during the two weeks
step, and why?

A published study of a chemical reaction. APi icates that if the reactor

a concentration Cao(g/L) and the reaction initially contains A at
temperature, T, is kept constant, then the concentration
of in the reactor increases with time
according to the formula
Ce(g/L) = Cao(1-e)

The rate constant, k(s), is

reportedly a function only of the reaction temperature.
To test this finding, the reaction is run in four
different laboratories. The
results are given below. reported experimental

Lab 1 Lab 2 Lab 3 Lab 4

T 275° C T = 275°C T 275°C
CAO = 4.83
T 275°C
CAD=12.2 CAo = 5.14
CAO 3.69
(s) CP (g/L)
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
10 0.287 1.21 0.310 0.245
20 0.594 2.43 0.614
30 0.465
0.871 3.38 0.885
50 0.670
1.51 5.89 1.64
120 1.20
2.62 8.90 2. 2.06
240 3.91 11.2 3.87 3.03
360 4.30 12.1 4.61 3.32
480 4.62 12.1 4.89 3.54
600 4.68 12.2 5.03 3.59
 (a) What plot would yield a
straight line if the given equation is correct?
(b) Enter the given data into a
part (a) and determine the
spreadsheet. For each data set (Cp versus r), generate the
corresponding valhie ef k. plot of
a built-in
function to perform a linear (Your spreadsheet program probably has
(c) Use the results in part (6) to come regression on the data in two
specified columns.)
up with a good estimate of the value of k at
how you did it. . 275°C. Explain

siderably out of line with the others. Think of as

you can (up to 10). many possible explanations for this result as

3.
The rate at
which a substance passes through a semipermeable membrane is determined the
sivity D(cm/s) of the gas. D varies with the membr1ne by diffu-
equation: temperature T(K) according to the Arrhenius

where Do= the

D
Do exp (-E/RT)
E
preexponential
factor
the activation energy for
=

diffusion
=
1.987 cal/ (mol K)
Diffusitivities of SO2 in a fluorosilicone rubber
tube are measured at several temperatures, with the
following results:
T (K) D(cm/s) x 106
347.0 1.34 ( s o that D = 1.34 x 10- cm/s)
374.2 2.50
396.2 4.55
420.7 8.52
447.7 14.07
471.2 19.99
. Usea spreadsheetto read
b. Use the sofiware to
inte CT D) ckt
plot D versus 7 on
rectangular axes. what did you observe?
c. Plot D versus What did you observe?
d. Change the scale of the ordinate in (c)
did you observe?
to logarithmic (i.e. use a semilog plot). What

e. Now linearize the Arrhenius equation D=D, exp and plot In D versus
What do you observe? Insert linear trend
a
(regression) line (include the equation of
the line and the R^)
f. Determine E and Do from the slope and
intercept in (e) above.
g. Now use the equation of the coefficient of determination, R
(R= SS
) in your lecture note to determine the R which describes

the adequacy of the fit of the linearized equation (In D=n D, +| the

actual (InD,) data. Compare your value to the one given þy the software. What
does this value imply?
h. Now use the method of linear
regression (least squares as described in lecture
note) and the spreadsheet to determine the values of Do and E. Also, useyour
the inbuilt
linear regression function in the
spreadsheet to determine Do and E. Compare these
values with those previously obtained.
i. Compare the values of Do and E obtained in (h) with those previously obtained in (1).
What did you observe?
j. What are the units of Do and E?

2
 CHE 310: CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING ANALYSIS II
(2014/2015 Session)
TUTORIAL la
Data
A.
Representation and Analysis
1.
The volumetric How rate of a
process fluid, V(cm'/s), is measured five times, with the following
results:

Measurement 2 3 4 5
- -

V(cn'/s) 232 248 | 227 241 239

(a) Calculate the sample mean (V), range, sample variance (s{), and sample standard devi-
ation (sv).
(6) There is a high probability (above 90%) that a measured value of V will fall within two
Slandard deviations of the
mean. Report the value of V in the form V a*b, choosing
=

the values of a and b to define this

range.
2.
The vapor pressures of
1-chlorotetradecane at several temperatures are tabulated here.

T(°C) 98.5 1318 148.2 166.2199.8 215.5

p (mm Hg)| 1510 20 60 100
Estimate the value of p at 1=185 °C and 250 °C.

B.
1. The following plot is generated from experimental (x, y) data:

- 2

What equation would you use to relate x and y?

2. How would you plot (x, y) data io get a straight line, and how would you determine a and
b for each of the following functions?
(a) y = a yx +b

Solution: Plot y versus x; let ( ,yn) and (,/2, 2) be two points on the line;
calculatea = (n - n ) / ( z - ) .b = - a

(b) 1/y = a(x - 3)2 + b (e) y = aebx

( y = (ar - b}/3 () y * ax
(d) sin ( ) = x(ax + b)-2

C.
1. The following plots yicld straight lines. What are the equations that relate the variables?
(a) Pversus on rectangular coordinates.
(b) P (logarithmic axis) versus t on a semilog plot.

1
 (c) Pversust on a log plot.
(d) y-3 (logarithmic axis) versus 1/r on asemilog plot. (Express the answer as an
exponential function.)
(e) 1/F versus - 4 on a log plot. (Express the answer as a
2. What would you power law.)
plot against what on what kind of axes to get a straight line for the fol-
lowing relationships (a and b are
(a) P = a exp (bt) constants)?
(c) P exp (ar + b)
=

(b) P = at
(d) 1/P =
a(t 4)-
-

D.
.A hygrometer which measures the amcunt of moisture in a gas is to be calibrated,
Steam and dry air are fed at known fow rates and mixed to form a gas stream with a known wa-
ter content, and the hygrometer reading is recorded; the flow rate of either the water or the air is
changed to produce a stream with a different water content and the new reading is recorded. and so
on. The following data are taken:
Mass Fraction Hygrometer
of Water, y Reading, R

0.011
0.044 20
0.083 40
0.126 50
0.170 B0

(a) Draw a calibration curve and determine an equation for y(R).

(6) Suppose a sample of a stack gas is inserted in the sample chamber of the hygrometer and a
of R is obtained. If the mass flow rate of the stack gas is 1200 kg/h, what is the
reading =
43
mass flow rate of water vapor in the gas?

2.
A chemical reaction A-B is carried out in a closed vessel. The following data are taken for the
concentration of A, Ca(g/L), as a fhunction of time, t (min). from the start of the reactioa:

CAO

-.

in)

tmin) 1n 1EN

Calgliter)|0.1823 0.1453 0.1216 0.1025 0.0795 0.0495

CAO

A proposed reaction mechanism predicts that CA andt should be related by the expression
InC
CACAe -kt
CAO Ae
where k is the reaction rate constant.
(a) Do the data support this prediction? If so, determine the
solution of this problem.)
value of
k. (Use a semilog plot in your

(b) If the tank volume is 30.5 gallons and there is no B in the tank atr = 0, how much B(g) does
the tank contain after two hours?
3.
The
of a relationship
piston between the
in an air
pressure P and volume
compressor can be V of the air in
where k and
expressed as
a
cylinder au
C are
constants. During PV= C
Jnng a
compression test, the following data are
taken:
P(mm Hg) 760
1140| 1520 2280 3040 3800
V(cm) 48.3 37.4 24.1 20.0 174
313
Determine the values of k
(Use the method of least and C that bestst fitf the data. (Give both numerica values and units.)
squares -lilinear
-

egression -
to determine k and C)
4
duuon containing hazardous waste is charged into tank and subjected to
a t decomposes the waste to harmless products.storage
a a
n
waste, C, has
The concentration cnemea
of the decomposing
been reported to vary with time according to the formula
C 1/(a+ bt)
wDen sutncient time has elapsed for the concentration to drop to 0.01 g/L, the contents of the tank
are
discharged into a river that passes by the plant.
The following data are taken for C and t:

(h) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

C(/L) 143 1.02 0.73 0.53 0.38
(a) ff the given formula is correet, what plot would yield a straight line that would enable you to
determine the parameters a andb?
(6) Estimate a and b using the method of least squares (Appendix A.1). Check the goodness of fit
a of C versus t that shows
by generating plot the measured and predicted values of C.
both
() Using the results of part (b), estimate the initial concentration of the waste in the tank and the
time required for C to reach its discharge level.
(d) You should have very little confidence in the time estimated in part (). Explain why

5.
The temperature in a process unit is controlled by passing cooling water at a measured rate through
a jacket that encloses the unit.

Process
Cooling water unit

Cliters/s) Rotameter

L
Jacket

The exact relationship between the unit temperature T(°C) and the cooling flow water Row rate
(LUs) is extremely complex., and it is desired to derive a simple empirical formula to approximate
this relationship over a limited range of flow rates and temperatures. Data are taken for T versus
are distinctly curved (ruling out T
o. Plots of T versus o on rectangular and semilog coordinates
=

functions). but a log plot appears as follows:

ad +b and T ae* as possible empirical
 300

T(C) 200E

000 etiterss
100

210) and (o
=
0.l2
rawn through the data goes through the points (1 =
25,T =

120).
(a) What is the empirical relationship between d and T? tne
needed to main tain pro
(0) Using your derived equation, estimate the cooling water flow rates
and
cess unit temperature at 85°C, 175°C, 290°C.
the most confidence and in which
C in which of the three estimates in part (b) would you have
would you have the least conidence? Explain your reasoning8

6.
stream ffow rate V{Us)
is thouglit to be related to a process
A
process instrument reading, Z(volts),
and pressure P(kPa) by the following expression:
Z alp
other with P
in two sets of runs-one with V held constant, the
Process data have been obtained
held constant. The data are as follows:

Point 2 234|567
1.02 I.02
VLS) 0.65 1.02 1.75 3.43 1.02
7.6 5.4
112 112 1.2 11.2
9.1
P(kPa)

Z(volts) 2.27 2.58 3.72 5.21 3.50 4.19 S89

and 5. Calculate a, b, and c algebraically from the
(a) Suppose you had only performed runs 2,3,
data for these three runs. Comment on why you
to calculate a, b, and c.
method and all the data You will need at least
(b) Now use a graphical than in that of part (a). (Hint:
have more confidence in this result
would
two plots.)
for the constants a, b and c.
of least square to obtain the values
(c) Use the method

1.
semipermeable membrane is determined by the diffu-
through a
The rate at which a substance passes membrane temperature T(K) according to the
Arrhenius
varies with the
D(cm/s) of the gas. D
sivity
equation:
D =Do exp (-E RT)

where Do = the preexponential factor

for diffusion
E=the activation energy
R 1.987 cal/(mol K)
are measured at several temperatures, with the
fluorosilicone rubber tube
Diffusitivities of SO2 in a

following results:
 T(K) D(cm-ls) x 10
347.0 1.34 s o that D
374.2
=
1.34 x 10 cm'/s)
2.50
396.2 4.55
420.7 8.52
447.7 14.07
471.2 19.99

Sketch the plots described

below and calculate the equations for
plots are all straight lines. Note that the given coordinates refery(x)
from the given
The intormaton.
to abscissa and ordinate values,
not x and y values.
[The solution of part (a) is given as an
a) A plot of Iny versus x on rectangular coordinates passes example.
through (1.0, 0.693) and (2.0, 0.0)
i.e., at the first point x =
1.0 and Iny =
0.693).
Solution: Iny =
bx +Ina y =ae
b (Iny-In»)/( - x) = (0-0.693)/(2.0- 1.0) = -0.693

Ina = In - bxi = 0.693 +0.693 1.0 = 1.386 a = ela0= 400

y 4.00e-1693x

(b) A semilog plot of y (logarithmic axis) versus x passes through (1, 2) and (2, 1).
(c) A log plot of y versus x passes through (1,2) and (2, 1).
(d) A semilog plot of xy (logarithmic axis) versus y/x passes through (1.0, 40.2) and (2.0, 807.0).
and (2.0, 807.0).
(e) A log plot of yf/ x versus (x -2) passes through (1.0, 40.2)

9.The climactic moment in the film "The Eggplant That Ate New Jersey" comes when the brilliant
young scientist announces his discovery of the equation for the volume of the eggplant:
V(t') = 3.53x 10-2exp(2)
eggplant the with a solution
where is the time in hours from the moment the vampire injected
t

from the blood of the beautiful dental hygienist.

prepared
X 107 and 2?
(a) What are the units of 3.53 and determining the coefficients by
The scientist obtained the formula by measuring V versus t
(b) versus what on what kind of coordinates? What
linear regression. What would he have plotted
would he have obtained as the slope and intercept of his plot?
be given for the volume in m as a
The distributor of the film insists that the formula
European
(c)
function of t(s). Derive the formula.

10.
at several temperatures
is given below:
The vapor pressure of ethylene glycol

141.8 178.5 197.3

79.7 105.8 120.0
TOC)
40.0 100.0 400.0 760.0
p'(mm Hg) 5.0 20.0

equation to derive an equation for p' (mm Hg)

Use a semilog plot based on the Clausius-Clapeyron
estimate the heat of vaporization of ethylene glycol
in kJ/mol.
as a function of T (°C). From the plot,
in the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.)
absolute temperatures
(Remember to use

Inp = AHy+B
RT
5
E

1.
In an
experiment to determine
Y, 18 applied to a mass, by the relationship between force and momentum, a
the
velocity to change fromplacing the mass on an
u m/s to v
inclined plane, and the time, X,force,
for
follows: m/s is measured. The
results obtained are as
Force (N) 11.4
18.7 11.7 12.3
Time () 0.56 0.35 14.7 18.8 19.6
0.55 0.52 0.43 0.34 0.31
Derermine the
equation for the
assuming a linear relationship regression line of force on time for the data given,
between the quantities, correct to3 significant figures.
2.
Given the data
below, find out the
best values of the constants
TlationShp hsioraxandy is represenledg a and b, if the

Data: y=b+avx
2.24 4.0 23 56.1 90 144 210 272 324
376 360 256 182 132 81 42.2 25 9
Use the method of least
squares of errors.
3.
A study was performed on wear of a
bearing y and
x2=load. The following data were obtained. its relationship to xjFoil viscosity
these. Use the model to Fit a
multiple linear regression model to
predict wear when x1=25 and x=1000
2A3 30 172
X1 1.6 15.5 22.0
9143.0 I13
33.0
125
40.0
X2 851 816 1058 1201 1357 1115
4.
Inthe bivariate regression, y= a, +a(%-x) +a,(%-%)
Estimate ao, a1, and a2 from the following data.
40 X2
50
40 40.9
100
50 41.9
75
S0 42.4
75
60
S0 43.4
60
T00 42.3
44.5